Tax avoidance and earnings management:a neural network approach for the largest European economies

In this study,we investigate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management in the largest five European Union economies by using artificial neural network regressions.This methodology allows us to deal with nonlinearities detected in the data,which is the principal contribution to the previous literature.We ana-lyzed Compustat data for Germany,the United Kingdom,France,Italy,and Spain for the 2006–2015 period,focusing on discretionary accruals.We considered three tax avoidance measures,two based on the effective tax rate(ETR)and one on book-tax differences(BTD).Our results indicate the presence of nonlinear patterns and a posi-tive,statistically significant relationship between discretionary accruals and both ETR indicators implying that when companies resort to earnings management,a larger tax-able income—and thus higher ETR and lesser tax avoidance–would ensue.Hence,as also highlighted by the fact that discretionary accruals do not appear to affect BTD,our evidence does not suggest that companies are exploiting tax manipulation to reduce their tax payments;thus,the gap between accounting and taxation seems largely unaf-fected by earnings management.

Factors That Influence Tax Avoidance in Indonesia Stock Exchange

The purpose of this study was to obtain empirical evidence about the influence of the proportion of independent commissioners, audit committee, audit quality, profitability, and firm size against the tax avoidance. This study used a sample of one hundred and fifty three samples. These results indicate that profitability has an influence on tax avoidance while the proportion of independent commissioners, audit committee, audit quality, and firm size have no influence on tax avoidance.

Does access to credit reduce SMEs’tax avoidance?Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

This study investigates the effect of targeted reserve requirement ratio cuts(TRRRCs)on tax avoidance among small and micro enterprises(SMEs)with operating revenues below specific cutoffs in China.Using a regression discontinuity design,we causally show that,by increasing loan availability,TRRRCs significantly alleviate the financial constraints and cash dependence of SMEs and consequently reduce tax avoidance.This is especially the case among firms with lower market power and higher entertainment and travel costs.Our findings provide evidence for the real effect of TRRRCs on corporate tax avoidance and show the inclusive effect of TRRRCs on SMEs.In doing so,we indirectly reveal a rent-seeking channel underlying bank lending,thus offering clear policy implications for regulators.

Corporate Governance and Tax Avoidance: Evidence from Nigerian Quoted Food and Beverage Companies

The study determine the effect of CEO duality on the effective tax rate of quoted foods and Beverage companies.Ex-post facto research design was adopted.A purposive sampling technique was applied in selecting nine(9)companies during the data collection process.Data were collected from annual reports and accounts of the sampled companies from 2013-2019.Data for the study analyzed using descriptive statistics and regression was used with aid of the e-view was at 95%confidence at five degrees of freedom(df).The result shows that CEO duality was significant and had a positive coefficient on tax planning of food and beverage companies in Nigeria.The study,therefore recommended that non-separation of CEO from Chairman of the Board may lead to higher levels of tax planning;and an opportunity for manager’s rent extraction,because of their dominating role to ensure that adequate oversight roles are separated.

地方财力冲击下的企业纳税遵从:征管效应还是迎合效应?

利用2010—2015年中国税收调查数据,以国际石油价格暴跌作为外生冲击,构建强度双重差分(DID)模型探究地方财力冲击对企业纳税遵从行为的因果效应。研究发现:“压力型”财政冲击下,企业纳税遵从显著提升;政府为弥补财力缺口,倾向于加强对小微企业的纳税监管,但是财力不足反而刺激了少数民族地区企业的避税动机。从影响机制来看,财政压力下,地方政府会提高征税努力并加强税收监管,同时企业也会采取策略性行为迎合政府财政需求,两种渠道共同抑制了企业避税行为。进一步分析表明,地方财力冲击所激发的征管效应与迎合效应,提升了地区行业间税负公平性。

Empirical Examination of Market Reaction to Transfer Pricing Taxation Announcement in Press： A Japanese Perspective

