Spectral Calculation of the Output Voltage of an Inverter with Bipolar Pulse Width Modulation

Converters with pulse width modulation are used for connections between the direct current （DC） and alternating current （AC） networks, e.g., in uninterrupted power supply systems, AC electromotor drives, for powering induction furnaces, in audio technique. Spectrum of signals sampled by pulse amplitude modulation and output voltage spectrum of the converter with pulse width modulation have similar properties. Spectrum of signals sampled by pulse amplitude modulation contains a harmonic of frequency equal to the frequency of the modulating signal and the harmonics of frequencies equal to the sum of frequency of the modulating signal and multiples of the sampling frequency. The output voltage spectrum of the converter with bipolar pulse width modulation contains harmonic of frequency equal to the frequency of the modulating signal and harmonics of frequencies equal to sum of the frequency of the modulating signal and multiples of the frequency of the carrier signal. It also contains harmonics of frequencies equal to the sum of the multiples of the frequency of the modulating signal and the multiples of the carrier signal. The comparison analysis was carried out for the harmonics of the output voltage of the converter with bipolar pulse width modulation in time domain. The dependency of the amplitudes and frequency spectrum on the wave forms of the carrier signal and modulating signal was shown. Similarity of the output voltage spectrum of the converter and signal spectrum sampled by the pulse width modulation was also shown. Key words： Output voltage converter with bipolar pulse width modulation, spectral analysis, Fourier series, carrier signal, reference signal.

Carrier dynamic overlapping switching frequency optimal pulse width modulation method for modular multilevel converters

Modular multilevel converters(MMCs) operate in the low modulation index region in many applications.However, when utilized at the low modulation index region, large harmonics appear in the output voltage, which degrade the performance of the MMC. To improve the harmonic characteristic in the low modulation index, the carrier dynamic overlapping switching frequency optimal pulse width modulation(CDOSFOPWM) method is proposed for the MMC here. The whole modulation index region is divided into three regions: high modulation index region, middle modulation index region, and low modulation index region. The carrier amplitude, carrier overlap ratio, and frequency of triangular carriers are chosen dynamically according to the modulation index region of the modulation signals, to achieve the optimal harmonic characteristic in the whole modulation index region and maintain the switching loss. The number of on-state submodules(SMs) can be calculated by CDOSFOPWM, and the selection of SMs is performed by a reducing switching frequency voltage balancing algorithm. Finally, the proposed method is verified by simulation and experimental results.

High Performance Control of Matrix Converter Fed Induction Motor Drive System

Matrix converter fed motor drive is superior to pulse width modulation inverter drives since it not only provides bi-directional power flow,sinusoidal input/output currents,unity input power factor,but also allows a compact design due to the lack of DC-link capacitors for energy storage.In this paper,model and control of matrix converter fed induction motor drive system are analyzed.A combined control strategy is simplified and improved,which realizes space vector pulse width modulation of matrix converter and rotor flux oriented vector control technique for induction motor drive simultaneously.This control strategy combines the advantages of matrix converter with the good drive performance of vector control technique.Experimental results demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control strategy.

The Usage of the Digital Controller in Regulating Boost Converter

This paper proposes the modeling and simulation technique to analyze and design a Boost converter using generalized minimum variance method with discrete-time quasi-sliding mode to adjust the converter switch through a pulse width modulation (PWM), so as to enhance a stable output voltage. The control objective is to maintain the sensed output voltage stable, constant and equal to some constant reference voltage (8 volt) in the load resistance variation (24, 48, 240) Ω and input voltage variation (20, 24, 28) volt circumstances. This control strategy is very appropriate for the digitally controlled power converter and for the system requirement accomplishment, resulting high output voltage accuracy. The performance degradation in practical implementation can be expected due to noise, PWM nonlinearities, and components imperfection. The digital simulation using MATHLAB/Simulink is performed to validate the functionality of the system.

Design of low-power high-frequency digital controlled DC-DC switching power converter

This paper models a low-power high-frequency digitally controlled synchronous rectifier （SR） OUCK converter. The converter is a hybrid system with three operation modes. Digital PID controler is used. Key problems such as quantization resolution of digital pulse-width modulation （DPWM） and steady-state limit cycles of digital control switching model power supply （SMPS） are discussed, with corresponding solutions presented. Simulation of a digital control synchronous buck is performed with a fixed-point algorithm. The results show that the described approach enables high-speed dynamic performance.

