Impact of Typical Steady-state Conditions and Transient Conditions on Flow Ripple and Its Test Accuracy for Axial Piston Pump

The current research about the flow ripple of axial piston pump mainly focuses on the effect of the structure of parts on the flow ripple. Therein, the structure of parts are usually designed and optimized at rated working conditions. However, the pump usually has to work in large-scale and time-variant working conditions. Therefore, the flow ripple characteristics of pump and analysis for its test accuracy with respect to variant steady-state conditions and transient conditions in a wide range of operating parameters are focused in this paper. First, a simulation model has been constructed, which takes the kinematics of oil film within friction pairs into account for higher accuracy. Afterwards, a test bed which adopts Secondary Source Method is built to verify the model. The simulation and tests results show that the angular position of the piston, corresponding to the position where the peak flow ripple is produced, varies with the different pressure. The pulsating amplitude and pulsation rate of flow ripple increase with the rise of pressure and the variation rate of pressure. For the pump working at a constant speed, the flow pulsation rate decreases dramatically with the increasing speed when the speed is less than 27.78% of the maximum speed, subsequently presents a small decrease tendency with the speed further increasing. With the rise of the variation rate of speed, the pulsating amplitude and pulsation rate of flow ripple increase. As the swash plate angle augments, the pulsating amplitude of flow ripple increases, nevertheless the flow pulsation rate decreases. In contrast with the effect of the variation of pressure, the test accuracy of flow ripple is more sensitive to the variation of speed. It makes the test accuracy above 96.20% available for the pulsating amplitude of pressure deviating within a range of ~6% from the mean pressure. However, with a variation of speed deviating within a range of ±2% from the mean speed, the attainable test accuracy of flow ripple is above 93.07%. The model constructed in this research proposes a method to determine the flow ripple characteristics of pump and its attainable test accuracy under the large-scale and time-variant working conditions. Meanwhile, a discussion about the variation of flow ripple and its obtainable test accuracy with the conditions of the pump working in wide operating ranges is given as well.

An isolated similarity design method for shaking table tests on reinforced slopes

Physical model test is an effective way to unveil the dynamic response of a slope under seismic condition.The similarity design is the key of physical model test.An isolated similarity design method for shaking table tests was proposed and verified in this work.In this method,the relevant physical quantities were divided into several subsystems and subcharacteristic equations for each subsystem were then established based on the Buckingham similarity theory.Large-scale shaking table tests on a reinforced slope were adopted herein to illustrate the application of the proposed isolated similarity design method.The similarity system for the studied slope was divided into four parts in the process of similarity design.The geometrical dimension L,densityρand gravity g were selected as fundamental quantities for the similarity design,and four subcharacteristic equations were established for each subsystem.The dynamic responses of the recorded acceleration and axis force show that the seismic waves propagate well in the model slope.The proposed isolated similarity design method solves the conflict between the similarity requirement for all relevant physical quantities and the difficulty of test model fabrication to satisfy all similarity relations.

Axial Tensile Testing of Single Fibres

The mechanical and damage properties of single fibres used in fibrous composite have gained tremendous importance in recent years. These properties are used in determination of effective properties of composites by micromechanics. These are also used in the micromechanical damage modeling. Further, these properties are used as an indicator of the excellence of product by manufacturers. In the present study the axial tensile modulus, ultimate strength and failure strain of single fibres are determined for carbon and glass fibres. ASTM D3379-75 standard is followed and a number of fibers are tested for statistical analysis. The axial tensile moduli measured are 246.7 GPa and 93.3 GPa, respectively and strength are 3031.6 MPa and 2035.9 MPa, respectively for carbon and glass fibres. Further, the respective axial tensile failure strains are 0.0137 and 0.0224. The error in the measurement of axial modulus is below 8% while for axial tensile strength is below 1%.

Axial compression physical testing of traditional and bird beak SHS T-joints

The static tests of nine traditional and bird beak square hollow structure(SHS) T-joints with different β values and connection types under axial compression at brace end were carried out. Experimental test schemes, failure modes of specimens, jack load-vertical displacement curves, jack load-deformation of chord and strain intensity distribution curves of joints were presented. The effects of β and connection types on axial compression property of joints were studied. The results show that the ultimate axial compression capacity of common bird beak SHS T-joints and diamond bird beak SHS T-joints is larger than that of traditional SHS T-joint specimens with big values of β. The ultimate axial compression capacity of diamond bird beak SHS T-joints is larger than that of common bird beak SHS T-joints. As β increases, the increase of the ultimate axial compression capacity of diamond bird beak SHS T-joints over that of common bird beak joints grows. The ultimate axial compression capacity and the initial axial stiffness of all kinds of joints increase as β increases, and the initial axial stiffness of the diamond bird beak SHS T-joints is the largest. The ductilities of common bird beak and diamond bird beak SHS T-joints increase as β increases, but the ductility of the traditional SHS T-joints decreases as β increases.

