Development of grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite duplex steel

A new hot-rolled low alloy high strength steel with grain boundaryallotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite duplex microstructure has been developed through novelmicrostructure and alloying designs without any noble metal elements such as nickel and molybdenum.Its as-rolled microstructure and mechanical properties, fatigue crack propagation behavior comparedwith single granular bainitic steel as well as continuous cooling transformation, were investigatedin detail. The measured result of CCT (continuous cooling transformation) curve shows that suchduplex microstructure can be easily obtained within a wide air-cooling rate range. More importantly,this duplex microstructure has much better combination of toughness and strength than the singlegranular bainite microstructure. It is found that the grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite in thisduplex microstructure can blunt the microcrack tip, cause fatigue crack propagation route branchingand curving, and thus it increases the resistance to fatigue crack propagation, improves steeltoughness. The mechanical properties of the above commercial duplex steel plates have achieved orexceeded 870 MPa ultimate tensile strength, 570 MPa yield strength, 18 percent elongation and 34 JCharpy V-notch impact energy at -40 deg C, showing good development potential.

LEDGE STRUCTURE ON BROAD FACES OF FERRITE PLATES IN LOWER BAINITE

The ferrite/austenite interfacial structure in lower bainite has been studied in a hypereutectoid steel by means of electron microscopy.It is found that the mobile growth ledges and superledges and their three-dimensional morphologies exist on the broad faces of ferrite plates.Structural ledges were also observed on the broad faces of lower bainite.Based on TEM observations,the viewpoint that the growth ledges can also evolve from structural ledges is proposed.These observations provide evidences to the ledge growth mechanism of lower bainite.

Interaction of Hydrogen and Retained Austenite in Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel

The hydrogen trapping phenomena in two bainite/martensite dual-phase high strength steels(U20Si and U20DSi)were investigated by electrochemical permeation technique.The hydrogen diffusivity was calculated from data of permeation delay time,and the diffusion coefficient in U20 Si is far less than that in U20 DSi.Moreover,the hydrogen diffusivity decreases as the volume percent of retained austenite increases.The experiment results show that there are different hydrogen trappings and different volume percents of retained austenite in U20 Si and U20 DSi.The retained austenite is precipitated as films.The trap binding energy for the retained austenite and hydrogen is calculated to be 40.4kJ·mol-1.

Fine Microstructure of Bainitic Ferrite in Bainitic Steel

The fine microstructures of medium and medium-high carbon bainitic steels were observed and analyzed by high resolution electron microscope(HREM).The investigation results show that there are retained austenitic films with different appearances and sizes in bainitic ferrite laths.The boundaries of different structure levels are separated and encircled by retained austenitic films.The fine structure units and their sizes of different structure levels in the bainitic ferrite were determined by retained austenitic films.The bainitic ferrite laths are composed of different structure level sublaths,subunits and elementary units(or so called sub-subunits).The dimensions of most sublaths,subunits and elementary units are 25-80 nm,25-80 nm and 5.0-30 nm,respectively.

PHASE TRANSFORMATION UNIT OF BAINITIC FERRITE AND ITS SURFACE RELIEF IN LOW AND MEDIUM CARBON ALLOY STEELS

The lath-or plate-shaped bainitic ferrite of low and medium carbon alloy steels consists of packets of ferrite sublaths which are composed of many finer and regular ferrite blocks.They are uniform shear growth units of bainitic phase transformation.No carbide is precipitated from them.The bainitic O-carbides are precipitated from γ-α interface or carbon-rich austenite.The mode of arrangement of the units in ferrite sublath packet is in uni-or bi-di- rection.Single surface relief is produced by the accumulation of uniform shear strains with all the ferrite units arranged unidirectionally in a sublath packet,while tent-shaped surface relief is formed by the integration of the uniform shear strains of two groups with ferrite units piling up in two directions and growing face to face;whereas if they grow back to back,the integra- tion will be responsible for invert-tent-shaped surface relief.The interface trace between two groups of ferrite units in a sublath packet is shown as“midrib”.

Bainite Transformation Under Continuous Cooling of Nb-Microalloyed Low Carbon Steel

Utilizing Gleeble-1500 thermomechanical simulator, the influences of hot deformation parameters on continuous cooling bainite transformation in Nb-microalloyed low carbon steel were investigated. The results indicate that bainite starting temperature decreases with raising cooling rate and increases with increasing deformation temperature. Deformation has an accelerative effect on the bainite transformation when the specimens are deformed at 950 ℃. When the deformation temperature increases, the effect of deformation on bainite starting temperature is weakened. The amount of bainite is influenced by strain, cooling rate, and deformation temperature. When the specimens are deformed below 900 ℃, equiaxed ferrites are promoted and the bainite transformation is suppressed.

