Monte Carlo simulation on backward steps of single kinesin molecule

Kinesin is a stepping molecular motor travelling along the microtubule. It moves primarily in the plus end direction of the microtubule and occasionally in the minus-end, backward, direction. Recently, the backward steps of kinesin under different loads and temperatures start to attract interests, and the relations among them are revealed. This paper aims to theoretically understand these relations observed in experiments. After introducing a backward pathway into the previous model of the ATPase cycle of kinesin movement, the dependence of the backward movement on the load and the temperature is explored through Monte Carlo simulation. Our results agree well with previous experiments.

Numerical simulation of flow separation over a backward-facing step with high Reynolds number

Large eddy simulation (LES) explicitly calculates the large-scale vortex field and parameterizes the small-scale vortices.In this study,LES and κ-ε models were developed for a specific geometrical configuration of backward-facing step (BFS).The simulation results were validated with particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements and direct numerical simulation (DNS).This LES simulation was carried out with a Reynolds number of 9000 in a pressurized water tunnel with an expansion ratio of 2.00.The results indicate that the LES model can reveal largescale vortex motion although with a larger grid-cell size.However,the LES model tends to overestimate the top wall separation and the Reynolds stress components for the BFS flow simulation without a sufficiently fine grid.Overall,LES is a potential tool for simulating separated flow controlled by large-scale vortices.

EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION ON THE TURBULENT COHERENT STRUCTURES OF LAMINAR SEPARATION FLOW OVER A BACKWARD FACING STEP

The experimental investigation is conducted with LDV and hydrogen bubble technique in water flow. The shear layer thickness. the vorticity thickness. the maximulll value of turbulence intensities. the turbulent coherent structure. the variations of wall shear stress and the boundary layer shape factor are obtained. In the redevelopment region. the detailed analysis is first made for the streak structures in the near wall region and the turbulent boundary layer is formed at (x-xr) / h = 20.

Effect of Richardson number on entropy generation over backward facing step

The flow over a backward facing step （BFS） has been taken as a useful proto- type to investigate intrinsic mechanisms of separated flow with heat transfer. However, to date, the open literature on the effect of Richardson number on entropy generation over the BFS is absent yet, although the flow pattern and heat transfer characteristic both will receive significant influence caused by the variation of Richardson number in many prac- tical applications, such as in microelectromechanical systems and aerocrafts. The effect of Richardson number on entropy generation in the BFS flow is reported in this paper for the first time. The entropy generation analysis is conducted through numerically solving the entropy generation equation. The velocity and temperature, which are the inputs of the entropy generation equation, are evaluated by the lattice Boltzmann method. It is found that the distributions of local entropy generation number and Bejan number are significantly influenced by the variation of Richardson number. The total entropy gen- eration number is a monotonic decreasing function of Richardson number, whereas the average Bejan number is a monotonic increasing function of Richardson number.

An Adaptive Time-Step Backward Differentiation Algorithm to Solve Stiff Ordinary Differential Equations: Application to Solve Activated Sludge Models

A backward differentiation formula (BDF) has been shown to be an effective way to solve a system of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) that have some degree of stiffness. However, sometimes, due to high-frequency variations in the external time series of boundary conditions, a small time-step is required to solve the ODE system throughout the entire simulation period, which can lead to a high computational cost, slower response, and need for more memory resources. One possible strategy to overcome this problem is to dynamically adjust the time-step with respect to the system’s stiffness. Therefore, small time-steps can be applied when needed, and larger time-steps can be used when allowable. This paper presents a new algorithm for adjusting the dynamic time-step based on a BDF discretization method. The parameters used to dynamically adjust the size of the time-step can be optimally specified to result in a minimum computation time and reasonable accuracy for a particular case of ODEs. The proposed algorithm was applied to solve the system of ODEs obtained from an activated sludge model (ASM) for biological wastewater treatment processes. The algorithm was tested for various solver parameters, and the optimum set of three adjustable parameters that represented minimum computation time was identified. In addition, the accuracy of the algorithm was evaluated for various sets of solver parameters.