Study on Evaluation Method of Failure Pressure for Pipeline with Axially Adjacent Defects

The interaction between axially adjacent defects is more significant than that between circumferentially aligned defects.However,the existing failure pressure assessment methods cannot accurately predict the failure pressure of axial adjacent defects.In the paper,the finite element model is adopted to analyze the influence of defect size,distribution mode and spacing between adjacent defects on failure pressure.A new failure pressure evaluation method is proposed by establishing the effective depth calculation model of corrosion colony with different distribution model.The burst test of X52 pipeline is carried out to verify the applicability of the method.It shows that the results of new method are consistent with the test results of pipeline with various defects and steel grades.

Discussion on pile axial load test methods and their applicability in cold regions

The measurement of pile axial load is of great significance to determining pile foundation design parameters such as skin friction and end bearing capacity and analyzing load transfer mechanisms.Affected by the temperature and ice content of frozen ground,the interface contact relationship between pile foundation and frozen soil is complicated,making pile axial load measurements more uncertain than that in non-frozen ground.Therefore,it is necessary to gain an in-depth understanding of the current pile axial load test methods.Four methods are systematically reviewed:vibrating wire sensors,strain gauges,sliding micrometers,and optical fiber strain sensors.At the same time,the applicability of the four test methods in frozen soil regions is discussed in detail.The first two methods are mature and commonly used.The sliding micrometer is only suitable for short-term measurement.While the Fiber Bragg grating(FBG)strain gauge meets the monitoring requirements,the Brillouin optical time-domain reflectometer(BOTDR)needs further verification.This paper aims to provide a technical reference for selecting and applying different methods in the pile axial load test for the stability study and bearing capacity assessment of pile foundations in cold regions.

Axial bearing behavior of super-long piles in deep soft clay over stiff layers

In order to find out the bearing behavior of super-long piles located in deep soft clay over stiff layers around Dongting Lake, China, a test pile was first designed with the field loading test finished afterward. Based on the measured test results, load transfer mechanism and bearing behavior of the pile shaft were discussed in detail. Then, by introducing a bi-linear model for shaft friction and the tri-linear model for pile tip resistance, respectively, the governing differential equation of pile soil system was set up by the load transfer method with the analytical solutions derived as well, taking into account the effect by stratified feature and various bearing conditions of subsoil, material nonlinearity, and the sediment under pile tip. Furthermore, formulas to determine the axial capacity of super-long piles by the pile top settlement were advised and applied to analyze the test pile. Good agreement between the predicted load settlement variations and the measured data is obtained to verify the validity of the present method. The results also show that, the axial bearing capacity of super-long piles should be controlled by the allowable pile top settlement, and buckling stability of the pile shaft should be paid attention as well.

Identifying crack initiation stress threshold in brittle rocks using axial strain stiffness characteristics

As an estimate for the in-situ spalling strength around massive underground excavations to moderately jointed brittle rocks, crack initiation stress marks the initiation of rock micro fracturing. It is crucial to accurately identify crack initiation stress level by proper method. In this study, confined compression tests of sandstone samples are used to examine the validity/applicability of proposed axial strain stiffness method. The results show that by highlighting the minuscule changes in stress-strain curve, the axial strain stiffness curve provided further insight into rock failure process and revealed five stages:(a) irregular fluctuation,(b) nearly horizontal regular fluctuation,(c) irregular fluctuation gradually decreasing to zero,(d) extreme fluctuation, and(e) near zero, which mainly correspond to five stages of stress–strain curve. The ratio of crack-initiation stress to peak strength determined using this approach is 0.44–0.51, similar to the ranges previously reported by other researchers. In this method, the key is to accurately detect the end point of the stage(b), "nearly horizontal regular fluctuation" characterized by a sudden change in axial strain stiffness curve, and the sudden change signifies crack initiation in rock sample. Finally, the research indicates that the axial strain stiffness curve can provide a mean to identify the crack-initiation stress thresholds in brittle rocks.

Estimation of Axial Pile Bearing Capacity According to Shear Strength Parameters of Soil

At pesent, it is very popular to estimate pile bearing capacity by use of empirical formula and physical indexes of soil provided in the design codes for civil construction in China. This paper attempts to apply mechanical indexes of soil and semi-empirical formulas, which are based on soil mechanical theories and were summarized and presented by Meyerhof in 1976, to calculate the axial pile bearing capacity. Loading test results of 24 single piles in Tianjin area have been collected and compared with the proposed calulation approach.

