The Conflict and Balance Between Intellectual Property Rights and Public Freedom of Information in the“Anti-circumvention Clause”

There is a long-standing conflict between intellectual property rights and public freedom of information.The continuous development of the“anti-circumvention clause”has caused the conflict to intensify.As a basic human right,freedom of information is being gradually eroded by the expansion of intellectual property rights.The existing research mainly carries on the right balance from the negative protection path,but the positive protection path is more advantageous to realizing the public freedom of information and alleviates the conflict between the two kinds of rights.In practice,there are some problems in the application of the anti-circumvention clause,such as the legality of the aim,the division of the protected part,and the determination of the circumvention.This is mainly due to the lack of restrictions on technical measures,the failure to distinguish between“copyright protection”and“contact control”,and the offside and absence of administrative bodies in practice.We should protect public freedom of information by distinguishing the two measures of copyright protection and contact control and the two torts of access and use,increasing the restrictive conditions for the use of technical protection measures,and changing the functions of administrative supervision agencies.

The Dynamic System Theory of Legal Protection for Personal Information Rights Infringement

The advent of the big data era has presented unprecedented challenges to remedies for personal information infringement in areas such as damage assessment,proof of causation,determination of illegality,fault assessment,and liability.Traditional tort law is unable to provide a robust response for these challenges,which severely hinders human rights protection in the digital society.The dynamic system theory represents a third path between fixed constitutive elements and general clauses.It both overcomes the rigidity of the“allor-nothing”legal effect evaluation mechanism of the“element-effect”model and avoids the uncertainty of the general clause model.It can effectively enhance the flexibility of the legal system in responding to social changes.In light of this,it is necessary to construct a dynamic foundational evaluation framework for personal information infringement under the guidance of the dynamic system theory.By relying on the dynamic interplay effect of various foundational evaluation elements,this framework can achieve a flexible evaluation of the constitutive elements of liability and the legal effects of liability for personal information infringement.Through this approach,the crisis of personal information infringement in the era of big data can be mitigated,and the realization of personal information rights as digital human rights can be promoted.

For the Balance Between Rights and Power——In Remembrance of Former CSHRS President Luo Haocai

Mr. Luo Haocai taught at Peking University Law School for a long time. Even though he held such important positions as vice president of Peking University (PKU),chairman of the Central Committee of China Zhi Gong Party, vice president of the Supreme People’s Court, and vice chairman of the Ninth and Tenth National Committee of the CPPCC, he preferred being called "Teacher Luo." My frequent interactions with Teacher Luo started in 2007 and continued to 2016 when he was the president of the CSHRS.

Determination of Liability for Violation of “Sexual Autonomy” and Compensation for Mental Damages

At the legislative level in China,there has been insufficient theoretical preparation to explicitly include“sexual autonomy”within the scope of general personality rights.In handling the increasing number of disputes related to violations of“sexual autonomy,”judicial biases have emerged during the trial process when courts determine the attribute of the right to“sexual autonomy.”This situation necessitates a clear legal analysis of the concept and attributes of“sexual autonomy”to establish its essential attribute as a personality right,and,from the perspective of legal doctrine,enable the justification of the right to“sexual autonomy”as either a general personality right or other personality interests,thereby providing theoretical support for courts to“adjudicate according to law.”By delineating and categorizing instances of violations of“sexual autonomy,”the constitutive elements and fundamental characteristics of such violations can be clarified.By examining the legal norms governing civil litigation and civil litigation associated with criminal cases concerning violations of“sexual autonomy,”the responsibility determination,remedies,and existing regulatory loopholes regarding violations of“sexual autonomy,”especially in cases involving both criminal and civil matters,can be defined.Based on this foundation,the legal basis,determination mechanism,and compensation standards for claiming compensation for mental damages resulting from violations of“sexual autonomy”can be elucidated.

