Simulation on Peak-to-Average Power Ratio for Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing

Clipping is a simple and convenient PAPR （peak-to-average power ratio） reduction method for high speed OFDM （orthogonal frequency division multiplexing） communication system. In this paper, we propose a new PAPR reduction method for Wireless-MAN（metropolitan area network）-OFDM system based on IEEE 802.16, which is over-sampling clipping arithmetic. Simulation and performance of the over-samples clipping＇s PAPR reduction capability, BER effect is given. The simulation indicates that the PAPR of at least 99.9% OFDM symbol is below 6dB after 2 Nyquist rate clipping, and the performance of BER has 1dB SNR（signal noise ratio） loss. The results prove that this method has better capacity to reducing PAPR. So it can be well used in WMAN-OFDM system.

Performance Analysis for Orthogonal Time Frequency Space Modulation Systems with Generalized Waveform

Orthogonal time-frequency space(OTFS),which exhibits beneficial advantages in high-mobility scenarios,has been considered as a promising technology in future wireless communication systems.In this paper,a universal model for OTFS systems with generalized waveform has been developed.Furthermore,the average bit error probability(ABEP)upper bounds of the optimal maximum likelihood(ML)detector are first derived for OTFS systems with generalized waveforms.Specifically,for OTFS systems with the ideal waveform,we elicit the ABEP bound by recombining the transmitted signal and the received signal.For OTFS systems with practical waveforms,a universal ABEP upper bound expression is derived using moment-generating function(MGF),which is further extended to MIMO-OTFS systems.Numerical results validate that our theoretical ABEP upper bounds are concur with the simulation performance achieved by ML detectors.

PSO-DBNet for Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Using Deep Belief Network

Data transmission through a wireless network has faced various signal problems in the past decades.The orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM)technique is widely accepted in multiple data transfer patterns at various frequency bands.A recent wireless communication network uses OFDM in longterm evolution(LTE)and 5G,among others.The main problem faced by 5G wireless OFDM is distortion of transmission signals in the network.This transmission loss is called peak-to-average power ratio(PAPR).This wireless signal distortion can be reduced using various techniques.This study uses machine learning-based algorithm to solve the problem of PAPR in 5G wireless communication.Partial transmit sequence(PTS)helps in the fast transfer of data in wireless LTE.PTS is merged with deep belief neural network(DBNet)for the efficient processing of signals in wireless 5G networks.Result indicates that the proposed system outperforms other existing techniques.Therefore,PAPR reduction in OFDM by DBNet is optimized with the help of an evolutionary algorithm called particle swarm optimization.Hence,the specified design supports in improving the proposed PAPR reduction architecture.

Design and Analysis of Spatial Modulation Based Orthogonal Time Frequency Space System

In this paper,we design a spatial modulation based orthogonal time frequency space(SMOTFS)system to achieve improved transmission reliability and meet the high transmission rate and highspeed demands of future mobile communications,which fully utilizes the characteristics of spatial modulation(SM)and orthogonal time frequency space(OTFS)transmission.The detailed system design and signal processing of the SM-OTFS system have been presented.The closed-form expressions of the average symbol error rate(ASER)and average bit error rate(ABER)of the SM-OTFS system have been derived over the delay-Doppler channel with the help of the union bounding technique and moment-generating function(MGF).Meanwhile,the system complexity has been evaluated.Numerical results verify the correctness of the theoretical ASER and ABER analysis of the SM-OTFS system in the high signal-to-noise ratio(SNR)regions and also show that the SM-OTFS system outperforms the traditional SM based orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(SM-OFDM)system with limited complexity increase under mobile conditions,especially in high mobility scenarios.

Joint frequency offset tracking and PAPR reduction algorithm in OFDM systems

This paper presents an algorithm that aims to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio（PAPR） of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing（OFDM） communication systems while maintaining frequency tracking.The algorithm achieves PAPR reduction by applying the complex conjugates of the data symbol obtained from the frequency domain to cancel the phase of the data symbol.A likelihood estimator is used to obtain the sub-carrier phase error due to the residual carrier frequency offset（RCFO） using the same complex conjugates as a pilot signal.Furthermore,a joint time and frequency domain multicarrier phase locked loop（MPLL） is developed to compensate additional frequency offset.Simulation results show that this algorithm is capable of reducing PAPR without impacting the frequency tracking performance.