The Japanese Taxation Agency （JTA） introduced transfer pricing taxation （TPT） in order to suppress the outflow of profits and therefore taxes of Japanese companies, which are expanding overseas. There have been many press reports regarding the application of TPT, and so there is much public attention on this issue. TPT is applied to unnatural transfer prices （TP）. If TPT is applied to a multinational company （MNC）, the company will need to bear enormous documentation costs in its calculation of the ratable price. In addition, in the last few years, the target of TPT is shifting to the overseas transfer of intangible assets, such as trademarks, royalties, patents, and charges income. As a result, companies have become more careful about TPT and investors tend to pay attention to companies＇ TPT strategy. With regard to this point, this paper examines how the market evaluates news regarding TP by investigating the market reaction to an initial press report mentioning that a firm was involved in a TP manipulation and may be guilty of tax underpayment. We examine these events both because press reports are currently under intense scrutiny and because there has been very little research on firms that engage in tax sheltering （see, e.g., Graham ＆ Tucker, 2006; Hanlon ＆ Slemrod, 2009）. Some view the fact that not all firms engage in tax sheltering as surprising because of the widespread view that shelters, at least in the 1990s, in expectation, offered a positive net present value position. The potential negative public relations effect is often cited as one reason for this ＂under-sheltering＂ phenomenon （Bankman, 2004）. On the event study analysis, we find that the Japanese capital market has shown a statistically significant negative reaction to the press reports. This result is due to a strong distrust of corporate activity regarding TP strategies. Moreover, in order to clarify the reason why the market responds to reports of TPT being applied, we compute the cumulative abnormal returns （CARs） around the date of the press report and conduct two-stage least-squares estimation to examine where this result regarding the market reaction comes from. Our results indicate that the variables for intangible assets and effective tax rate and the variables which represent the extent of corporate governance （CG） are statistically significant with respect to these reactions.

财政透明度与企业避税行为

财政透明度是各级政府维持运行效率和接受社会监督的重要制度保证。以我国2014—2019年A股上市公司作为研究样本,本文实证研究了宏观财政透明度对微观企业避税行为的影响。研究发现:地方政府财政透明度的提升能够有效增加上市公司的主动避税程度。机制检验显示,主结果是由高财政透明度提升财政支出效率和降低财政压力引起的。进一步分析表明:主结果只在民营、高融资约束和有违规记录的子样本中显著,且在政府公共服务支出较高、税收征管强度较低、营商环境较好和市场竞争程度较强的地区作用更强。研究结论丰富了对财政透明度的微观经济后果的认识,进一步拓展了企业避税行为的影响因素分析边界,为充分发挥财政透明的宏微观治理作用以及完善政府财政支出制度建设提供了政策建议。

环境规制影响企业税收规避吗?--基于新《环保法》实施的准自然实验

作为重要的命令控制型环境规制工具,新《环保法》实施对企业经营产生了广泛的影响。以2010-2020年我国A股上市公司为样本,利用新《环保法》这一外生冲击事件,采用双重差分模型检验环境规制对企业税收规避的影响。结果表明,环境规制趋严促使企业提高税收规避程度。机制检验表明,环境规制导致企业融资约束程度和经营风险增加。进一步分析发现,环境规制与税收规避的正相关关系主要存在于融资难度较高和经营压力较大的企业,新《环保法》实施情境下的企业避税行为提升了财务业绩和企业价值。研究结论提供了微观企业如何应对宏观环境规制的经验证据,为政府部门结合税收政策优化环境政策提供了参考。

公平竞争审查制度会降低企业避税程度吗?

财税政策是政府干预经济的常用方式,税收优惠政策对市场公平竞争具有重大影响。审查税收优惠政策的公平性,是在税收领域贯彻落实公平竞争审查制度的务实之举。基于2011—2021年沪深A股公司的面板数据,将实施公平竞争审查制度视为一项准自然实验,运用双重差分模型(DID)作为分析工具,探讨了公平竞争审查制度对高行政垄断区域企业税收规避的影响。研究发现,公平竞争审查制度可以显著降低高行政垄断地区企业的避税程度。机制检验表明,公平竞争审查制度能够促进税收扶持中性和市场竞争中性,从而抑制企业税收规避动机。进一步分析发现,公平竞争审查制度的税收规避抑制效应在地方政府问责制完善、地区营商环境差、地方政府税收竞争程度高以及公司内部治理差的样本中更为明显。文章丰富了公平竞争审查制度等行政垄断规制的微观经济后果和企业避税影响因素的研究文献,为公平竞争审查制度的实施提供政策参考。

内部控制、国家审计与国企避税

选取2007-2017年上市中央企业集团为研究对象,实证检验内部控制对国企避税的影响作用以及国家审计监督对两者关系的调节效应。研究结果表明,内部控制具有抑制国企避税的治理功能,国家审计监督会显著增强内部控制对国企避税的抑制作用,说明内部控制和国家审计是深入理解国有企业税负水平及其变化的重要因素。进一步研究发现,内部控制对避税的治理效应在地区税收征管强度小、社会审计质量低和避税激进的国企中更为显著;通过分解内部控制五要素后研究发现,内部控制对避税的抑制效应集中体现在控制活动和信息与沟通两大要素上。机制分析结果表明,内部控制可以通过缓解企业融资约束来达到抑制企业避税的治理目的。