Timberland Investing and Private Property Rights in the United States of America

Investments in rural land for agriculture, timber, and other natural resource purposes occur frequently and globally. Fundamental principles of liberty and property found in the United States of America’s (“US”) legal system, from its origins to recent US Supreme Court decisions, continue to positively benefit holders of real estate in the Southern US, through a deep-rooted public policy of supporting private property rights and rural economic development. This stable rule of law enhances the long-term adaptability and sustainability of timberland as an asset class. This article is a commentary. It combines legal research methodology with the observations and conclusions of the authors. Its purpose is to demonstrate that the existence of alienable, documentable ownership, and related property rights create inherent stability and security. These principles form the basis of a culture that is defined by the rule of law and is “open for business.” This business mindset is particularly prevalent in the Southern US.

The Empirical Investigation and Improvement Path of Judicial Protection of Civil Litigation Rights in China

The close coupling of civil litigation rights and human rights mean how well litigation rights are realized can directly or indirectly affect the judicial protection of human rights.Therefore,human rights protection in the field of civil litigation should take the right of civil litigation as the starting point and core.Based on a sample questionnaire survey of judges and lawyers,this paper conducts an empirical analysis and proposes that the exercise of this right should be taken as the main line to build a comprehensive protection mechanism for this right to realize its role in providing an institutional guarantee for human rights protection.It specifies three aspects:first,the process of filing a case should uphold the freedom and equality of the right to initiate litigation,remove substantial obstacles that affect the filing of the case,and ensure access to justice for disadvantaged groups;second,the trial procedure should have strengthened checks and balances on judicial power to ensure the right of litigation is compromised,and respects the procedural subject status of the two parties to realize equal protection of both parties;the third is to promote the implementation and improvement of relief for this right in the supervisory procedure,clarify the boundary of its relief by procuratorial supervision,and enhance the comprehensiveness and accuracy of the relief.

The Tension Balance Structure of China's Human Rights Development Path

The human rights white paper has in it the basic concepts of human rights,the form of the human rights system,and the mode of human rights practice in modern China.It is based on the tension balance structure between the historical feature and rationality,the cultural feature and similarity,the realistic feature and the common feature of human rights.Adhering to the historical nature of human rights rather than abstract rationality,and the cultural diversity and equality of human rights rather than one dominant model,and the particularity of human rights rather than universality is the pillar of China’s human rights philosophy,system,and practice.The human rights development path that combines the top-down leadership of China’s ruling party,the capability of the Chinese government in taking a holistic approach and the bottom-up driving force of the people is very different from the natural evolution path of the West.

The Shareholders' Responsibility for Contribution of Balance of the Equity Assignee

2005年修订的《公司法》第31条规定:"有限责任公司成立后,作为发现设立公司出资的非货币财产的实际价额显著低于公司章程所定价额的应当由交付该出资的股东补足其差额;公司设立时的其他股东承担连带责任。"从该条规定可知,差额补缴责任的主体为公司成立后发现的特定的瑕疵出资人。

Protection of Basic Human Rights in the Application of Big Data to Counter Terrorism

In the era of big data,the ways people work,live and think have changed dramatically,and the social governance system is also being restructured.Achieving intelligent social governance has now become a national strategy.The application of big data technology to counterterrorism efforts has become a powerful weapon for all countries.However,due to the uncertainty,difficulty of interpretation and potential risk of discrimination in big data technology and algorithm models,basic human rights,freedom and even ethics are likely to be impacted and challenged.As a result,there is an urgent need to prioritize basic human rights and regulate the application of big data for counter terrorism purposes.The legislation and law enforcement regarding the use of big data to counter terrorism must be subject to constitutional and other legal reviews,so as to strike a balance between safeguarding national security and protecting basic human rights.

Getting the Balance Right

ECONOMIC uncertainties and expectations of flagging export growth are big concerns for China in 2012. At home, much has been said about over enthusiastic monetary tightening, which may in turn harm the country＇s growth momentum. This gloomy outlook has placed an onus on policymakers to fine-tune their macroeconomic policies and keep a steady hand on the tiller in steering the economy forword.

