Verification of RFID System Usability in Silage Bale Life Cycle Management

Digitalization has nowadays raised interest in variable applications of farming.Increase of knowledge level,by means of unique identification,automation and control,farmers gain relevant business profit.This research is focused on the utilization of passive radio frequency identification(RFID)technology in silage bale application,both manual and automated level.Challenges arise due to silage conservation,varying environmental and seasonal conditions,different identification environments and RFID operation principle.Further maximum communication signal strength is limited by telecommunication standard regulations(e.g.,ETSI).The applicability of RFID technology with different commercial passive transponders is measured manually in a silage bale of 160 cm in diameter,covering 360 degrees around the bale.In addition,automated field tests are conducted in a real environment,where the data collection system is appended to a tractor and RFID reader antenna in a baler.Manual measurements are conducted as identification distance(meters)and transponder population(number of tags),while automated measurements are based on the number of successfully identified silage bales.Based on the manual measurement results,the most suitable tags for the automated field measurements were chosen,and the applicability to silage bale identification was verified.Field tests showed 100%success,with 151/151 uniquely identified silage bales.Achieved results prove that passive RFID operates well enough in silage bale identification,further enabling the development of digitalization of silage bale life cycle.

产品消费中ALE、BALE与满意和口传行为关系的实证研究

消费情绪对满意有重要影响。在产品消费中,以往研究主要针对产品属性和商店环境引发的情绪与满意的关系进行,本文在文献回顾的基础上,将产品消费中由营销者可控因素引发的消费情绪进一步划分为属性水平的情绪(Attribute-level Emotions,简称ALE)和属性水平以外的情绪(Beyond Attribute-level Emotions,简称BALE),并深入研究二者与满意的关系。定性研究和定量研究的结果表明,BALE在产品消费中确实存在;引发BALE的营销者可控因素主要有服务、商店环境、广告、销售促进和公共关系;属性水平的正面情绪和负面情绪、属性水平以外的负面情绪对满意都有直接影响,并通过满意对口传行为产生间接影响。文章最后提出了本研究对管理实践的启示、研究的局限之处及未来的研究方向。

Study on Loading Ability of Straw Bale

The loading ability of straw bale was tested by Electronical Testing Machine. The linear regression equations were proposed between failure density and loading ability, and failure density and compressing energy. Based on an exponent model, the testing coefficients of straw bale were estimated using Levenberg-Marquardt Method. The results of test showed that the relation between failure density and loading ability and compressing energy was linear in the phase of high density. The loading ability of straw bale could meet the building bill.

Structure and Natural Regeneration Status of Woody Plants of Berbere Afromontane Moist Forest, Bale Zone, South East Ethiopia;Implication to Biodiversity Conservation

The study was conducted on Berbere Forest in Bale Zone of Oromia Regional State, south east of Ethiopia with the objective of determining the structural analysis and natural regeneration status of the forest. Systematic sampling method was used to collect vegetation data. Seventy two nest quadrat sizes of 400 m2 (20 m × 20 m) for trees and shrubs were used. Within the main quadrat, two opposite side of each sub-quadrat of 25 m2 (5 m × 5 m) for sapling, 4 m2 (2 m × 2 m) for seedling of woody plants. The diameter and height were measured for all individual trees and shrubs having DBH (Diameter at Breast Height) ≥ 10 cm thick and ≥2 m height by using a diameter tape or caliper and clinometer respectively. For description and analysis of vegetation structure Diameter at Breast Height (DBH), basal area, tree density, height, frequency and important value index were used. Structural analysis of some selected tree species was revealed four different population patterns (bell shaped, inverted J-shaped, irregular and U-shaped). The total basal area of Berbere forest was 87.49 m2/ha, but most of the basal area was contributed by few large sized Moraceae family (Ficus vasta, Ficus ovate and Ficus thonningii) plant species. Analysis of regeneration status of woody plants in the forest showed 37.09% trees/shrubs species exhibited “good”, 19.35% showed “fair”, 6.45% showed “poor” and 25.81% trees/shrubs species were “not regenerating” at all and 11.29% trees/shrubs species were available only in sapling or seedling stage. Studies on the structure and regeneration of the forest indicated that there are species that require urgent conservation measures. Therefore, based on the results of this study, we recommended detail regenerating studies of seed bank in relation to various environmental factors such as soil type and properties.