Sufficient Condition for Average Consensus of Directed Networked Multi-agent Systems with Time Delays

The average consensus problem in a directed network of multi-agent systems with communication time delays was investigated. The directed networks were balanced and weakly connected with fixed or switching topology digraph. Based on frequency domain analysis method, a sufficient condition of asymptotic stability of multi-agent systems with time delays was obtained,where the analytic formula between the maximum time delay and the directed network structure was provided. The maximum time delay can be derived directly and easily by the eigenvalue of Laplacian L. Numerical examples confirm the effectiveness of the proposed technique.

A Novel Peak-to-Average Power Ratio Reduction Scheme via Tone Reservation in OFDM Systems

In this paper, a novel signal-to-clipping noise ratio and least squares approximation tone reservation scheme(SCR-LSA TR) is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing systems. During the SCR procedure, only the element with the maximal amplitude is picked for processing, which not only decreases the algorithm complexity, but also helps to overcome the BER deterioration. With the LSA method, the amplitude of the peak-cancelling signals can approximate to that of the original clipping noise as much as possible. Through the combination of the optimization factor in the LSA method, the classic SCR method can achieve better PAPR reduction with faster convergence. Simulation results show that the proposed SCR-LSA TR scheme has less in-band distortion and smaller out-of-band spectral radiation. The BER of the proposed scheme shows a better performance especially under the 16-QAM over the additive white Gaussian noise channel.

A Low Complexity Linear Moving Average Filtering Technique for PAR Reduction in OFDM Systems

In this paper, a linear moving average recursive filtering technique is proposed to reduce the peak-to-average power ratio (PAR) of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) signals. The proposed low complexity technique is analyzed in an oversampled OFDM system and a simple distribution approximation of the oversampled and linearly filtered OFDM signals is also proposed. Corresponding time domain linear equalizers are developed to recover originally transmitted data symbols. Through extensive computer simulations, effects of the new filtering technique on the oversampled OFDM peak-to-average power ratio (PAR), power spectral density (PSD) and corresponding linear equalizers on the frequency selective Rayleigh fading channel transmission symbol-error-rate (SER) performance are investigated. The newly proposed recursive filtering scheme results in attractive PAR reduction, requires no extra fast Fourier transform/inverse fast Fourier transform (FFT/IFFT) operations, refrains from transmitting any side information, and reduces out-of-band radiation. Also, corresponding linear receivers are shown to perform very close to their frequency domain counterparts.

A PHASE SCRAMBLING SCHEME FOR SUPPRESSION OF PEAK TO AVERAGE POWER RATIO FOR OFDM

The complex-valued modulating vectors for the subcarriers consist of two kinds of components: One is the information-bearing components superposed with pseudo-randomized phases and the other is the suppression components with specified scrambling phases. The pseudo randomized phases are generated according to the predefined polynomial and mapping function whereas the scrambling phases are from a gradient algorithm. The simulation results verify the rationality and validity of the phase scrambling.

Reducing Peak-to-Average Power Ratio of a Turbo Coded OFDM

Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) is defined as the instantaneous power (maximum value) to the average power ratio. PAPR is considered to be a major problem in OFDM systems. This problem can cause radical unexpected behavior of the signal fluctuation. This fluctuation is constituted by a large number of power states. The enormous number of these states leads to an additional complexity of ADCs and DACs. This research addresses the previous problem in OFDM systems utilizing Turbo Codes. μLaCP technique is employed for the purpose of decreasing PAPR. Moreover, our OFDM system was simulated in the presence of an AWGN channel with four types of codes (without the presence of ADCs and DACs). These were constituted of PCCC (typical and new), SCCC, and Convolutional Codes. Our Turbo Coded OFDM exhibited unchanged BER performance before and after the use of μLaCP technique. This was accomplished by modifying our previous PAPR reduction technique without sacrificing greatly its attributes.

Joint Optimization of Peak-to-Average Power Ratio and Spectral Leakage in 5G Multicarrier Waveforms

High peak-to-average-power ratio(PAPR) and spectral leakage are two main drawbacks of multicarrier systems, such as in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing(OFDM), in future 5G wireless communications. For generating optimized wave forms for 5G communications, this paper proposes an iterative scheme combining time-domain N-continuous OFDM(TD-NC-OFDM) and serial peak cancellation(SPC). Based on the theory of projection onto convex sets(POCS), the effectiveness of the proposed scheme is proved, and the optimized time-frequency domain multicarrier waveforms are analyzed in terms of a balanced tradeoff between out-of-band spectral leakage and PAPR. Both theoretical analysis and simulation results show that the proposed scheme can jointly optimize both the PAPR and out-ofband radiation, with moderate computational complexity.