The role of AVDR in linear cascade testing

Linear cascade testing plays an important role in the research and development of turbomachinery and is widely used over the world.The ideal cascade model of a turbomachinery blade row is two-dimensional.In actual linear cascade testing,the flow through the test section converges due to the development of the boundary layer and secondary flow along the sidewall surfaces of the test section.Axial velocity density ratio(AVDR) is adopted to account for the deviation of the tested cascade flow from the ideal 2D model.Among numerous published cascade works,the influence of AVDR on cascade performance is seen to be complicated with many affecting factors,such as those related to cascade/blade geometry and flow conditions.Also,controlling AVDR is limited by the facility capability.Furthermore,real blade-to-blade flow in turbomachines is usually associated with AVDR greater than unity due to limited span of blades between the hub and shroud such that cascade testing without reducing AVDR could be favored sometimes.All these facets add complexity and diversification to the matter.The current paper reviews previous studies and results on AVDR.Consolidated understanding on the role of AVDR and recommendations on how to deal with it in linear cascade testing are provided.

Model Test of Sand Restraining Force on Pipeline

This paper describes the model tests for determining the axial friction and the lateral resistance of sand to pipeline by using fine sand and prototype pipeline, and the calculation method based on limit analysis theory is verified. The effect of cyclic loading is considered in the test.

Research and Analysis on Tensile and Compressive Fatigue Performance of Cryogenic Axial Insulation Breaks

The composite axial insulation breaks （IBs） are key components of the supercon- ducting magnet system for the international thermonuclear experimental reactor （ITER）. In order to ensure the safe operation of the IBs during the 20 year lifespan of ITER devices, tensile and compressive fatigue tests were conducted by simulating actual working conditions and optimizing the test programs. The IBs were evaluated by testing their helium tightness after mechanical fatigue tests. In addition, fatigue analysis was performed using ANSYS software and an experi-mental S-N curve. The test data showed that the maximum helium leakage rate was less than 1.0×10^-9 Pc· m^3/s, which met the design requirements of the ITER IBs. ANSYS analysis results are also consistent with the test results from the theoretical viewpoint.

Axial Load Capacity of Cast in Place Piles from SPT and CPTU Data

This paper aims to deal with the assessment of axial load capacity for cast in place pile foundations, which are made by the earth drill method, by using the data taken from Standard Penetration Tests (SPTs) and Piezocone Penetration Tests (CPTUs). These tests were carried out as part of the investigation program for P.N.G. Terminal-Power Plant, near Semani beach, in Hoxhara marsh, in the western part of Albania. The design of axial load capacity of piles is based on empirical formula using SPT and CPTU values. This study presents the results of axial load capacity analysis of cast in place piles by different analytical calculation methods, which are based on in situ tests results, and also referring to the Building Standard Law of Japan. In the end of our work, differences between calculations methods by using different in situ tests results are shown in tables and graphs.

Topside Axial Bearing Wear Under the Eccentric Load of a Single-Anchor Leg Mooring System in Bohai Bay

Because the applications of single-anchor leg mooring yoke systems(SYSs)are rarely studied in the offshore industry,the design of such systems features some uncertainties.This paper investigated the effect of eccentricity on the wear of the topside axial bearing of a SYS.The eccentricity of the topside was verified by on-site inspection,and the axial bearing wear was found to be far more serious than the original design.The contact status between the axial bearing and flange surface was studied on the basis of the actual topside load by using nonlinear finite element analysis.Wear tests of the topside bearing under uniform and eccentric loads were also performed to study the effect of eccentric loads on the wear rate.The key parameters obtained from numerical simulations and experimentation were used to calculate the wear depth via a simplified linear wear model based on the product of the pressure and sliding distance.Results showed that eccentric loads are the main factor responsible for the excessive wear of topside axial bearings.

RPC外包方钢管混凝土柱轴压受力性能研究

为了研究活性粉末混凝土(Reactive powder concrete,RPC)外包方钢管混凝土柱的轴压受力性能,以RPC厚度和长细比为参数,对6根构件开展轴压试验研究,探讨该类组合柱的破坏模式、受力机理、套箍效应和承载力。试验结果表明:外层RPC可为内部方钢管混凝土柱提供较强的约束力,在受力后期套箍效应凸显。随着RPC厚度的增加,组合柱的承载力逐渐提高;随着组合柱长细比的增大,虽然其弹性刚度和承载力逐渐降低,但延性改善。采用ABAQUS软件建立RPC外包方钢管混凝土柱的有限元模型,分析RPC强度、RPC厚度、钢管强度等级、含钢率、内部混凝土强度和长细比等参数对组合柱承载力的影响规律,可得方钢管混凝土柱发挥系数的变化幅值为0.78~1.01。在试验研究、有限元参数分析和理论探讨的基础上,借鉴钢管混凝土结构技术规范,提出了RPC外包方钢管混凝土轴压短柱和长柱的承载力简化计算方法,公式计算值与已有数据样本吻合良好。

