Effects of pre-strain and baking parameters on the microstructure and bake-hardening behavior of dual-phase steel

In a typical process, C-Mn steel was annealed at 800℃ for 180 s, and then cooled rapidly to obtain the ferrite-martensite microstructure. After pre-straining, the specimens were baked and the corresponding bake-hardening （BH） values were determined as a function of pre-strain, baking temperature, and baking time. The influences ofpre-strain, baking temperature and baking time on the microstructure evolution and bake-hardening behavior of the dual-phase steel were investigated systematically. It was found that the BH value apparently increased with an increase in pre-strain in the range from 0 to 1%; however, increasing pre-strain from 1% to 8% led to a decrease in the BH value. Furthermore, an increase in baking temperature favored a gradual improvement in the BH value because of the formation of Cottrell atmosphere and the precipitation of carbides in both the ferrite and martensite phases. The BH value reached a maximum of 110 MPa at a baking temperature of 300℃. Moreover, the BH value enhanced significantly with increasing baking time from 10 to 100 min.

Reversion of natural ageing and restoration of quick bake-hardening response in Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy

The high-strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy provides much better dent resistance and weight-reduction potential compared to the conventional Al alloys used for the automobile body panels.However,natural ageing(NA)significantly reduces the formability of Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy.The reversion of natural ageing has been systematically investigated by hardness test,tensile test,differential scanning calorimetry(DSC)and transmission electron microscopy(TEM).Substantial reversion of natural ageing and thus hardness decrease occurs immediately upon thermal treatment at 120–210℃in an Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy.Although the hardness of the most reverted state decreases with increasing temperature,the lowest hardness is still higher than the as-quenched state by 30 HV.As revealed by the complementary DSC and TEM observations,this is ascribed to the synchronization of the dissolution and the re-precipitation of the solutes in the NA clusters during reversion ageing.Reversion at 180–210℃for less than 30 s leads to a hardness decline of 40 HV.The hardening kinetics during NA after reversion is slower than that during first-time NA due to the reduced vacancy concentration.Artificial ageing at 180℃for 30 min after secondary NA of less than 24 h induces intensive precipitation of plate-like pre-ηphases and a giant strength increase of 188–204 MPa.Potential use of high strength Al-Zn-Mg-Cu alloy in automobile body panels could be realized by appropriate reversion treatment improving the formability and the quick bake hardening response.

Enhancing the bake-hardening responses of a pre-aged Al-Mg-Si alloy by trace Sn additions

Effects of additions of trace Sn on the bake-hardening responses of a pre-aged Al-0.85 Mg-0.85 Si(in wt%)alloy were investigated through mechanical tests,differential scanning calorimetry,electrical resistivity and transmission electron microscopy.Results indicate that trace Sn additions reduced the number density of pre-aging clusters by inhibiting the formation of unstable counterpart during pre-aging treatment,leading to low strength and high supersaturation of solute atoms.In a subsequent paint-bake treatment,the presence of highly supersaturated solute atoms and high concentrated free vacancies moderated the activation energy barrier ofβ’’phase and thus kinetically accelerated the formation ofβ’’.Consequently,the trace Sn additions enhanced the bake-hardening responses of the pre-aged alloys significantly.The Sn-containing pre-aged Al-Mg-Si alloys with low strength and great bake-hardening responses hold promising potential for automotive body skin applications.

热镀锌钢板烘烤硬化值检测的影响因素

为了研究热镀锌钢板烘烤硬化值检测的影响因素,主要介绍了HC180BD+Z钢板烘烤硬化值的检测方法与检测结果,分析并探讨了试验温度、保温时间、加热装置、拉伸预应变等烘烤条件对烘烤硬化值检测的影响因素。结果表明:采用相同加热装置时,将保温时间控制为20 min,试验温度由160℃上升至180℃,烘烤硬化值一直保持上升趋势,但当试验温度为160~170℃时,烘烤硬化值的上升趋势要比试验温度为170~180℃的变化明显;采用相同加热装置时,控制试验温度为170℃,当保温时间由16 min延长至20 min时,烘烤硬化值随保温时间的延长而上升,但当保温时间由20 min延长至30 min时,烘烤硬化值无明显变化;采用相同的试验温度和保温时间,不同的加热装置时,烘烤硬化值的检测结果无明显差异;当拉伸预应变由1%增大至2%时,烘烤硬化值的变化趋势与拉伸预应变同步,均有上升趋势,当拉伸预应变由2%增大至3%时,烘烤硬化值却随着拉伸预应变的增大呈下降趋势。