Measuring the Intraday Jump Tail Risk of Financial Asset Price with Noisy High Frequency Data

This paper proposes a simple two-step nonparametric procedure to estimate the intraday jump tail and measure the jump tail risk in asset price with noisy high frequency data. We first propose the pre-averaging threshold approach to estimate the intraday jumps occurred, and then use the peaks-over-threshold (POT) method and generalized Pareto distribution (GPD) to model the intraday jump tail and further measure the jump tail risk. Finally, an empirical example further demonstrates the power of the proposed method to measure the jump tail risk under the effect of microstructure noise.

模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制策略

为解决微电网受到不确定扰动时,会对直-直变换器输出的电能质量产生严重影响的问题,该文提出一种模型信息联合校正型自抗扰控制技术(ADRC-MIR)。在该控制策略中,首先借助串联超前校正的思想,以比例微分校正环节对线性扩张状态观测器的扰动观测传递函数进行修正,使其可实现对总和扰动更精确的跟踪;然后,根据状态空间平均法从被控系统中提取部分模型信息,将其写入修正后的线性扩张状态观测器的系数矩阵并最终构建出ADRC-MIR;随后基于理论推导,给出改进控制器的参数整定公式及其物理意义,并从噪声抑制、扰动抑制及其频域特性等方面指出改进后的控制器可提升控制品质的原因。最后通过对比不同工况下的数值仿真验证所提控制策略的可行性与正确性。

PSK脉冲编码降低瑞利散射型光纤传感系统相干瑞利噪声的理论和仿真研究

频移平均(Frequency Shift Averaging,FSAV)技术是目前降低相干瑞利噪声(Coherent Rayleigh noise,CRN)的最主要方法,然而其降噪效果会受到频率漂移和脉冲啁啾效应的影响,且不适合应用在高空间分辨率系统中。针对以上问题,提出一种利用相移键控(Phase Shift Keying,PSK)脉冲编码降低CRN的新方法。详细分析了该方法的原理,仿真验证了该方法的有效性和适用性。结果表明:该方法不仅能有效降低CRN,且能在高空间分辨率下完全适用,为基于瑞利散射的高空间分辨率高精度分布式光纤传感系统中CRN的降低提供了新的视角和实用方法。

基于电导率加权平均法的频率域航空电磁三维谱元正演模拟研究

三维电磁正演算法的精确性和有效性对于实测电磁数据的反演和解释至关重要。近年来,谱元法逐渐被应用于三维电磁正演中,其中基于规则/形变六面体网格的谱元法在航空电磁正演模拟中的效果已得到了验证。然而,常规谱元法在处理每个离散单元时,通常赋予其单一的物理属性,导致在模拟复杂模型时仍需采用精细网格以满足模型离散需求,对复杂模型的适用性存在不足。鉴于谱元法基函数的高阶性,提出了一种基于电导率体积加权平均的谱元法。该方法将物理模型离散化与数值网格离散化相分离,实现了对单元内物理属性变化的精细描述,同时避免了正演方程未知数数量的增加。以频率域航空电磁三维正演为例,对改进的谱元法的精度与效率进行了分析。数值算例结果表明,改进的谱元正演算法能够在保证不低于常规正演算法精度的前提下,减少所需的自由度,从而提高计算效率。

基于LWT的可见光OFDM-IM系统研究

针对索引调制正交频分复用(OFDM-IM)技术峰均比过高,对相位噪声和载波频偏敏感,系统复杂度高等问题,提出基于小波提升变换(LWT)的可见光OFDM-IM系统。首先选择正交小波基作为子载波,通过对信号的分裂、预测和更新,将信号分为高频信号和低频信号,再结合可见光信道构成LWT-OFDM-IM系统,最后通过理论分析和蒙特卡罗方法对系统的可靠性、峰均比特性和最佳小波分解层数进行了仿真验证,结果表明:当子载波N=256,子块中子载波数量L=4,激活子载波数量k=2,系统误码率为10~(-4)时,LWT-OFDM-IM比FFT-OFDM-IM改善约8 dB,相较于DWT-OFDM-IM提高约4 dB。当系统互补累计分布函数(CCDF)为10^(-1)数量级时,LWT-OFDM-IM的峰均比较FFT-OFDM-IM改善约2.3 dB。随着小波层数的递增,系统的误码性能越好,当小波层数为3层时,大约在10 dB附近,误码率可到10^(-5)量级。