Stress Relaxation and Creep of Straw Bales

Loading ability of straw bales was tested by using an Electronical Testing Machine. Linear regression models were proposed to describe the loading ability as a function of failure density and compressing energy. Based on an exponent model, the testing compression coefficients of straw bales were estimated by using the Levenberg-Marquardt Method. Results showed that the relation among failure density, loading ability and compressing energy was linear in the phase of high density, Loading ability of straw bales could meet the requirement for building bills .

Climate change under CMIP5-RCP scenarios in Ethiopia:The Bale mountains ecoregion

The Bale mountains ecoregion in Ethiopia provides a number of benefits for the local communities mainly in terms of water supply,power generation,tourism activity,and irrigation development.Notwithstanding,the ecoregion has been characterized primarily by recurring floods and droughts,as well as crop failure due to a variety of natural and human-activity-driven change factors.As a matter of fact,the purpose of this study would be to examine long-term changes and fluctuation in precipitation(PCP),maximum temperature(T_(max)),and minimum temperature(T_(min))in the Bale mountains ecoregion using ensembles of three climate models with three representative concentration pathways(RCPs)scenarios from the coupled model inter-comparison project phase five(CMIP5)dataset.Statistical downscaling model(SDSM)was applied to project PCP,T_(max),and T_(min)in the forthcoming period considering three RCPs:low emission(RCP2.6),intermediate(RCP4.5),and high emission(RCP8.5).SDSM's performance in capturing historical daily PCP,T_(max),and T_(min)has been validated using standard statistical metrics such as coefficient of determination(R^(2)),Nash Sutcliff efficiency(NSE),and root mean square error(RMSE).SDSM has the potential to generate a statistical transfer function between large-scale variables and local climate,allowing PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) to be downscaled to a point scale for the ecoregion.The magnitude of mean yearly changes in PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) were investigated throughout three thirty-year time slices,corresponding to the 2020s,2050s,and 2080s.The Mann-Kendall non-parametric test was used to analyse trends in PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) from 2011 to 2100.Inter-annual variability in PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) were investigated for the aforementioned period,taking standard deviation into account under each RCP scenarios.The results reveal that mean annual PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) are rising in all three time slices and in all three CMIP5 RCP scenarios as compared to the baseline scenario.Mean annual PCP is projected to increase within the uncertainty range of 6.68% to 17.93%(RCP2.6),7.45% to 21.94%(RCP4.5),and 19.70% to 33.69%(RCP4.5)(RCP8.5).T_(max) increases from 0.04℃ to 0.24℃(RCP2.6),0.05℃ to 0.31℃(RCP4.5),and 0.04℃ to 0.42℃(RCP8.5),whereas T_(min) increases from 0.22℃ to 0.52℃(RCP2.6),0.23℃ to 0.67℃(RCP4.5),and 0.26℃ to 1.14℃(RCP8.5)(RCP8.5).For future projections at the end of the 21^(st) century,the mean annual PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) for all three analysed climate models and RCPs have shown a positive trend.The inter-annual variability of PCP,T_(max),and T_(min) is higher in the RCP8.5 than RCP4.5 and RCP2.6 in all climate models.The findings clearly implied that prior understanding of long-term climate change and variability need to be addressed to plan effective and efficient mitigation strategies,as well as to maintain adequate quantity and quality of water supplies to the communities residing in the ecoregion.

青岛沿海佳美羽螅(Aglaophenia whiteleggei Bale)的新记录

本文首次报报道了在青岛海采集的水螅虫类、羽螅科的一种新记录 佳美羽螅(Aglaophenia whiteleggei Bale)并将这种羽螅和1927年Hargitt根据厦门标本建立、而后又由林绍文报导的采自舟山群岛嵊山的多荚羽螅(Lytocarpus ruttingi Hargitt)作比较,发现它们在形态特征上完全相同。

