Effects of bending on heat transfer performance of axial micro-grooved heat pipe

Heat pipe is always bent in the typical application of electronic heat dissipation at high heat flux,which greatly affects its heat transfer performance. The capillary limit of heat transport in the bent micro-grooved heat pipes was analyzed in the vapor pressure drop,the liquid pressure drop and the interaction of the vapor with wick fluid. The bent heat pipes were fabricated and tested from the bending angle,the bending position and the bending radius. The results show that temperature difference and thermal resistance increase while the heat transfer capacity of the heat pipe decreases,with the increase of the bending angles and the bending position closer to the vapor section. However,the effects of bending radius can be ignored. The result agrees well with the predicted equations.

Study on size-dependent bending behavior of axially functionally graded microbeams via nonlocal strain gradient theory

Based on the nonlocal strain gradient theory(NSGT),the static bending behaviors of an axially functionally graded(AFG)Bernoulli-Euler microbeam subjected to concentrated and distributed loads are studied.The material property of the AFG microbeam changes continuously along the longitudinal direction.On the basis of the minimum potential energy principle,the equations of motion and associated classical and non-classical boundary conditions are derived.Then,Galerkin’s weighted residual method in conjunction with the normalization technique are utilized to solve the governing differential equations.The transverse deformations of the AFG microbeam suffering the sinusoidal distributed load within the framework of NSGT,nonlocal elasticity theory(NET),strain gradient theory(SGT)and classical elasticity theory(CET)are compared.It is observed that the bending flexibility of the microbeam decreases with the increase in the ratio of the material length scale parameter to the beam height.However,the bending flexibility increases with the increase in the material nonlocal parameter.The functionally graded parameter plays an important role in controlling the transverse deformation.This study provides a theoretical basis and a technical reference for the design and analysis of AFG micro-beams in the related regions.

Post-Buckling Behavior of Laminated Composite Cylindrical Shells Subjected to Axial, Bending and Torsion Loads

In present work, post-buckling behavior of imperfect (of eigen form) laminated composite cylindrical shells with different L/D and R/t ratios subjected to axial, bending and torsion loads has been investigated by using an equilibrium path approach in the finite element analysis. The Newton-Raphson approach as well as the arc-length approach is used to ensure the correctness of the equilibrium paths up to the limit point load. Post-buckling behavior of imperfect cylindrical shells with different L/D and R/t ratios of interest is obtained and the theoretical knock-down factors are reported for the considered cylindrical shells.

Haptic Evaluation of the Prickle of Fabrics: Axial Compression Bending Tests On Ramie Fibers

Although smoothness, softness, and stiffness determine the physical and mechanical behavior of a fabric and the subjective assessment of quality when it is handled, the perceived comfort of clothing is more important to consumers. The sensations perceived from the contact of clothing with the skin can greatly influence our over-all state of comfort and one aspect of this is the unpleasant skin sensation of prickle. Surface prickle of fabrics can be a factor limiting the use of the coarser types of ramie in apparel. And the mechanical stimulus of fabric-evoked prickle underlies our discomfort to fabrics independent in the majority of cases of any chemical or the atopic status of the individual. It is known that the prickle of fabric can be reduced by fabric-finishing treatments, but the assessment of fabric prickle is often done subjectively. This is time consuming, and it is difficult to obtain reliable and reproducible results, since variability between subjects in their sensitivity to prickle, such as skin mechanical properties, effective density of nociceptors and the mood state of the individual. In order to find an objective method of measuring the physical properties of the stiff fiber ends protruding from the fabrics to predict prickle, axial compression bending tests were examined by using single ramie fiber. By comparing analysis, it is found that the critical compressing load (Pcr), the bending modulus (E) are the important parameters. The relationship of the critical load (Pcr) with the length of fiber (L) and the fineness of fiber (Nt) has been investigated.