Effects of Pre-Strain on Bake Hardenability and Precipitation Behavior of Al-Mg-Si Automotive Body Sheets

The study investigates the effects of pre-strain on the bake hardenability and precipitation behavior of Al-Mg-Si automotive body sheets. The scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, tensile test, Vickers hardness test, and differential scanning calorimetry were conducted for the purpose. It was found that the pre-strain treatment partially inhibits the natural aging hardening effect but cannot completely eliminate it. The pre-straining significantly enhances the bake hardening effect, with the 5% pre-strain sample showing the highest increase in yield strength and hardness. The formation of fine β" precipitates and dislocation structures contribute to the observed strengthening. Additionally, the study highlights the importance of optimizing pre-strain levels to achieve the best balance between strength and ductility in bake-hardened aluminum alloys.

Pre-treatment to Improve the Bake-hardening Response in the Naturally Aged Al-Mg-Si Alloy

This paper describes pre-treatment methods to improve the bake-hardening response of naturally aged AA6022 （Al-0.6Mg-1.0Si）, which is an alloy used in automotive body panels. These methods are used to accelerate the artificial aging process, which proceeds 30-day period of natural aging. The precipitation behavior of the sheets of this aluminum alloy was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry （DSC） and electrical conductivity measurements, and subsequently confirmed by microstructure observations by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）. Tensile tests and microhardness measurements were performed to determine the mechanical properties of the samples. Under simulated paint-baking conditions （30 min at 170℃）, the microhardness and the yield strength （YS） of the pre-strained ＋ pre-aged samples were found to be I13 HV and 225 MPa, respectively. These values are considerably higher than those of pre-aged samples, and they did not decrease significantly during the initial stage of artificial aging.

Bake-Hardening Response of High Martensite Dual-Phase Steel with Different Morphologies and Volume Fractions

Bake-hardening behaviour of carbon steel with different martensite morphologies and volume fraction was investigated. The specimens with fibrous and bulky martensite were prestrained in tension by 4%. After this, they were unloaded and bake hardened at 180 ℃ for 10-160 min. It was found that dual-phase steel samples which were bake hardened at 180 ℃ for 20 rain showed an increase in the yield stress （YS） and ultimate tensile stress （UTS） but a decrease in ductility. Further increase in the bake-hardening time of 80 or 160 min has reduced the YS and UTS, but increased the ductility. △σ （increase in stress due to bake hardening）, YS and UTS values are higher for the microstructure containing fibrous martensite compared to the microstructure-containing bulky martensite. It was also observed that at a given baking temperature Aa, YS and UTS increased by volume of martensite.

Zr含量对汽车车身用Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si合金板材组织及性能的影响

借助OM,TEM观察,拉伸和杯突试验研究w(Zr)≤0.29%对T4P态Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si合金板材显微组织、成形性和烤漆硬化性的影响.结果表明,当w(Zr)≤0.15%时,Zr以40~50 nm的(AlSi)3(Zr_(x)Ti_(1-x))弥散相粒子存在于铝基体中,粒子数量随Zr含量增加而增多,Zr质量分数超过0.22%,板材中出现3~23μm的(AlSi)3(Zr_(x)Ti_(1-x))初生相.添加0.15%Zr使板材的再结晶晶粒从无Zr板材的55μm细化至20μm,Zr含量继续增加,晶粒无明显变化.Zr含量增加,T4P态板材的强度略有增大,延伸率先保持不变后逐渐减小,n_(10-20),r_(10)和I_(E)值基本不变.含Zr合金板材经模拟烤漆后的屈服强度增量均超过86 MPa,但Zr含量增加对合金板材的烤漆硬化性无明显影响.