纤维包自动除带及拆袋机的抱夹装置设计

为降低工人劳动强度,实现面向直行往复式自动抓棉机的纤维包自动化搬运与排放,介绍了一种纤维包自动除带及拆袋机中的基于自动导向车(AGV)的抱夹车结构,并对抱夹车的抱夹装置结构进行了设计,确定了抱夹装置中抱夹爪的尺寸,对抱夹车的抱夹装置和抱夹支撑部分主要机构进行了设计计算,根据工作要求设计了抱夹爪传动机构的齿轮齿条参数;通过对纤维包和各构件进行受力分析,确定了各油缸的负载,并对油缸进行了选型。经设计,抱夹装置的夹爪高度为1 200 mm,夹爪长度为600 mm,两夹爪间的开合范围为660 mm~910 mm;抱夹爪油缸使用压力为140 kg/cm2,缸径为100 mm,行程为5 mm~280 mm;抱夹支撑机构油缸的最小工作压力为0.97 MPa,缸径为80 mm,杆径为40 mm,行程为400 mm。

高立式芦苇沙障打捆成栅机的设计与试验

针对风沙区铁路安全运行中高立式芦苇沙障生产人工效率低、劳动强度大、制造成本高、操作工序多、工作环境恶劣等问题和对芦苇沙障成栅工艺流程研究的基础上,设计了高立式芦苇沙障打捆成栅机。通过对关键作业部件进行设计选型,确定了喂料机构、铁丝推送机构、打捆拧丝机构的结构,并采用理论分析、Workbench仿真方法对喂料弧片、送丝摇臂与拧丝虎口等关键零件参数进行了设计与分析。为提高作业性能,以芦苇束紧实度、芦苇破损率和单束打捆作业时间为评价指标,以铁丝推送长度、拧丝虎口转速为影响因素,进行了高立式芦苇沙障打捆优化实验,利用Design-Expert V8.0.6.1软件,构建关于评价指标与影响因素间的回归模型,确定最优参数组合为:拧丝虎口转速1297r/min、送丝距离372mm。样机验证试验结果表明:高立式芦苇沙障打捆成栅机具有较强的物料适应性,在优化参数组合下,通过试验验证了设计的正确性和合理性。上述研究成果丰富了高立式芦苇沙障打捆成栅技术,也为整秆打捆成栅机械的设计提供参考依据。

辊轴式残膜打包装置的设计与试验

【目的】针对国内现有残膜打包装置成捆机理不明确、作业时出现残膜逃逸、膜包杂质含量过高等问题,设计一种集残膜清杂及残膜打包为一体的辊轴式残膜打包装置。【方法】该装置主要由清杂输送机构、打包机构、传动系统等组成。通过理论分析建立清杂输送辊与残膜的力学关系,确定清杂输送辊的结构参数;根据清杂输送机构结构特征与作业原理,分析并确定清杂输送辊的布置间隙。采用机理分析方法分析残膜捆芯形成过程中残膜的受力与运动情况,并确定打包辊的运动参数。以成捆率和膜包含杂率为指标,机具前进速度、清杂输送机构倾斜角度、打包辊转速为试验因素进行正交试验,并对较优的参数组合进行田间验证试验。【结果】影响成捆率的主次因素依次为打包辊转速、清杂输送机构倾斜角度和机具前进速度;影响膜包含杂率的主次因素依次为清杂输送机构倾斜角度、机具前进速度和打包辊转速。以成捆率为主要指标,确定的较优作业参数组合为:清杂输送机构倾斜角度为10°、机具前进速度为1.5 m/s、打包辊转速为200 r/min。田间验证试验的膜包成捆率为98.1%、膜包含杂率为15.2%。【结论】该残膜打包装置满足田间作业要求,作业效果好,可为辊轴式残膜打包装置的设计与研究提供参考。

Study on round rice straw bale wrapping silage technology and facilities

Specific to problems of the existing round bale wrapping machine in China,such as small application scope and failing to satisfy the wrapping demands of round bales of different specifications,a tumbler-type round bale wrapping machine based on wrapping silage with stretch film was designed.By theoretical analysis and preliminary experiments of the corresponding wrapping process,revolving speed of tumbler,speed ratio between tumbler and carrier rollers,and pre-load force of stretch film were determined as experimental factors,while wrapping time and consumption of stretch film per unit mass of round bale were determined as evaluation indexes.Furthermore,quadratic regression orthogonal rotational combination experimental design was adopted to carry out the wrapping experiment.The regression models were set up,and influencing rules of experimental factors on evaluation indexes were also analyzed.The optimal parameter combination scheme was revolving speed of tumbler of 31-32 r/min,speed ratio between tumbler and carrier rollers of 2.6,and pre-load force of stretch film of 20-22 N.Under such a circumstance,the corresponding wrapping time required was 37.7-38.9 s and consumption of stretch film per unit mass of round bale was 3.21-3.46 kg/t.The predicted values and the measured values of evaluation indexes basically coincided with each other and the relative error fell below 5%,which indicated that both the optimized regression models acquired through the wrapping experiment and the relevant parameter optimization results were reliable.To guarantee the quality of rice straw silage,the round bale should be wrapped by no less than five layers of stretch films through the utilization of the tumbler-type round bale wrapping machine.The study results could be used as references for research and development of the round bale wrapping machine.