Effect of Holding Time on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Dual-Phase Steel during Intercritical Annealing

Continuous annealing simulation tests were conducted by using a continuous annealing thermomechanical simulator. Holding times of 5, 60, 180, and 480 seconds for an intercritical annealing temperature of 820℃ were adopted to investigate the evolution of the mierostructure and mechanical properties of ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel. The ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel was characterized by high strength and low yield ratio due to the presence of the constituents （polygonal ferrite, bainite, martensite and retained austenite） of the steel microstructure. Specimen 3 exhibits the highest value of A50 （7.67%） and a product of Rm × A50 （10453MPa%） after a 180s holding. This is likely attributed to the presence of a C-enriched retained anstenite in the microstructure. And the effect of martensite islands and carbide precipitate is thought to be able to contribute in strengthening the present steel. It is expected that equilibrium of anstenite fraction would be reached for reasonable intercritical holding period, regardless of the heating temperature. The results suggest that long increasing holding times may not be needed because the major phase of the microstructure does not change very significantly. It is favorable for industrial production of DP steels to shorten holding times. Key words： ferrite-bainite dual-phase steel; holding time; martensite islands; mechanical properties

Non-Steady Equilibrium during Pro-Eutectoid Ferrite Formation in Fe-0.2C Alloy

As rolled microstructure and mechanical properties of a new kind of grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite/granular bainite duplex steel plate and its crack propagation behavior were investigated in comparison with simple granular bainitic steel plate. These new duplex plate steels possess better combination of strength and toughness than granular bainite plate steels under the conditions of conventional rolling and air cooling. The observation of fatigue crack propagation behaviors showed that the existence of proper grain boundary allotriomorphic ferrite increases the compatible deformation ability of duplex microstructure and leads to the formation of crack branching and curving route, and it has an evidently blunting effect on microcrack tip and results in higher impact toughness. In addition, the new duplex steel plate also has good weldability as hot rolled high strength low alloy structural steel.

Effects of ausforming strain on bainite transformation in nanostructured bainite steel

The effects of ausforming strain on bainite transformation in high-carbon low-alloy nanobainite steel were investigated using a Gleeble 3500 thermomechanical simulator machine. The bainite transformation speed at 300°C was found to be accelerated by ausforming at 300, 600, and 700°C under applied strains ranging from 10% to 50% followed by isothermal transformation at 300°C. The ausformed bainite volume fraction varied with the ausforming strain because of the mechanical stabilization of the deformed austenite. Ausforming at low temperatures not only enhanced the bainite ferrite volume fraction but also refined the microstructure substantially. Although the amount of bainite ferrite might have been reduced with increasing strain, the microstructures were refined by ausforming. © 2017, University of Science and Technology Beijing and Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.

线棒材和H型钢产品的缺陷组织

选取线棒材HRB400E钢、45钢、Q355B钢中的不合格试样,对其中贝氏体、网状铁素体、魏氏组织、带状组织等缺陷组织产生的原因进行分析。结果表明:采用调整钢材加热温度、出精轧温度、轧后冷却速率等工艺参数的方法,可以避免材料产生缺陷组织。研究结果可为提高钢材产品的合格率提供支持。

A study on controlled cooling process for making bainitic ductile iron

In the present research, TTT curve of bainitic ductile iron under the condition of controlled cooling was generated. The cooling rate of grinding ball and its temperature distribution were also measured at the same time. It can be concluded that the bainitic zone of TTT curve is separated from the pearlitic zone. As compared to the water-quenching condition, more even cooling rate and temperature distribution can be achieved in the controlled cooling process. The controlled cooling can keep away from pearlitic zone in the high temperature cooling stage and produce similar results to the process of traditional isothermal cooling with a low cooling rate in the low temperature cooling stage.

Effect of Microstructure on Corrosion Fatigue Behavior of 1500 MPa Level Carbide-Free Bainite/Martensite Dual-Phase High Strength Steel

Influence of microstructure of the experimental steels on the corrosion fatigue behavior in 3.5% of NaCl aqueous solution was studied.Experimental results show that compared with the full martensite（FM）steel,the carbide-free bainite/martensite（CFB/M）steel has higher corrosion fatigue strength and corrosion fatigue crack threshold（ΔKthcf）,and lower corrosion crack propagation rate [（da/dN）cf].

强磁场下贝氏体相变的热力学机制研究

借助微观组织观察,研究了外加强磁场对钢中贝氏体相变的影响,结果表明,12 T强磁场作用缩短了贝氏体相变时间,增加了贝氏体铁素体的体积分数,贝氏体铁素体板条更为致密。另一方面,本文考虑到磁场对材料磁矩、居里温度和结构参数的影响,扩展了经典磁自由能计算模型。结果发现,低于居里温度时,长程磁有序对贝氏体铁素体的磁性贡献占主导地位,高于居里温度时,短程磁有序对其磁性贡献最大。另外,磁致磁熵改变量在居里温度处达到最大值,表明此时磁场对贝氏体铁素体磁有序程度的影响最为显著。利用扩展模型计算得到的磁自由能变化规律与实验结果相吻合,扩展模型的有效性和准确性得到验证。