2018—2022年天津市第二人民医院国家医保谈判药品使用情况分析

目的 了解天津市第二人民医院国家医保谈判药品(以下简称“谈判药品”)使用情况,为优化与调整医院药品目录提供参考。方法 回顾性分析该院2018年1月1日—2022年12月31日谈判药品的使用情况,比较谈判药品谈判前后药品单价、销售数量及销售金额、用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)等变化情况。结果 2018—2022年医院使用的谈判药品品种从原来的5种增加至24种,分析比较的13个药品中有11个药品经谈判后单价降低,7个药品经谈判后纳入医保及医保门诊特定病支付目录。DDC平均降幅36.43%,DDDs平均增幅1 770.31%,该项政策施行提高了患者用药的可及性,销售数量显著增加。结论 通过降低药品单价、纳入医保支付范围等方式实现谈判药品销售数量显著增加。谈判药品经济性提高,有效减轻患者负担,促进医院用药合理化,提高药品可及性和效率。

广义频分复用系统峰均功率比抑制算法

为了降低广义频分复用系统存在着多载波系统中固有的高峰均功率比问题,本文提出了一种适用于广义频分复用系统的子载波抑制高峰均功率比算法。该算法以限幅法为基础,降低了系统的高峰均功率比,但与限幅法不同的是,该算法几乎不会对带外性能及误码率性能造成影响。由于子载波抑制高峰均功率比算法的峰均功率比抑制性能略差于限幅法,因此本文进一步提出将部分序列传输与子载波抑制高峰均功率比结合来进一步抑制系统高峰均功率比的算法。仿真表明:本文提出的算法的高峰均功率比抑制性能与限幅法相同,且不会对系统的带外与误码率性能造成影响。

带量采购政策下我院胰岛素使用情况分析

目的:通过对兰州大学第一医院胰岛素带量采购前后同期半年的用药情况进行分析,了解本院胰岛素使用情况及发展趋势,为临床胰岛素合理用药及治疗方案选择提供参考,探讨胰岛素带量采购对胰岛素的采购和使用的影响。方法:调取HIS系统胰岛素带量采购实施前(2021年7月—12月)与实施后(2022年7月—12月)胰岛素的使用数据,按照世界卫生组织官网提供的胰岛素限定日剂量及相关胰岛素的说明书,确定各种胰岛素的限定日剂量(DDD)值,分别统计和计算胰岛素的用药频度(DDDs)、日均费用(DDC)、排序比、使用金额和用量等的数据。结果:带量采购后半年使用量较带量采购前上涨了21.20%,而销售金额下降了47.69%,DDDs值带量采购后上升的有14个品规,增幅较大的(变化幅度≥50%)的是谷赖胰岛素3 mL:300 IU (赛诺菲)和精蛋白锌重组赖脯胰岛素混合注射液(25R) 3 mL:300 IU (礼来);带量采购后,我院胰岛素的DDC值全部下降,降幅大于50%的品种有7个,其他品种的降幅也均大于30%,带量采购后序号比≥1的品种占比上升了11个百分点。结论:药品带量采购政策有助于形成合理的药品价格形成机制,药费的下降可以提高慢性病患者用药的持续性、依从性,也大大减轻医保和患者的经济负担,带量采购后甘精胰岛素和德谷胰岛素成为本院胰岛素用量的增长点,而精蛋白人胰岛素用量将有大幅度下降,需在下一年度胰岛素预采购量申报工作中进行调整。新引进的品种因为临床对其疗效、安全性等认知不足,抱有疑虑,造成使用量较少,后期还需药师大力宣传。

基于数据失真的雷达通信一体化OFDM波形设计方法

正交频分复用(OFDM)波形设计是实现雷达通信一体化的物理层关键技术之一。OFDM波形通常存在峰均功率比(PAPR)高,以及波形自相关旁瓣电平高的问题。该文针对现有联合降低PAPR和自相关旁瓣方法存在的通信速率下降问题,提出了一种基于数据失真的一体化波形设计方法。该文还将通信数据的误差矢量幅度作为优化目标之一,降低了数据失真引起的通信误码率。首先,构建了PAPR约束下最小化积分旁瓣比和误差矢量幅度的优化模型。其次,根据调制星座图特点,通过外围星座调制的数据失真和所有调制数据失真,将多目标高维非凸优化问题转化为两个单目标优化子问题,分别采取凸松弛操作和交替方向乘子法(ADMM)求解简化后的子问题,得到低积分旁瓣比波形和PAPR约束下的低误差矢量幅度波形。仿真结果表明该方法设计的一体化波形可满足PAPR要求,同时具有良好的感知和通信性能。