大数据技术应用能抑制企业避税吗——基于国家级大数据综合试验区的分析

基于国家级大数据综合试验区试点政策,利用2013—2022年沪深A股上市公司数据,采用多期DID模型,研究了大数据技术应用对企业避税的影响。研究表明,大数据技术应用显著抑制了企业避税,该结论在经过PSM-DID、替换被解释变量、排除政策干扰等一系列稳健性检验后依然成立;机制分析发现,大数据技术应用有助于提升信息透明度和企业生产效率进而抑制了企业避税。异质性分析表明,大数据技术应用对东部地区和非高科技企业避税抑制效果更为显著。本文的研究结论不仅丰富了企业避税影响因素的相关研究,而且揭示了国家级大数据综合试验区政策所产生的积极治理效应,为后续持续推进大数据技术应用提供理论支持与经验证据。

企业避税会影响企业投融资期限错配吗?

选择2009—2020年沪深两市A股非金融类上市公司的面板数据作为样本数据,通过实证分析得出研究结论,并基于企业避税视角,为缓释企业投融资期限错配提供了新的解决思路和方法,一是政府应加大反避税措施,制定完善的法律法规,遏制企业激进避税行为,也应对税收负担过重的企业适当减轻税负的,将税负征收强度划定合理阈值,保证企业不因税负过重而影响正常的生存和经营,保证企业的可持续发展;二是金融监管机构应加大对债务问题的关注,并加快对金融市场制度的完善,调整信贷结构,提高信贷效率,有效化解融资难、融资贵等问题;银行等金融机构应加大对中小企业的信贷支持,降低信贷成本,加大资金投入力度,防范投融资期限错配的产生;三是企业自身应关注公司内部控制,并提高治理水平。

企业税收规避影响审计师决策吗?

基于税收规避的企业价值观与代理观,以2010-2021年A股上市公司为研究样本,实证考察企业税收规避对审计师决策的影响。研究发现,企业税收规避与审计师决策是一种非线性关系,税收规避与审计定价、税收规避与审计意见之间都呈U型关系。此外,内部控制对税收规避与审计定价的U型曲线具有显著的调节作用,内部控制质量的提高使得U型曲线的形态更加陡峭且拐点发生右移,延迟了审计定价决策拐点;外部制度环境的改善使得税收规避与审计定价之间、税收规避与审计意见之间的U型曲线形态更加陡峭且拐点发生左移,审计师决策拐点提前。研究结论为审计师科学决策、规避风险提供了理论支持,也为企业树立正确的税收规避观念提供了有益的启示。

涉税问询函对企业避税的影响及溢出效应研究

本文研究了涉税年报问询函对企业避税行为的影响及其溢出效应。研究结果发现,收到涉税问询函的企业下一年避税程度显著降低。进一步通过文本分析研究发现,涉税问询函的涉税篇幅越大、词频越高、问题越多,对企业避税的抑制作用越强;涉及不同税种和不同性质税收问题的问询函均有治理效果。机制检验结果发现,小规模事务所审计、分析师跟踪人数少、内部控制有缺陷的企业中涉税问询函对企业避税的影响更加显著,表明问询函监管与其他内外部监督存在替代效应。本文进一步对涉税问询函的溢出效应进行了研究,发现涉税问询函在同行业和同事务所两个层面存在溢出效应。本文还发现涉税问询函相比其他问询函对减少企业避税行为具有额外价值。本文的研究结论为交易所非处罚性税收监管提供了实证证据与理论参考。

家族管理权涉入、亲缘关系异质性与企业避税

以2008-2020年A股上市家族企业数据为样本,基于家族高管亲缘关系异质性考察家族管理权涉入对企业避税的影响。研究发现,家族管理权涉入与家族企业避税程度之间显著负相关,家族高管亲缘关系异质性增强能够显著削弱家族管理权涉入对避税程度的负向影响。拓展性检验结果表明,延伸型社会情感财富及第一类代理成本在家族管理权涉入与避税程度之间中具有部分中介效应。面临较高社会信任水平、较稳定的经济政策及较强宗族文化氛围的家族企业中,家族管理权涉入对避税程度的负向影响更为显著。研究结论对于理解亲缘关系对家族企业避税决策的影响具有一定借鉴意义,对于税务部门进行税收征管也有一定参考价值。