钢-玄武岩混杂纤维混凝土压力管道有限元分析

重点研究了掺入钢-玄武岩的混杂纤维混凝土对水电站压力管道外包混凝土承载特性、开裂后裂缝形态以及钢衬和钢筋应力的影响.对10组不同掺量的钢-玄武岩混杂纤维钢筋混凝土试件进行轴向拉伸试验,获得了钢-玄武岩混杂纤维混凝土的相关力学性能参数.以三峡水电站钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道结构为例,利用有限元软件对钢-玄武岩混杂纤维的掺入对压力管道钢材应力、管道外包混凝土裂缝扩展与裂缝宽度的影响进行分析.结合三峡水电站压力管道结构的大比尺模型试验结果,对比分析了钢衬钢筋钢-玄武岩混杂纤维混凝土压力管道与常规钢衬钢筋混凝土压力管道两种方案下的钢衬及钢筋应力.结果表明,掺入钢-玄武岩混杂纤维后压力管道结构整体受力更加均匀,且管道外包混凝土的裂缝数量和裂缝宽度也有显著的降低,同时压力管道的钢衬及钢筋应力明显降低.

轴向串联式吸能管的缓冲吸能特性

针对工程技术领域的碰撞载荷削峰减载问题,采用数值模拟与试验相结合的方法研究了轴向串联式吸能管的吸能特性:首先基于材料高速拉伸试验,构建吸能管的材料Johnson-Cook动态本构参数,并对拟合参数有效性进行评估;随后通过数值模拟与高速冲击试验研究高速撞击过程中吸能管的缓冲吸能特性,评估仿真与试验的一致性;最终通过数值模拟对吸能管轴向串联构型与单管构型之间的吸能评价指标开展对比分析。分析研究表明:数值模拟与冲击试验的变形模式、载荷曲线、吸能评价指标均吻合较好,材料性能参数准确,仿真预示方法有效,高速冲击试验方案合理可信;与相同结构参数的串联构型吸能管相比,单管构型吸能管在压缩过程中会出现非轴对称、不稳定的扭曲变形,单管构型的有效压缩行程减小了13%,峰值载荷提高了33.4%,撞击瞬间载荷提高了15%,平均压缩力提高了13%,载荷峰均比提高了17.7%;吸能管的串联构型是更为理想的缓冲吸能结构。

大跨度双层甲板在轴压载荷下的稳定性研究

针对大跨度双层甲板缩尺模型设计并开展了单轴压缩试验,分析了缩尺模型的极限承载力以及结构的崩溃特性.计及初始缺陷的影响建立数值仿真模型,将试验结果与仿真结果进行对比,分析了双层甲板模型在轴压载荷作用下的稳定性及极限承载特性.结果表明:文中研究的双层甲板缩尺模型的失效模式主要是板格屈曲变形,仿真计算得到的模型应力分布情况与试验测量的结果也基本吻合.

轴流式对旋除尘风机的结构优化与性能研究

为了提高轴流式对旋除尘风机的除尘性能,研究各个参数相互之间的干扰,对其一级叶轮叶片数量、二级叶轮叶片数量、一二级叶轮距离、风筒直径和叶轮至进口距离这5个主要的结构参数进行优化改进和参数匹配。采取正交试验法,通过FLUENT对各结构参数下的风机除尘过程进行模拟仿真试验,分析风机除尘作业时内部流场和进出口速度、压力分布情况,给出综合评价风机除尘性能公式,得到轴流式对旋除尘风机各个参数的影响程度由大到小分别为一级叶轮叶片数量、风筒直径、二级叶轮叶片数量、一二级叶轮距离、叶轮至进口距离,并通过计算分析得到风机结构的最佳参数组合。

配筋空心圆钢管高强混凝土轴压短柱工作机理分析

目的 提出一种配筋空心圆钢管高强混凝土新型组合柱,分析其在轴向荷载作用下的工作机理,以解决空心钢管混凝土柱空心率较大和延性差等问题。方法 对配筋空心圆钢管高强混凝土短柱进行轴压试验,利用ABAQUS有限元分析软件建立组合柱的有限元模型,以试验结果验证有限元模型的准确性。对组合柱的受力工作机理进行分析,重点研究其在轴向荷载作用下的受力过程、各组分分担内力比例和应力状态。结果 与空心圆钢管高强混凝土柱相比,未配置普通钢筋的试件峰值承载力提升了6.37%、DI提高了6.64%、SI提高了3.59%,配置普通钢筋的试件峰值承载力提升了13.31%、DI提高了8.12%、SI提高了5.68%。整个受力过程中,管柱混凝土和夹层混凝土承载的内力比例分别为36.2%~39.7%和29.0%~30.6%。结论 配置普通钢筋的试件具有更高的承载能力和延性能力;夹层混凝土和管柱混凝土在加载过程中为主要受力组分;钢筋在加载前期基本不承担内力,进入塑性强化阶段才开始发挥作用。