A General Approach for Direct Conversion of Single Phase AC to AC Converter for Induction Heating System

This paper signifies the study of modeling and simulation of a single phase matrix converter for induction heating system. The working principle and the control method, using PID are revealing in detail. The performance of the system is carried out in MATLAB/Simulink environment with pulse width modulation switching strategy by varying the duty cycle. PID control is employed to obtain the better performance for a specified input supply for various output frequencies. The proposed control strategy of AC to AC converter has been discussed with a wide range of operating frequencies and results in low Total Harmonic Distortion.

A Dual-Mode Step-up DC/DC Converter IC with Current-Limiting and EMI Reduction Techniques

This paper presents a novel dual-mode step-up （boost） DC/DC converter. Pulse-frequency modulation （PFM） is used to improve the efficiency at light load. This converter can operate between pulse-width modulation （PWM） and pulse-frequency modulation. The converter will operate in PFM mode at light load and in PWM mode at heavy load. The maximum conversion efficiency of this converter is 96%. The conversion efficiency is greatly improved when load current is below 100 mA. Additionally, a soft-start circuit and a variable-sawtooth frequency circuit are proposed in this paper. The former is used to avoid the large switching current at the start up of the converter and the latter is utilized to reduce the EMI of the converter.

一种新型三电平变换器中点电压平衡调制策略

在大功率轨道交通装备领域中,三电平变换器因具有众多优点,在实际中得到广泛应用,但是也存在中点电压不平衡这一固有问题。为解决三电平中点箝位(NPC)型变换器存在的中点电压不平衡问题,减少输出相电流畸变情况,提高系统运行稳定性,文章提出了一种基于分析中点电荷量的双自由度新型中点电压平衡调制策略。该调制策略首先从数学分析的角度介绍了三电平变换器直流侧中点电压不平衡问题的原因;之后分析了在空间矢量脉宽调制(SVPWM)技术中,电压矢量输出序列对中点电压的影响;最后基于上述分析结果,改进传统的电压矢量输出序列,并基于改进序列的特点提出了一种新的双自由度中点电压平衡调制策略,通过双自由度的平衡因子调节作用时间。理论上,所提出的新型调制策略具有更多可控电荷量,相较于传统方法具有更良好的控制效果;仿真和试验结果验证了所提的新型调制策略对中点电压的控制效果具有更好的快速性和稳定性。综上所述,文章所提的新型双自由度调制策略可更有效解决三电平变换器存在的中点电压不平衡问题。

抑制级联H 桥变换器共模电压的简化SVPWM 策略

为解决传统空间矢量调制策略难以拓展至高电平数级联H桥多电平变换器,以及抑制级联H桥多电平变换器调制策略实现过程中产生的共模电压的问题,本文提出一种简化空间矢量调制策略。该策略基于α'β'坐标系,通过判断空间矢量所处区域,得出其边界开关状态,再引入修正参数K对边界开关状态进行修正,以此提高策略的快速性并完成共模电压抑制。仿真和实验结果表明该策略实现简单,可以将级联H桥多电平变换器共模电压抑制在最小变化范围内。

高频链矩阵变换器直接功率反步控制策略

针对高频链矩阵变换器(HFLMC)电路前后级耦合导致系统动态性能和鲁棒性降低的问题,提出一种基于直接功率的非线性反步控制策略(BS-DPC)。首先,建立HFLMC非线性数学模型和有功、无功功率动态模型,分析双极性电流空间矢量调制策略;然后,在考虑系统不确定性情况下引入2个解耦控制分量,设计直流输出电流和无功功率反步控制器,实现电池不同工况下输出电流参考值的快速跟踪控制;最后,根据李雅普诺夫稳定性理论证明HFLMC闭环系统全局渐进稳定性,并对比传统PI直接功率控制和BS-DPC策略。仿真和实验结果表明,所提BS-DPC策略控制HFLMC提高了输出电流的动态性能和电网波动及直流滤波电感变化下的鲁棒性,响应时间减少了约78%,网侧THD降低了0.98%。