Getting the Balance Right

In the next five years China will balance economic growth and improving the living standards of its people by Liu Wei IT was widely reported that the chaos in some Middle East and North African countries were results of the inadequate efforts in improving people’s livelihood, a fundamental aspect of social stability. In early March,China held its annual sessions of the National People’s

Getting the Balance Right

POOR infrastructure has long been the Achilles＇ heel of many African countries, hampering economic development and impacting on people＇s daily lives. Providing infrastructure is therefore high on the agenda in Africa and one company heavily involved in this field is China＇s Sinohydro Group Ltd.

民法典中生态环境损害赔偿责任体例疏释

《中华人民共和国民法典》第1234条、第1235条将生态环境损害赔偿责任拆分成“两类六种”责任形态并列规定,这一制度体例承袭民事责任以责任后果的形态分别列举的体例。从历史面向看,这一体例既受移植苏联在总则中规定民事责任的影响,也与计划经济时期公法责任冲击民法的历史过程相关。然而,民法典编纂过程中并未对这一体例予以矫正,反而将其应用到生态环境损害责任的立法中。从现实面向看,尽管这一体例的形成具有一定的偶然性,但随着对民法典的本土化研究,这一体例所体现的“权利-义务-责任”体系被赋予了取代“权利-请求权”体系的新功能,并且使生态环境损害赔偿规避了环境权的争论得以直接以责任的形式规定。但由于其遮蔽了责任后果与责任原因之间的关联,使分别列举的责任后果的适用逻辑不清晰,致使生态环境损害赔偿责任司法实务中存在赔偿不足或赔偿冗赘的现象。在当前制度环境下,欲在保持现有的生态环境损害赔偿责任体例的前提下理顺生态环境损害赔偿责任的适用逻辑,需在学理层面将其与责任原因相连结。

价值均衡视角下宅基地使用权继承纠纷的裁判规则构建

现阶段宅基地使用权继承纠纷解决存在司法处理态度不一、缺少统一立法规范的实践困境。根本原因在于宅基地使用权兼具身份价值和财产价值,而现有纠纷处理模式不能达成两种价值取向的均衡。鉴于此,建议适用“身份资格—房地关系”双重标准的限制继承规则作为司法裁判指引,同时明确“三权分置”背景下宅基地使用权的成员权内涵,以填补双重标准裁判规则的理论漏洞,消解新规则的内在矛盾。

程序出罪的内涵重塑与判断标准

随着犯罪治理多元化进程的加快,程序出罪的重要性日益凸显。如何在实体入罪的同时通过程序出罪实现犯罪治理多元化成为理论研究的重点课题。既有研究未能妥善解决程序出罪的概念共识问题,导致程序出罪的理论基础不清、适用范围不明、体系协调性不足。对此,应通过逐级分析“不入罪”与“出罪”,以及“实体出罪”与“程序出罪”的理念差异,凸显程序出罪的独立性。程序出罪的本质属性表现为因裁量性程序终止行为使行为人在法律意义上无罪。因存在犯罪阻却事由、法益恢复事由、证据不足、欠缺诉讼条件导致的法定性程序终止因不具有个案利益衡量特性,与程序出罪存在本质差异。在此基础上,应进一步明确程序出罪的判断标准,处理好不同属性利益之间的衡量问题,即制定不同出罪情节的叠加适用标准,以及出罪与入罪情节之间的冲突衡量标准。