Performance test and process parameter optimization of 9FF type square bale straw crusher

In order to solve the problem of low productivity,unqualified segment length and high energy consumption during the process of crushing square bale straw caused by improper operation parameters,a 9FF square bale straw crusher was developed.In this study,by taking maize straw as the test material,the feeding speed,spindle speed of the crushing device and the state of the crushing device were taken as influence factors,and standard straw length rate,productivity per net working hour(hereinafter referred to as NWH)and energy consumption per ton of product as test indicators,the influence of the factors on the indicators were studied,and tests were carried out on the process of square bale straw crushing.By adopting the single factor test on the effect of the feeding speed,the spindle speed of the crushing device and the state of the crushing device on the test indicators,the suitable range of each factor was determined,respectively.Using the orthogonal test method,range method,variance method and comprehensive balance method,the experiment analyzed the significance of the influence of the three factors on various indicators and the order of priority.The test results showed that:the feeding speed was 5 m/min,spindle speed was 3000 r/min,and the state of the crushing device was a mixing cutter hammer,which was the best parameter combination(A1B1C1)for the processing technology of the square bale forage crusher.The standard straw length rate was 93.7%,and the productivity per NWH was 2.80 t/h,with energy consumption per ton of 4.72 kW·h/t,in which the standard straw length rate and productivity per NWH reached optimal values,and the energy consumption per ton of product was slightly higher than the optimal value in the experiment.The research results can provide a reference for the optimal design of the special crusher for square bale straw.

Changes and drivers of afro-alpine forest ecosystem: future trajectories and management strategies in Bale eco-region, Ethiopia

Introduction:Ecosystem change and respective conservation needs were at top priority areas in the globe especially at biodiversity hotspot zones and places of endemism like Bale eco-region.In this aspect,this study had tried to assess historical landscape changes of afro-alpine forest ecosystem with its respective driving forces and effectiveness of different institutional arrangements to protect this ecosystem.Methods:The study utilized satellite imagery from Landsat series starting from 1986 to 2016,ground truth data from GPS-based field survey,focus group discussions,and reconnaissance field survey.Historical landscape maps were prepared with a mix of supervised and unsupervised image classification methods.Future landscape change simulation was undertaken by using cellular automata modeling on Dynamic Environment for Geoprocessing Objects(Dinamica EGO)software.Beyond areal change and transition of landscape elements,level of ecosystem fragmentation was assessed with FRAGSTAT software.Results:Results have shown that there is encroachment of human-induced land use patterns especially agriculture and grazing while closed canopy forest and woodland ecosystems have decreased in their extent.Simulation outputs for the coming three decades have also shown similar patterns with historical trends.Beyond changes in areal extent,landscape matrix analysis results indicated that there is increasing class and landscape level fragmentation both in its historical and future probable likelihoods.Effectiveness of different management strategies at different institutional arrangement were differ in their effectiveness that federal and regional government were not able to curve landscape change.Conclusions:In conclusion,increasing population pressure and weak policy implementation and legal enforcement has caused threats for alpine forest ecosystem in Bale eco-region.Except participatory forest management,management strategies at different institutional arrangements were failed to conserve forest.These calls reinnovated participatory forest management strategies that base community participation while simultaneously keeps livelihoods demands of local community.

Harvesting Technologies and Costs for Switchgrass Production

As today’s society searches for renewable energy sources that could be an alternative to fossil fuels, biomass and biofuels provide a promising solution. Switchgrass is one of feedstocks that can be utilized as a renewable energy source. When farming, one of the most important considerations is efficiency. This consists of several factors, including time, fuel use, economic and power efficiencies of equipment. Inefficient field operations could increase harvesting costs and in turn could cause hesitation when a farmer decides to participate in biomass production. This literature review will cover the main elements of biomass and biomass handling relating to determining harvesting efficiency and biomass quality for switchgrass round bales. Specifically, the following sections include past research activities relating to biomass harvesting, biomass bale quality during outdoor storage, logistics models, and data collection methods during biomass harvesting. The objective of this review is to examine status and needs for switchgrass round bale harvesting operations and the expenses that come with it.