热成形加热速率对22MnB5钢组织和性能的影响

22MnB5是常见的热成形高强钢,广泛应用于汽车车身,可减轻车身质量,提高汽车抗冲击和防温性。随着用户对热成形零件生产效率要求的不断提高,特别是感应力加热,火焰直燃加热等快速加热技术的推广应用,热减形加热速率快速提升到120℃/s。为了考察不同加热速率对22MnB5钢热成形后的组织和性能的影响规律,利用淬火膨胀仪、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和拉伸试验机,分别对加热冷却过程中的热膨胀曲线、热成形后的微观组织和力学性能进行了测定。结果表明,随加热温度升高,试样冷却组织由铁素体向马氏体、贝氏体转变,且150℃/s加热速率下组织中贝氏体和铁素体含量要高于10℃/s加热速率的试样;且当加热速率从10℃/s提高到150℃/s时,22MnB5钢在950℃仍然能够完全奥氏体化,但是冷却试样的条件屈服强度、抗拉强度、断后伸长率都有所下降,分别降低了334 MPa、56 MPa、0.9%。

贝氏体钢中贝氏体铁素体精细孪晶

用高分辨透射电子显微镜观察分析了贝氏体钢贝氏体铁素体的精细结构及其尺寸。观测指出 ,贝氏体铁素体的组织结构可分为三个层次 :贝氏体条束或贝氏体片、亚片条和最小基本单元 ,或者分为四个层次 :贝氏体条束或贝氏体片、亚片条、亚单元和最小基本单元。贝氏体铁素体条束由细小亚片条组成 ,这些亚片条多数是精细孪晶片条 ,它们宽度约为 5 0～ 40nm。细小亚片条间存在孪晶取向关系。多数细小亚片条由大约 5 0～ 2

仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相组织的韧性

研究了仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体复相钢轧态组织的韧性与裂纹扩展特点.与单一粒状贝氏体组织相比,仿晶界型铁素体/粒状贝氏体夏相组织具有更好的强韧性配合.适量仿晶界型铁素体的存在增加了复相组织的协调变形能力,提高了裂纹形成功;同时使裂纹扩展路径弯曲、分叉,微裂纹尖端钝化,在一定程度上提高了裂纹扩展功.在粒状贝氏体转变的第二阶段（富碳亚稳奥氏体→马氏体/奥氏体（M/A岛）缓冷,已转变的马氏体将进行自回火,并提高残余奥氏体的热稳定性,从而使复相组织的裂纹扩展功得到明显提高.

X80管线钢焊接粗晶区组织与韧性的研究

X80钢经焊接热模拟后粗晶区组织明显粗化,韧性显著下降.低碳时在粗晶区中的贝氏体铁素体板条间形成的硬而脆的Fe3C是恶化粗晶区韧性的主要原因.超低碳时在粗晶区中形成的马氏体-奥氏体(M-A)组元的含量比低碳时少,M-A组元中残余奥氏体所占的比例大,由于马氏体中偏聚的碳含量低,因而其塑性好,同时因超低碳抑制了Fe3C碳化物的形成而改善了粗晶区的韧性.

低碳Mo-Cu-Nb-B系微合金钢的中温转变组织类型

利用热膨胀仪对低碳 Mo-Cu-Nb-B 系微合金钢进行了不同温度的等温实验．结合金相(OM)、透射电镜(TEM) 研究了不同等温条件下组织转变特点．该微合金钢中温转变有三类组织：沿晶界形核并向晶内单方向生长的准多边形铁素体,晶界或晶内形核的针状铁素体和成束生长的板条贝氏体铁素体．620℃为发生准多边形铁素体转变的鼻尖；580℃只发生少量仿晶界铁素体转变,铁素体转变受到抑制；在530℃左右等温时,奥氏体将发生针状铁素体转变,这些针状组织彼此交割、独立生长, 分割原奥氏体晶粒,细化了组织．

热变形工艺参数对超低碳贝氏体钢转变行为和显微结构的影响

研究了超低碳贝氏体钢在 1 2 0 0～ 40 0°C范围内 ,用常规轧制工艺 ( CCR)、再结晶控制轧制 ( RCR)和动态再结晶控制轧制 ( DRCR) 3种热模拟变形工艺进行变形后再进行连续冷却转变行为 .结果发现 ,3种变形工艺均可细化奥氏体的晶粒 ,而且细化晶粒程度的变形工艺顺序依次为DRCR、RCR和 CCR.此外 ,奥氏体的转变行为受到 CCR、RCR和 DRCR工艺的影响 .同一冷却速度下 ,3种不同的变形工艺获得过冷奥氏体发生贝氏体转变的开始温度不同 .显微结构观察表明 ,在试验冷却速度下 ,用 CCR工艺变形 ,全部获得铁素体且存在少量的化合物 ;用 RCR和 DRCR工艺变形 ,全部获得贝氏体 ,贝氏体呈板条状 ,其尺寸随冷速的增大而减小 。

贝氏体铁素体精细结构孪晶及纳米结构

用高分辨电子显微镜观察分析贝氏体钢贝氏体铁素体精细结构及其尺寸的结果表明 ,上贝氏体铁素体亚片条间存在孪晶取向关系 ;下贝氏体铁素体内有孪晶 ;贝氏体铁素体条束由细小的亚片条组成 ,这些亚片条多数是精细孪晶细小片条。高分辨电镜 (HREM)准确地确定细小孪晶片条宽度在 2～ 30nm范围内。