牵引电机轴承电蚀关键影响因素研究

轴承电蚀一直是困扰电机研发人员的难题之一。对大量发生轴承电蚀的电机进行分析,发现采用变频电源供电的电机最易发生轴承电蚀,经研究发现变流器共模电压是导致轴承电蚀的重要因素之一。基于地铁车辆牵引传动系统搭建仿真模型,从变流器主电路拓扑结构和脉宽调制策略两个方面,深入分析了变流器共模电压对轴承电蚀的影响机理。研究结果可为制定轴承电蚀抑制方案提供有力的理论支撑。

L型双输出三电平变换器驱动开绕组电机研究

为简化驱动开绕组异步电机(OEWIM)的双逆变器结构,提出一种L型双输出三电平变换器(L-DO-TLC)拓扑。将T型三电平拓扑与九开关拓扑相结合,通过器件复用方式简化拓扑结构,仅需15个开关器件即可实现双三电平输出,有效降低了系统成本。首先详细分析了L-DO-TLC拓扑工作机理,采用含直流偏置的正弦脉宽调制(SPWM)策略实现了双端口独立输出。在此基础上,根据OEWIM驱动的特殊需求及所提拓扑特点,给出一种双端口互差120°OEWIM驱动接线方案并建立了系统数学模型,给出了电压空间矢量分布图。然后利用矢量解耦思想,对双输出端口调制度进行了研究,确立双端口互差120°OEWIM驱动的稳定运行区间。最后,对所提拓扑及控制策略的可行性和有效性进行了验证。

高速磁浮背靠背三电平ANPC变流器中点电压偏移机理与协同控制策略

高速磁浮交通牵引变流器采用24 MVA背靠背三电平有源中点钳位拓扑,其中两台整流器和两台逆变器共用直流母线。该文分析整流侧和逆变侧在不同功率因数下中点电压(neutral point voltage,NPV)偏移机理及不同电压矢量对NPV的具体影响。据此,针对高速磁浮逆变器并联和串联两种模式,建立NPV偏移模型,得到在调制比和功率因数同时变化时NPV的可控区域。为在全速范围保证NPV平衡,提出一种基于平移调制波的协同控制策略。为减轻整流器功率因数和调制比对NPV的影响,采用一种具有相电压半波对称性的载波脉宽调制,并证明其具备NPV自平衡能力。仿真和硬件在环实验表明,所提策略具有NPV恢复到平衡状态所需时间短、可控范围大等优点,可在高速磁浮全速工况下保证NPV平衡。

适用于光伏直驱的碱液电解制氢高效变流控制策略

电解水制氢技术的应用可更好地促进可再生能源的消纳,提升含高比例可再生能源的电力系统调节灵活性,碱性电解槽因成本低、结构简单、技术成熟等特征广泛应用于工业电解领域。然而,由于其低载工况电解效率较低,导致其难以全范围跟踪波动性可再生能源。针对这一问题,该文首先从电解槽激励电场分布的角度揭示高低载效率差异机理,并提出基于激励电场重塑的最优功率脉宽调制(OP-PWM)策略,然后设计适用于脉冲电解的双级式变流器,并对关键性控制参数进行分析。最后,通过搭建的光伏直驱电解制氢平台对所述理论进行验证。实验结果表明:相比于传统直流电解模式,OP-PWM策略可显著提升低载效率,提升幅度达到1.8倍。若将最小电解效率约束条件定为48%,则OP-PWM控制策略可将电解槽运行范围由28%~100%额定功率扩展至20%~100%额定功率。

基于电路分解模型的三有源桥电流有效值优化控制策略

三有源桥DC-DC变换器(TAB)作为可再生能源、电动汽车和储能等灵活接入直流电网的有效解决方案,在直流电网中应用前景十分广阔。该文针对TAB在单移相控制(SPS)下电感电流有效值较大,而移相加脉宽控制(PS-PWM)下数学模型复杂难以求解的问题,提出一种基于电路分解模型的TAB电感电流有效值优化控制策略。首先分析TAB在PS-PWM下的工作原理,建立PS-PWM下的电路分解模型,得出不同工作模式下各端口功率和电感电流有效值的统一表达式,然后,构建TAB各端口的电感电流有效值二次方和的优化数学模型,并采用遗传算法求解最优移相角。仿真和实验结果表明,所提分析方法和控制策略能够降低模型的复杂度及计算难度,有效减小各端口的电感电流有效值二次方和,并提高系统效率。