Behavior of Reinforced Concrete Columns under Combined Axial Load and Bending in Accordance with a Nonlinear Numerical Model

A nonlinear numerical model was developed to analyze reinforced concrete columns under combined axial load and bending up to failure. Results of reinforced concrete columns under eccentric compression tested to failure are presented and compared to results from a numerical nonlinear model. The tests involved 10 columns with cross-section of 250 mm × 120 mm, geometrical reinforcement ratio of 1.57% and concrete with compression strength around 40 MPa, with 3,000 mm in length. The main variable was the load eccentricity in the direction of the smaller dimension of cross-section. Experimental results of ultimate load and of the evolution of transverse displacements and concrete strains are compared with the numerical results. The estimated results obtained by the numerical model are close to the experimental ones, being suitable for use in verification of elements under combined axial load and bending.

A Non-Linear 3D FEM to Simulate Un-Bonded Steel Reinforcement Bars under Axial and Bending Loads

This paper presents development of 3D non-linear finite element model to simulate the response and predict the behavior of un-bonded mild steel bars under axial and bending loading. The models were successfully analyzed with the finite element software ANSYS, taking into account the nonlinear material properties of the reinforced mild steel bars. A bending strain relationship is derived based on a parametric study involving multiple nonlinear finite element models. A mild steel fracture criterion based on low-cycle fatigue models is proposed to control the total (elastic and plastic) strains in the mild steel bar below a maximum permissible limit. In addition, FE predictions of bar elongation due to strain penetration reasonably agreed with a proposed empirical equation by Raynor and Lehman. It was concluded that the equation proposed by Raynor and Lehman is considered valid for estimating the additional unbounded length and can be used in both analysis and design.

Intra-trench variations in flexural bending of the subducting Pacific Plate along the Tonga-Kermadec Trench

We conducted a detailed analysis of along-trench variations in the flexural bending of the subducting Pacific Plate at the Tonga-Kermadec Trench.Inversions were conducted to obtain best-fitting solutions of trench-axis loadings and variations in the effective elastic plate thickness for the analyzed flexural bending profiles.Results of the analyses revealed significant along-trench variations in plate flexural bending:the trench relief(W0)of 1.9 to 5.1 km;trench-axis vertical loading(V0)of-0.5×10^12 to 2.2×10^12 N/m;axial bending moment(M0)of 0.1×10^17 to 2.2×10^17 N;effective elastic plate thickness seaward of the outer-rise region(Te^M)of 20 to 65 km,trench-ward of the outer-rise(Te^M)of 11 to 33 km,and the transition distance(Xr)of 20 to 95 km.The Horizon Deep,the second greatest trench depth in the world,has the greatest trench relief(W0 of 5.1km)and trench-axis loading(V0 of 2.2×10^12N/m);these values are only slightly smaller than that of the Challenger Deep(W0 of 5.7km and V0 of 2.9×10^12N/m)and similar to that of the Sirena Deep(W0 of 5.2 km and V0 of 2.0×10^12 N/m)of the Mariana Trench,suggesting that these deeps are linked to great flexural bending of the subducting plates.Analyses using three independent methods,i.e.,the/inversion,the flexural curvature/yield strength envelope analysis,and the elasto-plastic bending model with normal faults,all yielded similar average Te reduction of 28%-36% and average Te reduction area S△Te of 1195-1402 km^2 near the trench axis.The calculated brittle yield zone depth from the flexural curvature/yield strength envelope analysis is also consistent with the distribution of the observed normal faulting earthquakes.Comparisons of the Manila,Philippine,Tonga-Kermadec,Japan,and Mariana Trenches revealed that the average values Te^M of Te^M and both in general increase with the subducting plate age.

The Relationship of Microstructure, Density and Bending Strength Properties of Blighia sapida

Wood anatomical structures of various tree species help identify the wood. The characteristics and composition of these structures affect their utilisation. In this work, the microstructure of Blighia sapida a lesser-known Ghanaian hardwood species using light microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM) was studied. The relationship between the microstructure and some physical properties such as density, and bending strength were also studied. The anatomical features studied were fibre length, double fibre wall thickness, fibre proportion, vessel diameter and proportion, rays and axial parenchyma proportions. It was observed that the use of SEM in studying the anatomical or ultra-structural aspects of wood gives a clearer understanding of the features and structures found in wood. Anatomical features such as presence of crystals and absence of axial parenchyma in Blighia sapida are reported in the work. The study also established that Blighia sapida had a low water uptake even though it had vessel distribution of 12 vessels/mm2. Having not very distinct axial parenchyma may have accounted for the low water uptake. The presence of occluded pits could also account for the low water uptake and the fibre wall thickness may also account for a medium bending strength of 62.8 N/mm2 at 12% moisture content.