Effects of Baffle on Entropy Generation in Separated Convection Flow Adjacent to Inclined Backward-Facing Step

Numerical simulations of a two-dimensional laminar forced convection flow adjacent to inclined backward-facing step in a rectangular duct are presented to examine effects of baffle on flow, heat transfer and entropy generation distributions. The main aim of using baffles is to enhance the value of convection coefficient on the bottom wall. But the useful energy can be destroyed due to intrinsic irreversibilities in the flow by the baffle. In the present work, the amount of energy loss is estimated by the computation of entropy generation. The values of velocity and temperature which are the inputs of the entropy generation equation are obtained by the numerical solution of momentum and energy equations with blocked-off method using computational fluid dynamic technique. Discretized forms of the governing equations in the (x, y) plane are obtained by the control volume method and solved using the SIMPLE algorithm. Numerical expressions, in terms of Nusselt number, entropy generation number, Bejan number and coefficient of friction are derived in dimensionless form. Results show that although a baffle mounted onto the upper wall increases the magnitude of Nusselts number on the bottom wall, but a considerable increase in the amount of entropy generation number takes place because of this technique. For validation, the numerical results for the Nusselt number and entropy generation number are compared with theoretical findings by other investigators and reasonable agreement is found.

向后微分公式在六角形几何物理-热工耦合上的应用

针对六角形几何物理-热工耦合求解问题,提出了一种二阶变步长向后微分公式,物理和热工采用相同的步长和时间离散格式,并利用变步长技巧,提高计算效率。物理-热工采用模块化方式耦合,物理模块采用基于六角形几何的节块法,热工采用子通道程序,2个模块之间的数据传递通过共享内存的方式实现,开发了基于向后微分公式的HEXCOB-BDF程序。利用两个VVER堆芯弹棒事故验证该方法在物理-热工耦合上的准确性和计算效率。计算结果表明,HEXCOB-BDF程序与KIKO3D,DYN3D,PARCS计算结果相符,同时计算时间约为隐式Euler法计算时间的1/4。表明本文算法具有较好的准确性和较高的计算效率,可为六角形几何物理-热工耦合求解提供参考。

尾矿坝位移分级预警阈值研究及规律分析

针对尾矿坝在线监测重建设、轻利用的现状,基于尾矿坝位移在线监测时间序列,通过多步逆向云变换算法(Multi-step Backward Cloud Transformation Algorithm Based on Sampling with Replacement,MBCT-SR)改进云模型,根据“3E_(n)原则”和内外包络曲线确定在线监测位移的正常运行值,从而建立尾矿坝位移分级预警阈值模型,并利用某尾矿坝全球导航卫星(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)技术表面位移在线监测数据进行实例验证。结果表明:该尾矿坝水平方向位移的黄、橙、红预警阈值分别为8.41 mm/d、12.94 mm/d、19.41 mm/d,呈现出坝体中间预警阈值最大、并由中间向两侧减小的空间变化规律;尾矿坝垂直方向位移的黄、橙、红预警阈值分别为16.56 mm/d、25.48 mm/d、38.22 mm/d,且随着子坝的堆积,预警阈值逐渐增大。

进口拐角波系对超燃冲压发动机尾喷管的性能影响

为了探究进口拐角波系对超燃冲压发动机喷管的壁面压力分布作用机制,考虑进口拐角波系对超燃冲压发动机尾喷管性能的影响,开展不同拐角波及其强度对喷管气动参数影响的数值模拟分析。进行数值方法有效性和网格无关性验证,利用不同的前后台阶来形成进口拐角波系,研究了不同波系和波系强度对喷管气动性能的影响。结果表明,进口拐角波系造成的进口非均匀对喷管气动性能造成显著影响,其中推力系数在上下壁面存在后台阶时最大增加13.98%,升力在下壁面前台阶时提高94.32%,而俯仰力矩则在上壁面前台阶、下壁面后台阶时最多降低35.47%。当喷管进口存在单侧前台阶时,随台阶高度增加,升力与俯仰力矩的变化趋势一致;而喷管进口存在单侧后台阶时,结论相反。此外,壁面台阶对喷管性能的影响是相互独立的,且基本符合线性叠加原理。