LLC谐振变换器数字控制技术研究

LLC谐振变换器能够实现全负载范围的初级零电压开关(ZVS)和次级零电流开关(ZCS),因此得到关注。全桥LLC谐振电路可以通过改变初级开关管驱动脉冲频率调制(PFM)方法,调节LLC谐振腔的增益进行闭环控制,保证输出电压在输入电压变化大、不同负载条件下的输出稳定。LLC谐振增益曲线会随负载减轻而调节特性变差,单一PFM调节无法应对。研究集PFM、脉宽调制(PWM)和间歇工作模式(Burst模式)的混合控制方案,解决变换器从空载到满载不同工作条件下的控制方式,并在发生短路故障时变换器迅速保护。此处采用HPM6300系列芯片完成LLC数字控制和保护功能,设计系统的实验装置并编写应用软件。经过整机测试,实验结果表明所采用方案的有效性,并达到设计目标。

基于四开关升降压变换器的三模式设计

四开关升降压(four-switch buck-boost,FSBB)变换器具有宽范围电压输入的优势。由于开关频率高,变换器工作在降压(Buck)模式或者升压(Boost)模式下效率最高,但是在输入电压改变时,两种模式之间的切换会产生转换盲区。文中采用脉宽调制(pulse width modulation,PWM)技术,对传统的两模式控制方法加以改进,设计加入了第三种升降压(Buck-Boost)模式进行平滑过渡。实验结果表明,瞬时改变输入电压时,输出电压波形波动小,证明新的控制方法有效地解决了转换盲区问题,保证了输出电压的稳定。

I型三电平储能变流器设计

随着新能源发电的快速发展,新能源发电输出功率的间歇性和不确定性问题日益突出,为增强电网对新能源的消纳能力,设计了1台I型三电平储能变流器。在深入分析其工作原理的基础上,构建了数学模型并给出了恒流充放电控制策略。针对三电平储能变流器中点电位不平衡的问题,提出了带可变分配因子的空间矢量脉冲宽度调制(SVPWM)算法以实现对中点电位波动的快速响应。样机实验结果表明,在恒流充放电控制策略下,样机在并网工况下具有良好的稳态和暂态性能,所采用的带可变分配因子的SVPWM算法能快速抑制中点电位波动且抑制效果明显。

一种新型双端口三电平变换器

针对传统背靠背三电平变换器成本高、体积大、结构复杂等问题,文中提出一种新型双端口三电平变换器拓扑,通过器件复用方式减少开关器件数量,优化系统结构。首先,详细分析所提新型拓扑的工作原理,给出单相桥臂的6种有效开关状态、电流流通路径及对应双端口输出电平,并对各开关器件的电压应力进行分析。其次,研究并设计一种适用于该新型拓扑的载波层叠脉宽调制策略,加入直流偏移量以避免调制波重合产生的影响。然后,进一步分析该策略在同频与异频工作模式下的调制度范围、相角差约束等关键问题,给出各工作模式下直流偏移量选取原则及两端口调制度约束范围。最后,基于DSP-FPGA-Typhoon HIL 402实验平台对不同工作模式进行验证。实验结果表明,在实现所提新型拓扑双端口电压电流稳定输出的前提下,加入直流偏移量的载波层叠脉宽调制策略使得变换器输出的电能质量良好,谐波含量低。

新型三相电压型准Z源AC-AC变换器

提出一种新型三相准Z源AC-AC变换器的电路拓扑,并对电路的基本工作原理和结构进行了研究分析,对输入电压和输出电压的关系进行了推导。这种电路拓扑使用脉冲宽度调制法进行控制,可以达到改变输出电压的效果。运用MATLAB/Simulink搭建仿真模型,对仿真结果进行分析。最后在仿真模型基础上搭建了实验电路。实验结果验证了电路拓扑的可行性和电路分析的正确性。