3D打印汽车吸能结构耐撞性分析

3D打印技术由于其耗材成本低、成品多样化的特点,在汽车吸能结构的耐撞性研究中已被研究人员关注与应用。通过3D打印技术针对相同结构尺寸,不同基体材料的防撞梁和蜂窝填充材料等汽车吸能结构,开展了准静态试验研究,对比分析了其力学响应及变形模式,进一步基于有限元仿真,研究了结构参数对其耐撞性指标的影响。研究结果表明,3D打印PLA防撞梁及蜂窝填充结构的载荷-位移曲线与金属结构呈现出相同的趋势,并且能反映汽车吸能结构的变形特征;结构壁厚的增加导致相对密度的增加,提高了防撞梁与蜂窝结构的耐撞性,此外,胞元尺寸的增加也会影响蜂窝结构的耐撞性。提出了基于3D打印技术的汽车吸能结构优化方案,采用试验与仿真相结合的方法系统地研究了结构参数对耐撞性的影响,对于汽车类专业教具设计及汽车吸能结构分析有一定的参考意义。

增强型气动柔性驱动器形变与驱动特性实验

为解决现阶段柔性驱动器负载能力低、变形范围小等问题,设计并制作一种三自由度气动柔性驱动器,分析其变形机制并通过实验研究增强肌肉对驱动器伸长量、弯曲方向及弯曲角度、驱动力的影响。实验结果表明:通过控制驱动器人工肌肉内腔气压,驱动器可以产生轴向伸长和空间0°~360°任一方向弯曲变形;增强肌肉通压对驱动器变形量和驱动力有增幅作用,0.4 MPa气压下驱动器无增强肌肉时伸长率为49%,弯曲角度为68°,轴向驱动力为278 N;有增强肌肉时驱动器伸长率为54%,弯曲角度为77.5°,轴向驱动力为300 N。

常温养护超高性能混凝土弯拉性能及轴拉本构模型

根据水化反应方程和紧密堆积理论确定了常温养护下超高性能混凝土(UHPC)的基础配合比,基于此考虑水胶比和钢纤维掺量设计了8组UHPC抗弯试件。通过四点弯曲试验,分析了试件的受弯破坏形态、荷载-挠度曲线、弯拉特征参数和弯曲韧性等;基于试验结果采用倒推方法得到了UHPC轴拉应力-应变曲线,采用回归分析提出了考虑纤维特征的轴拉本构模型,并经过材料和构件两个层次的验证。结果表明:掺加钢纤维可抑制主裂缝的发展,从而明显改善UHPC的抗弯韧性,钢纤维掺量为2.0%的UHPC弯曲韧性指数达到116.9 J;随着水胶比增大,试件抗折强度和峰值挠度均呈下降趋势;增大钢纤维掺量明显提升了试件弯曲性能,掺入2.0%钢纤维的UHPC与未掺纤维相比,其初裂挠度和抗折强度分别提升157.14%和148.63%;当纤维含量为1.5%~2.0%时,试件具有良好的弯拉性能;水胶比对曲线平台段趋势影响不大,纤维掺量大于1.0%时曲线具有较明显的应变硬化特征,可保证UHPC良好的抗拉性能,其应变硬化特征随着纤维掺量增大而变得更明显;所提模型对UHPC受拉应力-应变关系具有较好的预测性。

钢筋PVA-ECC柱复合受扭性能试验研究及损伤分析

为研究复合受力状态下钢筋PVA-ECC构件的受扭性能,进行了9根PVA-ECC柱和1根普通混凝土(RC)柱的单调加载试验,考虑不同轴压比、扭弯比、剪跨比、纵筋配筋率和箍筋间距等参数,研究其破坏特征、扭矩-扭率曲线特征,并进行了损伤演变分析。结果表明,PVA-ECC试件受力过程均经历了弹性阶段、弹塑性阶段和破坏阶段;PVA-ECC试件在受扭承载能力和扭转变形方面与RC试件相比有很大提升;降低轴压比、增大扭弯比和剪跨比可有效提高试件的扭转延性,减小箍筋间距和剪跨比、增大轴压比可有效延缓试件开裂;采用PVA-ECC材料能有效抑制试件的损伤发展;剪跨比、纵筋配筋率和箍筋间距对复合受扭作用下试件的损伤有较大影响;纵筋配筋率越大和剪跨比、箍筋间距越小,试件复合受扭的损伤程度越小。