Sc含量对含Zr的Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si合金板材组织和性能的影响

利用OM、TEM,拉伸试验机和杯突试验机研究了添加质量分数(下同)0.15%的Zr及同时添加不超过0.09%Sc的T4P态Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si合金板材显微组织、成形性和烤漆硬化性。结果表明:Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si、Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si-0.15Zr、Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si-0.15Zr-(0.03~0.09)Sc合金板材基体中弥散相粒子分别为(Al, Si)_(3)Ti相、(Al, Si)_(3)(Zr, Ti)相以及(Al, Si)_(3)(Zr, Sc, Ti)相。添加0.15%Zr将T4P态Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si合金板材的等轴状再结晶晶粒尺寸由53μm细化至23μm,再添加0.03%~0.09%Sc后,板材的再结晶晶粒略微细化至20μm左右。Sc含量增加,T4P态Al-0.36Mg-1.23Si-0.15Zr合金板材的屈服强度和抗拉强度均略有降低,断裂伸长率、n_(10~20)值、r_(10)值和杯突值I_(E)均无明显变化,板材再经2%的预拉伸和170℃30 min模拟烤漆处理后的烤漆硬化性逐渐降低。

红椒果脯的加工工艺及评价

淮安地区红椒大多为初级产品,缺少精深的加工产品。以淮安红椒为原料加工制成红椒果脯,丰富红椒的产品种类。通过单因素试验和正交优化试验确定红椒果脯的最佳加工工艺。结果表明,红椒果脯的最佳工艺为热烫2 min,10%的氯化钙溶液硬化3 h,0.15%的柠檬酸溶液护色30 min,30%的糖液浸泡12 h,60℃下烘烤4.5 h。此工艺制得的红椒果脯颜色红亮、甜度适宜、软硬适中,有红椒特有的风味,无其他异味,保存期较长。

镀锡板的烘烤硬化特性研究及其应用

镀锡板在完成退火平整后还会经过两次低温烘烤,即电镀工序的软熔处理和印铁环节的涂膜固化。通过镀锡板不同生产阶段力学性能及组织的分析测试,研究其烘烤硬化特性,为镀锡板的成分及工艺设计提供支撑。结果表明:MR系列镀锡板的烘烤硬化特性与冷轧退火方式密切相关,连退方式有烘烤硬化特性,罩退方式无烘烤硬化特性;连退方式镀锡板的烘烤硬化特性根据碳的质量分数及退火处理后的组织晶粒度的不同表现略有差异,但总硬化值都在40~60 MPa;用于承载要求高的三片罐身、瓶盖等产品时,可以利用间隙固溶原子的存在调节钢板的强度,降低冷轧轧制难度。

乘用车尾板用HC180BD+Z钢冲压开裂原因分析

利用光镜、拉伸方法对HC180BD+Z开裂零件的显微组织、力学性能和烘烤硬化效果进行了分析,并通过对热轧、冷轧和连镀工艺等多工序进行对比分析以找出钢种开裂原因。结果表明:冲压过程中产生开裂现象与退火工艺有关,即带钢在退火过程中前段加热温度过高且退火速度较低会造成冷轧变形组织畸变能和位错密度的降低,导致在后续高温退火中形核率降低,从而出现局部混晶组织,在冲压过程中产生开裂缺陷。

烘烤硬化钢抗时效性能影响因素分析

选取180H1材料进行模拟试验,分析温度、BH值对该产品抗时效性能的影响。分析表明:烘烤硬化钢产品BH值越大,产品屈服平台长度越长,抗时效性能越差;烘烤硬化钢产品在室温条件下6个月后,BH值<30 MPa的产品均未产生屈服平台,BH值在30~50 MPa的产品虽存在屈服平台,但长度均小于0.8%,BH值>50 MPa的产品存在屈服平台长度大于0.8%的情况,即发生失效的风险较大,当BH值>60 MPa时,产品抗时效性最差;将烘烤硬化钢产品的BH值控制在30~50 MPa是提高外板类BH钢产品质量的关键。