君子取财有道:儒家文化对企业避税的影响研究

基于2008~2019年沪深A股上市公司数据,实证检验儒家文化“君子人格”对企业避税的影响。研究发现,地区儒家文化氛围越浓厚,企业避税程度越低。机制检验表明,“君子人格”对义利、奉献、诚信和声誉的重视是4条潜在影响渠道。进一步地,当企业参与更多国际竞争时,前述经济影响不复存在;在法制环境较差的地区,儒家文化的避税抑制作用更加显著,表明儒家文化一定程度上是正式制度的一种有效替代。然而,当企业面临经营困境时,管理者对于经济利益的追求会优先于“君子人格”的价值选择,儒家文化的避税抑制效应不再明显。

税收征管数字化抑制了企业高管在职消费吗?——来自金税三期工程的经验证据

无论是在理论上还是在实践中,对企业高管超额在职消费的治理都是一个重要问题。以金税三期工程为代表的税收征管数字化,可以通过提高企业信息透明度和强化外部治理来压缩高管实施自利行为的操作空间,从而有效抑制高管在职消费。将金税三期系统分批上线作为一项准自然实验,采用沪深A股上市公司2010—2021年的数据,运用多期双重差分模型检验税收征管数字化对企业高管在职消费的影响,结果表明,金税三期工程的实施显著降低了企业高管在职消费水平。机制检验发现,税收征管数字化可以通过缓解信息不对称、抑制避税行为等路径来降低企业高管在职消费水平。异质性分析显示,税收征管数字化对高管在职消费的抑制作用在非国有企业、非四大会计师事务所审计企业、股权集中度较高企业、两职合一企业中更为显著。此外,税收征管数字化还可以弱化高管在职消费对企业业绩的负向影响。因此,政府在加快推进税收征管数字化的同时,要重视并充分发挥数字化监管的溢出效应,企业则应积极利用内外部数字化转型的契机实现高质量发展。

分析师关注对企业避税的影响研究--一个有调节的中介效应模型

分析师关注如何影响企业避税在理论和经验证据上都值得深入探究。本文基于2009—2021年中国沪深A股上市公司的面板数据,构建了一个有调节的中介效应模型,研究分析师关注对企业避税的影响机理。基准回归研究发现:分析师关注度的提高直接抑制企业避税;中介机制的检验结果表明,融资约束的缓解与信息透明度的提高在分析师关注抑制企业避税的过程中发挥机制作用;有调节的中介模型检验结果表明,数字经济发展水平能在分析师关注影响融资约束与信息透明度的路径上起到显著的正向调节作用。本研究既有助于深入理解分析师关注和企业避税间的内在关系,也能为证监会进一步完善分析师行业准则和企业如何充分利用分析师调研报告提供实证经验。

企业避税的同群效应研究——基于新制度主义组织趋同理论

基于新制度主义组织趋同理论,企业避税不仅是存在于企业内部的问题,其组织间相互影响的模仿行为更值得探讨。本文以2008—2020年上市公司的数据为研究样本,采用双向固定效应模型实证检验后,发现企业避税存在同群效应,且会选择模仿同行业领导企业和同地区企业。环境不确定性的提高增强了企业避税的同群效应强度。通过进一步研究发现,企业内部数字化水平和地区社会信任水平对环境不确定性下的避税同群效应具有促进作用,而审计师外部监督强度对其有抑制作用。文章为政府引导企业减少避税行为、提高税收遵从度,增强社会责任的履践提供了理论基础和实践路径。

Does Information Exchange Affect Cross-border Tax Avoidance? Evidence from the Common Reporting Standard

Using panel data from 2012 to 2020 for publicly traded Chinese companies, we explored the efficacy in mitigation of tax information asymmetry to combat profit shifting and transnational tax avoidance. Our empirical analysis revealed that, after the implementation of the inaugural multilateral automatic information exchange system known as the Common Reporting Standard, there was a statistically significantly increase in the effective tax rate by 1.4 percentage points, accompanied by an increase in instances of tax compliance. These trends were discernibly associated with a reduction in profit shifting and notable changes in reported profit margins, particularly influenced by actions related to debt shifting and strategic management of intellectual property assets. These findings underscore the strong connection between these effects and various factors such as investment destinations, asset portfolios, and industry classifications. The results imply a prospective decline in the incidence of cross-border tax avoidance by Chinese multinational entities and demonstrate the potential of emerging international tax cooperation frameworks for curbing the global tax avoidance practices of multinational corporations.