The Extraction Method of Cutting Engagement in Ball-end Milling Simulation

Ball-end mill is widely used in workpiece processi ng with free-form surfaces. Such models that can predict processing character istics precisely are very necessary to the aim of cost reducing, quality improvi ng and productivity progressing, the cutting force prediction is the most import ant among these models. To explore the physical essence of metal cutting, model researchers commonly simplify the geometric conditions in cutting process, and a ssume that the geometric parameters that are needed to solve the physical models have already been predefined, so it results in the separation between model res earch and practical application. In this paper, for the representative cutting f orce models of ball end milling, a new extraction method of geometric parameters is suggested, which makes it possible for physical model to actually serve for the practical manufacturing, and take in the inspection of real production.

A simplified method for local tool interference detection and tool position modification during five-axis ball-end milling process

Five-axis ball-end milling is commonly used to machine the complex surfaces. Local tool interference phenomenon which often occurs in five-axis milling should be urgently solved. In this paper, a simplified method to detect the occurrence of local tool interference and modify tool position is proposed. First, the detection matrix is established to detect local tool interference at all the cutter location points on tool path simultaneously in five-axis ball-end milling of complex surfaces. The algorithm of detection matrix based on point arithmetic is simple. Secondly, the new coordinates of the modified interfering-free points are obtained precisely by using the genetic algorithm. The feasibility of the method is validated by simulation in Matlab. This research is benefit to simplify the calculation of local tool interference detection and tool position modification.

Investigation of Cutting Force by End Milling Operation

In this work, the cutting forces by end milling operation are analyzed. Therefore, the main parameters of cutting force as cutting speed, feed rate and depth of cut also are investigated in our case. The cutting force is modelled and analyzed into mathematical Wolfram simulations in order to compare the results and in the same time achieve the best solutions. Theoretical results are carried out by using the regression method that required fulfilling the critter by Fisher. The number of experiment, measurements and results of cutting force are presented in 2D as well as 3D. In order to verify the accuracy of the 2D diagram, the results for our case is used both two way such as experimental and theoretical method as well as results are compared. In other hands, these results indicate directly that the optimized parameters are capable of machining the workpiece. The obtained measurement results are compared with theoretical methods in Wolfram software.

Heat Resistant Properties of Some Elements-Incorporated Diamond-Like Carbon Films and Their Trial Applications for Micro End Mill Coatings

In this article, the results obtained from a study carried out on the some elements-incorporated diamond-like carbon (DLC) films are reported. All the films were deposited using plasma-based ion implantation (PBII) technique. The deposited films were annealed at 400℃, 650℃ and 900℃ in an air atmosphere for 1 hour. The effects of adding hydrogen, silicon/oxygen and silicon/nitrogen into the DLC film on chemical composition, friction coefficient and corrosion resistance were investigated. The films coated micro end mills performance was also assessed. The results indicate that all the films showed almost constant atomic contents of C, Si, O and N until annealing at 400℃. However, the films were completely destroyed at 650℃ with the increased Si and O contents, while the C content decreased. The incorporation of silicon/oxygen and silicon/nitrogen into the DLC exhibited lower values of friction coefficients than the hydrogenated DLC (DLC and H-DLC) before and after annealing at 400℃, whereas all the films presented the same values of friction coefficients after annealing at 650℃ due to the completely destroy of the films. Furthermore, the incorporation of silicon/nitrogen into the DLC also exhibited better corrosion resistance and unbroken micro end mills performance on their surfaces. Thus, the incorporation of silicon/nitrogen into the DLC film can be considered beneficial in improving the micro end mills performance.

Cutting tool temperature prediction method using analytical model for end milling

Dramatic tool temperature variation in end milling can cause excessive tool wear and shorten its life, especially in machining of difficult-to-machine materials. In this study, a new analytical model-based method for the prediction of cutting tool temperature in end milling is presented.The cutting cycle is divided into temperature increase and decrease phases. For the temperature increase phase, a temperature prediction model considering real friction state between the chip and tool is proposed, and the heat flux and tool-chip contact length are then obtained through finite element simulation. In the temperature decrease phase, a temperature decrease model based on the one-dimension plate heat convection is proposed. A single wire thermocouple is employed to measure the tool temperature in the conducted milling experiments. Both of the theoretical and experimental results are obtained with cutting conditions of the cutting speed ranging from 60 m/min to100 m/min, feed per tooth from 0.12 mm/z to 0.20 mm/z, and the radial and axial depth of cut respectively being 4 mm and 0.5 mm. The comparison results show high agreement between the physical cutting experiments and the proposed cutting tool temperature prediction method.

铣削γ-TiAl球头立铣刀几何角度优化设计

钛铝合金具有良好的物理和力学性能,在航空航天及汽车领域具有广泛的应用前景。由于其高温强度高、导热率低及室温脆性等特性,加工时存在切削力较大、切削温度高等问题,是一种典型的难加工材料,因此开发一款针对该种材料加工的球头立铣刀具有十分重要的意义。本文通过三维有限元仿真技术,以降低铣削力和铣削温度为优化目标,求得球头铣刀前角、螺旋角和后角三个几何参数的最优组合;分析这三个几何参数对切削力和切削温度的影响,实现刀具几何参数的优化设计。

Cutting force prediction for circular end milling process

A deduced cutting force prediction model for circular end milling process is presented in this paper. Traditional researches on cutting force model usually focus on linear milling process which does not meet other cutting conditions, especially for circular milling process. This paper presents an improved cutting force model for circular end milling process based on the typical linear milling force model. The curvature effects of tool path on chip thickness as well as entry and exit angles are analyzed, and the cutting force model of linear milling process is then corrected to fit circular end milling processes. Instantaneous cutting forces during circular end milling process are predicted according to the proposed model. The deduced cutting force model can be used for both linear and circular end milling processes. Finally, circular end milling experiments with constant and variable radial depth were carried out to verify the availability of the proposed method. Experiment results show that measured results and simulated results corresponds well with each other.