台阶对高超声速边界层转捩的影响

对高超声速边界层转捩进行控制研究,不仅有助于提高高超声速飞行器的飞行效率及气动热防护能力,而且对优化航天飞行器表面的结构设计等方面也有一定作用。采用PCB高频脉动压力传感器及红外热成像仪,在Ma=6条件下研究了0°攻角情况下前后台阶对裙锥模型表面边界层转捩的影响。通过对脉动压力结果进行互相关双谱分析,得到了边界层内不同扰动波之间的非线性作用关系。实验结果显示,前后台阶对高超声速边界层转捩都具有促进作用,且后台阶对边界层转捩的促进作用明显大于前台阶,但前后台阶并未改变边界层的转捩模式,整个转捩过程中第2模态波与其1阶谐波的差频作用起主导作用。

微燃烧器内氢气及甲烷/氢气燃烧的数值模拟

为了实现气体在微燃烧器中稳定燃烧的同时还可以获得高且均匀的外壁面温度分布,建立了气体在具有后向台阶微燃烧器中的燃烧模型.首先研究了后向台阶数量对微燃烧的影响,其次研究了不同氢气比例下,甲烷/氢气在具有3个后向台阶微燃烧器中的燃烧特性.结果表明:后向台阶结构能够稳定火焰;当气体的入口速度为3 m/s时,具有3个后向台阶微燃烧器可以燃烧的当量比范围(0.3~5.0)比具有1个后向台阶微燃烧器可以燃烧的当量比范围(0.5~4.6)大;后向台阶结构虽提高了外壁面温度,但使外壁面温差变大,降低了温度的均匀性;在氢气中加入一定比例的甲烷,既减缓了混合气的燃烧反应速度,又获得了高的外壁面温度和能量输出.

数智时代重思人道与人道传播

自古以来,人类就与自然进行着精神与技术的抗争,精神信仰上的达观是人类能激发自我潜能并发明各种技术的前提。随着ChatGPT等人工智能的发展,让人类理性不断膨胀的同时,带来更多的精神危机,人类愈来愈陷入技术会将人类带向何方的恐惧与困惑中,人类不可避免地面对无知的未来。人道与人道主义围绕人性、人学核心要旨不变的情形下,其存在方式却发生着革命性的改变,人如何从无家可归的人到人的复归都指向对人道、人道主义的重新反思与理解。作为有着能解决一切问题的人道主义的“力量假设”,现代人道传播在跨越时空中更加显现出其在面对现实挑战时的无能为力,这种迫不得已为人道传播中人道主义的沉思与觉醒提供了思想空间,真正尊重人性在人之本质中的特质,承认他者的存在,并有能力包容与尊重他者,在不断显现的人之本质中彰显出人道主义不可或缺的存在并在人之本质中反思、践行与成就人道主义。

凹槽长度对后台阶湍流特性影响研究

为探究上游凹槽长度对后台阶流动影响,采用数值模拟方法对雷诺数6500、9000下后台阶流动进行研究,得到不同凹槽长度下,凹槽内、后台阶流道内流速及湍动能分布和后台阶时均再附距离的变化规律。结果表明:(1)凹槽可以减小后台阶时均再附距离,但当凹槽长度大于等于7倍台阶高度时,时均再附距离受凹槽长度影响较小,并趋于定值,相比无凹槽情况,时均再附距离平均减小12%。(2)凹槽长度可以改变后台阶分离点断处湍动能分布,增大分离点处湍流度。当凹槽长度大于等于7倍台阶高度时,断面湍动能呈现出S型分布,极大值出现在0.3倍流道高度附近;当凹槽长度小于7时,湍动能分首先在0.05倍流道高度附近达到极大值,而后0.6倍流道高度附近达到极小值。(3)通过缩放尺度因子,得到后台阶流动近似再附距离,解释了湍流度对后台阶流场的作用机理。时均再附距离与近似再附距离有着良好的线性关系,湍流度增大促进自由剪切层的下沉,缩短剪切层再附到下游壁面的时间,进而缩短了时均再附距离。