证券服务机构部分连带责任的理论基础与效果展开

在证券虚假陈述中,证券服务机构应承担何种责任,历来存在争议。按照看门人理论,证券服务机构能够直接决定证券上市发行,故应承担完全连带责任。但在当前资本市场实践中,证券服务机构的地位更接近“担保人”,应以此作为其承担责任的法理基础。按照担保人理论,证券服务机构仅在其专业领域内担保信息的真实可靠,这为限制证券服务机构责任提供了正当性基础。按份责任与补充责任虽能起到限制责任的效果,但不利于平衡各方主体的利益。部分连带责任不违背民法基本原理与《证券法》第163条,并且能在限制证券服务机构责任的同时,实现对投资者的充分保护。在判定部分连带责任份额时,过错程度、职责范围与原因力三项因素各自在不同维度发挥作用。证券服务机构相互之间原则上不存在追偿权,除非职责范围存在重合,但可以向发行人追偿。

高校专利盘活的权利出资进路及制度调适——基于利益平衡理论

高校是链接创新和产业的科研高地,但其专利技术成果却呈现数量多但转化率低的特征。同时,企业升级转型亟须技术注入,专利使用授权存在较大缺口。在倡导产学研用一体化和政府政策支持下,探索高校专利权利出资的新路径确有意义。为保障高校专利盘活与企业需求供应的顺利接洽,实现社会效益和经济价值的同向共进,可采用总许可出资和分许可出资两种进路积极推动高校专利盘活。当前高校专利存在权利稳定性差、权属情况复杂、转化忽视长远效益等问题,应均衡各参与方利益,通过规定专利弃权限制、调整职务发明创造规则以及认可分许可有效性等措施,对现有制度作出调适,达到高校专利许可实施权出资的“帕累托边界”。

物权登记错误行政赔偿裁判规则争议问题之再认识

需要受害人穷尽其他法律救济途径才能判令行政机关承担因登记错误致损赔偿责任的司法实践于法无据;物权登记错误行政赔偿与民事赔偿或者刑事附带民事赔偿等救济途径具有同等独立法律价值,人民法院应当根据当事人诉请依法裁判;司法实践和司法规范将以房屋登记为代表的物权登记行政赔偿归责原则确立为过错归责原则缺少法律依据。确立结果归责原则理据在于:具有法律规范依据,更加符合《国家赔偿法》《民法典》立法宗旨;与国家赔偿责任构成要件相匹配;结果归责原则并不要求物权登记机构承担绝对责任。将登记错误行政赔偿责任作为一种补充责任涉嫌违反《行政诉讼法》和《国家赔偿法》规定,也会造成新的不公平。根据物权交易民事侵权人与登记机构(工作人员)是否具有实施故意侵权意思联络为标准,登记错误行政赔偿责任可以分为份额责任和连带责任。

商品房买卖消费者物权期待权适用困境与纾解

为解决商品房买卖中消费者生存利益与房地产企业其他债权人财产利益保护失衡问题,最高人民法院将物权期待权理论融入司法解释。然而该理论不仅有悖于民法典规定的物权变动规则,而且受制于物权公示制度。囿于主体认定标准、生存权界定标准、后续保护措施欠缺等,该理论在司法实践中并没有形成统一的适用逻辑。对此应当对《执行异议复议规定》第二十九条规定的构成要件予以实质化解释,以此完善“用于居住”“名下无其他用于居住住房”和“支付价款比例”的判定标准,并对消费者科以合理审查义务,同时法律还应完善排除强制执行后的所有权确权与登记程序。

代位清偿制度释论

代位清偿制度的正当性在于,在债权人、债务人的实际利益不受负面影响的情况下,第三人对于债务履行的合法利益优于债务关系不被他人介入的利益。作为核心要件,合法利益原则上指法律利益,例外地也涵盖第三人与债务人或债务关系有密切关联、从而有事实利益的情形。法律利益可分为保存权利、实现债权、避免纯粹经济损失、维护民事活动四大类型,相应的第三人有物上保证人、普通债权人、承租人、连环交易的后手、共有人、股东等具体类别。在法律后果方面,对担保权移转、债务人是否担责两个重要问题应采如是立场:物上保证人、担保财产受让人代位清偿后能否随同债权取得担保权须区分情形判断;倘第三人提出履行而未履行或者履行不适当,债务人原则上仍应担责。