基于胀形件的静态抗凹性影响因素研究

汽车保有量不断攀升,节能减排刻不容缓。随着高强钢的不断发展以及降成本的需求,各大主机厂均提出了轻量化项目。覆盖件作为汽车的重要组成部件,在薄壁轻量化后容易出现抗凹性不足问题。在原有的基础之上,进行了胀形件静态抗凹性实验,研究了应变量、板料厚度及烘烤强化对CR180BH+Z板料静态抗凹性的影响规律,并与原有模拟进行了对比。研究结果表明:强度不变的情况下,减薄后的板料胀形件抗凹性评估指标均下降;烘烤硬化对抗凹刚度几乎没有影响,但抗凹痕能力得到提高。

不同冷轧状态的ELC-BH钢板连续退火再结晶规律

对不同压下率的ELC BH钢板进行了连续退火试验。研究结果发现 ,随着冷轧压下率增加和冷轧板厚度减薄 ,ELC BH钢板的连续退火再结晶过程提前并缩短 ,晶粒长大过程相对延长 。

汽车车身用6000系铝合金板材微观组织与热处理工艺的研究进展

本文介绍了6000系铝合金在汽车车身上的应用现状及其性能特点,并详细论述了该系合金的时效析出特征、强化机理、织构演化和合金元素对性能的影响。此外,分析了6000系铝合金的传统热处理工艺,阐述了固溶后预时效和预变形对合金烘烤硬化性的影响,并探讨了汽车车身用6000系铝合金目前存在的问题及当前的主要研究方向。

6000系铝合金汽车板预时效及组织性能

通过硬度、拉伸和成形性实验及透射电镜、扫描电镜、能谱和金相分析,研究了Mg、Si和Mn含量的变化对6000系汽车板铝合金的显微组织、力学性能及成形性的影响,并探讨适宜的预时效处理工艺.研究结果表明:提高合金中的Mn含量,可增加合金中不可溶结晶相及弥散相粒子的数量,前者对合金的延伸率不利,后者阻碍了合金固溶处理过程中的再结晶.对于Si过剩的合金,提高合金中Mg和Si的质量比和Mn含量会使其强度升高,延伸率、应变硬化指数、塑性应变比和埃利克森值被降低.合金板材固溶处理水淬后立即预时效,较为适宜的预时效(固溶处理后立即在170℃下进行5～10 min的短时预时效)不仅能降低其自然时效的硬度,而且能提高人工时效的硬化效果,有利于车身构件的冲压成形和烤漆硬化能力的提高.

DP500冷轧双相钢的组织与性能

在实验室试制了500 MPa级C-Si-Mn系冷轧双相钢,进行了力学性能测定和显微组织分析。结果表明,该钢平均屈服强度为264 MPa,抗拉强度为552 MPa,屈强比〈0.5,50标距伸长率为26%,烘烤硬化值〉50 MPa,退火组织中铁素体平均晶粒尺寸为9μm,马氏体含量约为17%。结合试验结果,分析了连续退火工艺与热轧带状组织对双相钢组织性能的影响。结果表明,在760-820℃保温,缓慢冷却至620-680℃后,以〉30℃/s的速率快速冷却可以得到优良的双相钢力学性能。热轧板中的带状组织对伸长率不利。

6000系铝合金组织性能的研究进展

介绍了6000系铝合金组织性能的研究进展,尤其是时效析出过程及其合金元素的影响、提高合金烘烤硬化性的途径以及合金固溶处理再结晶织构与成形性的研究。对目前铝合金车身板在应用中存在的问题,提出了今后的研究方向。

过时效和平整对冷轧双相钢板强度、塑性及烘烤硬化性的影响

以低碳Si Mn系冷轧双相钢为研究对象,探讨了过时效和平整工艺对双相钢板力学性能的影响。发现:过时效温度高于350℃左右时屈服强度和屈强比大幅度提高并出现屈服平台;平整对双相钢力学性能的影响也与过时效温度有关。平整和过时效均对双相钢的BH值有较大影响。过时效温度过高或者双相钢的BH值很低,不施加任何平整和预拉伸的情况下,双相钢的BH值很小。300℃以下温度过时效后进行平整和预拉伸有利于获得较高的BH值。