高寒区强风化围岩隧道衬砌冻胀性能研究

由于东北等高纬度季节性冻土地区春融冬冻的特点,强风化围岩隧道衬砌经常发生渗漏、悬冰、开裂等问题,严重影响列车运行安全。依托某寒区隧道工程,运用理论分析和数值建模等手段,基于季节冻土区强风化围岩隧道衬砌受力模型,分析隧道在富水期和冻结期的轴力和弯矩。通过施加注浆加固圈的方式,建立了注浆加固隧道衬砌受力模型,分析注浆加固厚度关键参数对于衬砌受力的变化规律。研究发现,隧道围岩处于富水期时,弯矩使衬砌产生“倒桃形”变形。当隧道围岩处于冻结期时,弯矩引起衬砌的“类葫芦形”变形。此外,在注浆性能相同的情况下,圆形注浆比传统的马蹄形注浆加固更有利于折减衬砌外力和内力。

内、外侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的有限元分析

目的通过有限元分析法比较内、外侧锁定钢板内固定治疗胫骨远端骨折的生物力学性能。方法对1名健康男性志愿者的胫骨行CT扫描构建正常胫骨模型。使用Solidworks 2013软件制作得到内侧锁定钢板和锁定螺钉的装配体(模型1)、外侧锁定钢板和锁定螺钉的装配体(模型2)。使用Ansys 14有限元分析软件分析在施加轴向力、扭转力、侧向力后,模型1和模型2的承载力及骨折断端的位移情况。结果(1)承载力:施加轴向力后,模型1不足模型2的1/6(P<0.05);施加扭转力后,模型1约是模型2的7倍(P<0.05);施加侧向力后,模型1和模型2比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05)。(2)骨折断端平均位移:施加轴向力后,模型1小于模型2(P<0.05);施加扭转力后,模型1大于模型2(P<0.05);施加侧向力后,模型1小于模型2(P<0.05)。结论与外侧锁定钢板内固定模型相比,胫骨远端骨折内侧锁定钢板内固定模型力学分布更均匀、稳定性更好,且骨折断端的微小位移能有效刺激骨痂再生,更利于骨折愈合,在软组织条件允许下更利于治疗胫骨远端骨折。

哑铃形钢管混凝土柱压弯扭复合作用下力学性能试验研究和有限元分析

以轴压比(n)、弯扭比(γ)为变化参数,开展了四根圆形和四根哑铃形钢管混凝土构件压弯扭复合作用下的试验,对不同轴压比和弯扭比参数下各构件的扭矩-转角曲线、扭矩-剪应变曲线、破坏模态的变化规律进行分析。结果表明:在轴压比一定的情况下,弯扭比较大时,构件以受弯为主,破坏模式接近“弯型破坏”;弯扭比较小时,构件以绕构件中心扭转为主,破坏模式接近“扭型破坏”。抗扭承载力随着轴压比增加而提高;在γ=2.80时,当n=0.00增大至n=0.11时,圆形和哑铃形钢管混凝土构件抗扭承载力分别提高23%和53%,增大到n=0.22时,圆形和哑铃形钢管混凝土构件抗扭承载力分别提高了23%和99%;抗扭承载力随着弯扭比增加而降低,其中γ=0.90增大至γ=2.80时,圆形和哑铃形钢管混凝土构件抗扭承载力分别下降了46%和51%。通过有限元软件ABAQUS,对压弯扭构件的扭矩-转角全过程关系曲线及破坏模态进行分析,有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。