基于多步逆向半云模型的价格型需求响应不确定性建模

针对现有价格型需求响应模型难以同时精确反映用户响应行为的随机性与模糊性,以及基于对称云模型进行需求响应建模存在拟合误差大、求解稳定性差的问题,提出一种基于多步式逆向云发生器半云模型的价格型需求响应不确定性建模方法。定义收益率作为不同用户对收益大小认知的统一评估标准,并建立半云模型下的用户收益率与响应行为的映射关系模型。利用多步式逆向云发生器求取半云模型的数字特征,并采用正向云发生器生成反映用户响应行为的分布云图。仿真算例表明,相比于对称云模型与传统价格型需求响应建模方法,半云模型具有更高的拟合精度;相比于单步式逆向云发生器,多步式逆向云发生器具有更好的稳定性。

复合材料机翼载荷的地面标定方法

为测量复合材料机翼载荷,提升飞机机体结构的安全性,以复合材料机翼为研究对象,基于机翼载荷-电桥响应方程的基本原理,采用回归分析逐步后退法确定机翼载荷方程系数,给出了机翼载荷方程分析方法。结果表明,双梁载荷方程可以较为精确地计算双梁承受的实际载荷,载荷方程的计算最大误差均小于2.52%。复合材料机翼载荷方程可较为精确地计算复合材料机翼承受的实际载荷,载荷方程的计算最大误差均小于1.7%,验证了载荷方程标定方法的正确性。

卡车驾驶室后围上部外板成形工艺分析及复合拉伸模

分析了大运重卡改型重卡车驾驶室后围上部外板的成形工艺,介绍了一种上下反向复合拉伸成形模结构,该模具实现了上下反向两工序拉伸在同一副模具上完成的创新设计,对于类似大型汽车覆盖件成形工艺及模具设计具有参考价值。

应用PIV进行二维后向台阶流流动特性的研究(1)二维后向台阶流的旋涡结构的研究

利用PIV技术,对二维后向台阶定常流的瞬态速度场进行了测量,得到层流至湍流情况下定常流流场中旋涡的生成、发展和演化的现象和规律。本文分析了各种情况下旋涡结构特点、讨论了与时均流场和自由剪切层的区别,还给出了二维后向台阶流的拓扑结构。

不同亚格子模式在后台阶湍流流动大涡模拟中的应用

本文用大涡模拟方法研究了湍流后台阶流场中的大涡演变过程,并在此基础上研究了目前大涡模拟中比较常用的六种亚格子模式。在相同的流动几何参数以及计算条件下,给出了不同亚格子模式下湍流流动瞬时压力场以及流场中瞬时粘性大小的分布,尤其给出了流场瞬时演变的大尺度涡结构。将六种亚格子模式从回流区长度、计算时间、计算结果的准确性和流场稳定性等不同角度进行了比较。为选取合适的亚格子模式深入研究湍流耗散机理奠定了基础。

明渠中跌坎后突扩分离流数值研究

利用大涡模拟技术，对明渠中跌坎后的二维突扩分离流结构进行了数值模拟，探讨了这类典型分离流各特征区的流动性质，分析了再附区壁面上不同测点处脉动压力的统计特征，并与试验结果进行了比较．在数值模拟中，采用了弱压缩流的控制方程和非均匀网格系统．

后台阶分离流动中大涡结构演变的数值模拟

本文对后台阶分离流动中涡结构的演变进行了大涡模拟,研究了流场结构的变化规律。详细讨论了随着雷诺数的增加流场结构的典型特征的变化规律,指出流场中的涡结构随着雷诺数的增大变得十分复杂和丰富,回流区的数目、大小及其出现的位置也显著地不同。这些结果与已有的一些实验值和流场显示结果是吻合的。在此基础上,进一步研究了高雷诺数时流场中大尺度涡结构的瞬时发展和演化过程,展示了其中大涡的产生、追随、吸引、合并和破碎等过程。对于高雷诺数情况,对大涡模拟得到的数值结果进行了统计,得到的时均速度分布以及台阶后方的回流区长度与现有的其他实验结果符合得很好。本研究是针对后台阶分离流动深入开展湍流控制以及两相流动研究的基础。