裹包青贮饲料技术发展现状与展望

机械打捆裹膜的裹包青贮饲料密封性好,适宜饲料发酵,已在市场中广泛使用。目前,我国裹包青贮饲料机械装备的关键技术发展缓慢,整机装备存在工作效率低、可靠性不高、控制技术与智能技术不够完善等问题。在分析青贮饲料收获机与打捆裹膜机的关键技术和国内外发展现状的基础上,阐述我国现阶段裹包青贮饲料技术存在的问题,并对裹包青贮饲料技术提出展望,以期为青贮饲料收获和打捆裹膜机械装备的改进创新提供参考。

电动铝水抬包车的研发设计及应用

开发设计了一款电动铝水抬包车,该车以清洁能源电力为动力来源,低碳环保。驱动方式由原内燃机动力铝水抬包车的后桥驱动改为前桥驱动,自主设计主车架,降低了运输平台的高度,增加了整车稳定性,经济性相比之前产品显著提高,具有广阔的市场前景。

秸秆打捆机控制系统设计

农作物秸秆的存储和运输是农业生产中主要环节之一,如何增加秸秆打捆密度,提高秸秆的空间利用率是值得研究的问题。以圆形打捆机为控制对象,通过分析打捆机的研究现状及进展,设计了基于西门子PLC为控制核心的监控系统,并详细介绍了控制系统的硬件、软件设计,为打捆机运行性能的提升提供了技术支撑。

棉纺混抓棉技术现状及全唛混抓棉技术的创新与突破

为了提高开清棉工序混棉、抓棉的效率和混和均匀性,详述纺纱生产中原料纤维强制性混和、分散性混和的原理以及混和不匀对纺纱品质的影响,分析现有抓棉、混棉机械以及混抓棉技术在功能、纤维品种适应性、纺纱产质量等方面存在的不足,提出实时全唛混抓棉的新概念和新模式,构建实时全唛混抓棉机架构模型,并与现有抓棉机多个技术经济项目进行对比。指出:现有抓棉机及抓棉混棉技术以抓棉为主、粗犷配棉混棉,无法达到强制性混和阶段精细混和的要求;实时全唛混抓棉机,混配在先、混抓结合、以抓带混、精确抓取、精细混棉、精准配比,同时附加多项重要功能,其研发契合行业的技术进步与发展要求,有利于纺纱生产工艺技术的转型升级,通过与整个纺纱工艺流程做系统性的优化、完善和适配,才能发挥其更大的优势潜能。

通天大圣 GARETH BALE

降魔伏妖 进入2013年后攻入7粒英超进球,名列联赛第一;近7场俱乐部比赛连进9球(期间国际比赛日上还代表威尔士队进l球);本赛季已打入16粒联赛进球,仅次于苏亚雷斯(21球)和范佩西(19球),也超越了2007-2008赛季贝尔巴托夫创造的托特纳姆单赛季个人进球纪录;本赛季从禁区外攻入6球,五大联赛中仅梅西与他并列;本赛季联赛在客场攻入11粒进球,托特纳姆队史上此前只有2人英超单赛季客场进球上双,分别是谢林汉姆(1994-1995赛季)和罗比·基恩(2005-2006)…… 如果这么多华丽的数据还不能将贝尔的大爆发描述出来,那接下来的数据将更为震撼:贝尔本赛季各项赛事已经攻入20球,将个人赛季纪录(上赛季的12球)大幅刷新;托特纳姆最近11球中,贝尔进了9个(另外两个由西于尔兹松和伦农分别攻入);托特纳姆一度连续5粒英超进球全由贝尔包办,队史上此前只有2人拥有这一成就:谢林汉姆(1993-1994赛季)和卡努特(2003-2004赛季);贝尔的16粒联赛进球,直接为球队带来了18个积分,这在英超仅次于范佩西,荷兰人的19球为曼联带来了22分.凭借这样的状态,贝尔获得了英超2月最佳球员的称号,而主帅博阿斯也利益均沾,拿到了最佳教练奖.