考虑附加弯矩后的大直径螺栓承载能力研究

为获得大直径螺栓典型连接结构的承载特性,在有限元分析的基础上开展地面试验研究,获得大直径螺栓的轴力与附加弯矩,揭示其破坏机理。分析及试验结果表明,附加弯矩是影响大直径螺栓承载能力的重要因素,考虑附加弯矩后,等效轴力是原始轴力的数倍。提出了考虑附加弯矩影响后的大直径螺栓强度计算公式,提高了预示精度。此外,开展了降低大直径螺栓附加弯矩的方法研究,指出了结构优化方向。

不同失效模式下皮质骨结构临界能量释放率预测

背景:临界能量释放率是结构在破坏过程中可测得的一个全局断裂力学参数,即使针对同一结构,在不同失效模式下其数值也可能存在差异。目的:提出一种方法预测皮质骨结构在不同失效模式下的临界能量释放率。方法:针对大鼠股骨皮质骨结构进行三点弯曲与轴向压缩实验以及相应断裂仿真。通过对有限元模型赋予不同临界能量释放率进行断裂模拟,并将每次模拟所得载荷-位移曲线与实验数据进行比较,当仿真与实验所得断裂参数差异小于5%时,即代表拟合成功,以此反演预测皮质骨结构在不同失效模式下的临界能量释放率。结果与结论:①结果显示大鼠股骨皮质骨结构在三点弯曲载荷下主要发生拉伸破坏,该失效模式下所预测临界能量释放率为0.16N/mm;②在轴向压缩载荷下主要发生剪切破坏,所预测临界能量释放率为0.12N/mm,这说明同一皮质骨结构在不同失效模式下的临界能量释放率存在差异;③此文通过对结构力学性能与损伤机制进行综合分析,揭示了不同失效模式下皮质骨结构临界能量释放率存在差异的原因,为能量释放率测量以及准确的皮质骨断裂模拟提供理论依据。

火箭对接面爆炸螺栓直径对螺栓截面载荷的影响

爆炸螺栓是箭体结构对接面承载最主要的薄弱环节之一。进行舱段静力试验时考虑到传感器安装空间等原因,通常采用直径较小的螺栓替代爆炸螺栓测量螺栓截面载荷。为得到螺栓直径对螺栓截面载荷的影响,推导了相同加载条件下爆炸螺栓截面载荷与螺栓直径的理论公式。建立不同直径螺栓连接的舱段对接有限元模型,完成舱段对接下不同直径螺栓截面载荷测量试验,将有限元分析结果、试验结果和理论计算结果进行了对比。分析结果表明:爆炸螺栓截面轴力与螺栓直径关系较小,螺栓截面弯矩与直径的平方近似成正比。

腰部设置横梁的双排桩受力分析

双排桩用于填方工程时,可在其腰部增设横梁,以提高填筑工程中双排桩的整体性。在介绍施工方法的基础上,基于有限元法,对腰部设置横梁的双排桩进行对比分析,计算结果表明:双排桩腰部设置横梁后,腰部横梁以上前排桩与后排桩的轴力与弯矩最大值均大幅度减小,故腰部横梁以上前排桩与后排桩的截面积、配筋均可大幅度减小。

公路边坡施工过程中桩板式挡土墙受力变形特征计算分析

基于有限元软件Midas GTS NX,对公路边坡施工过程中桩板式挡土墙受力变形情况进行数值计算,查明了边坡填筑过程中桩板式挡土墙受力变形特征。结果表明:桩板墙桩身水平位移随着距桩顶距离的增大而减小,其悬臂段的变化幅度大于锚固段,桩顶水平位移随着边坡填筑高度的增加而增大;边坡填筑完成后,桩板墙桩身整体呈受压状态,随着距桩顶距离的增大,轴力先增大后减小;悬臂段剪力随着距桩顶距离的增大呈S形变化,最大值出现在锚固段与悬臂段交界处,锚固段上部剪力变化幅度不大,下部剪力变化幅度随边坡填筑高度的增加而增大;悬臂段上部的弯矩随着距桩顶距离的增大呈先增大后减小的变化规律,接近地面时,弯矩急剧变化,并在锚固段呈S形变化,最大值出现在悬臂段与锚固段交界处;在边坡填筑高度较低时,悬臂段桩身弯矩为0,锚固段随边坡填筑高度的增加逐渐由左侧受压转变为左侧受拉。