兼顾排屑与降载作用的叶轮拐角单笔清根刀具

清根加工作为叶轮拐角区域残余材料的补加工工艺,在整体叶轮数控加工中占据十分重要的地位。盖盘叶轮清根加工具有推刀进给、拐角曲面曲率大、切削余量大、空间几何受限等特点。而传统球头铣刀刀尖点切削性能不足,应用于盖盘叶轮清根加工会导致切削载荷大和切屑挤压,造成刀具过早失效、加工表面质量差等问题。本文针对盖盘叶轮清根加工的特点和难点,提出一种面向不同拐角尺寸的具有削顶结构以及大容屑槽结构的刀具,并推导了切削刃的表达式。对传统球头铣刀和新式削顶铣刀进行仿真与实验,结果表明,新式削顶铣刀较传统球头铣刀切削力降载高达77.6%,切削过程更平稳可靠,加工质量更高。

超声纵-扭复合铣削钛合金刀具磨损特性研究

目的采用超声纵-扭复合振动加工方法,获得较长的刀具使用寿命。方法采用理论建模与不同铣削振动方式,研究刀具磨损特性。通过超景深电子显微镜和粗糙度测试仪,分别对刀具微观形貌、工件表面粗糙度进行了分析;通过不同铣削方式加工钛合金材料,对刀具磨损特性进行了系统分析。结果与普通铣削和超声纵振铣削相比,超声纵-扭铣削方式下,刀具后刀面磨损减小,工件表面粗糙度降低。经测试,当去除面积为6356mm^2时,超声纵-扭复合加工刀具后刀面磨损量VB为103μm,分别比普通和超声纵振加工时降低了38μm和36μm。当去除面积为4530 mm^2时,Ra为1.2μm,普通铣削和超声纵振铣削的Ra则分别为1.62μm和1.38μm。由于超声纵振加工仅仅是在轴向方向实现了分离,后刀面时刻冲击着已加工表面,当去除面积为6356 mm^2时,刀具后刀面磨损量反有超出普通铣削的趋势。结论超声纵-扭复合加工从旋转方向内实现了刀-屑分离,在铣削过程中,极大地减少了刀具后刀面对已加工表面的冲击,从而使得刀具寿命有所延长,为高效加工、难加工材料提供了一种加工方法。

基于球头刀铣削的三轴数控机床几何与切削力综合误差补偿研究

机床加工工艺系统的原始误差严重影响机床的加工精度,消除相应的误差影响至关重要。首先,提出一种静态载荷加载试验方案,模拟机床实际加工过程中的受力状况,再基于试验建立三轴数控机床几何与切削力综合误差模型,以球头刀三轴数控铣削为背景,利用激光干涉仪与“九线法”辨识方法,测量并辨识上述的机床综合误差。然后,根据多体系统理论和齐次坐标变换矩阵,建立球头刀三轴数控铣削空间误差模型,将机床综合误差变换到球头刀刀心的位置上。最后,根据球头刀铣削工件表面成形原理,建立消除机床综合误差的刀心曲面,实现三轴数控机床几何与切削力综合误差的补偿。

钛合金螺旋铣孔过程中硬质合金球头铣刀磨损机理研究

为了深入理解钛合金螺旋铣孔过程中球头铣刀的磨损机理,使用TiAlN涂层硬质合金球头铣刀在干切削条件下对钛合金进行螺旋铣孔加工,分析铣孔过程中材料的去除过程;基于钛合金螺旋铣孔试验结果,利用工具显微镜、电子显微镜和能谱仪检测刀具磨损情况,明确刀具磨损机理,进而探讨轴向切削力、径向切削力、切削温度和刀具磨损之间的关系。结果表明:黏结磨损贯穿刀具磨损全过程,存在扩散磨损和氧化磨损;刀具破损时出现崩刃、涂层剥落等现象;切削力与刀具磨损程度呈正相关关系,磨损对轴向切削力影响较大,对径向切削力影响较小。

金刚石涂层刀具高速铣铝合金平面切削毛刺研究

采用热丝CVD法制备纳米与微米金刚石薄膜涂层刀具,利用场发射扫描电镜表征其薄膜表面形貌。用已制备的CVD金刚石涂层刀具,在无润滑干切条件下高速顺、逆端铣铝合金平面,研究CVD金刚石涂层刀具切削时的棱边毛刺特点与大小;并对纳米金刚石涂层刀具高速顺铣切削工艺参数进行正交试验,探究取得少无切削毛刺的切削参数与切削工艺。结果表明:工件铣削后棱边毛刺分布不均匀,顺铣毛刺稀疏,尺寸较小,其中纳米金刚石涂层刀具顺铣棱边毛刺高度平均值为32.08μm,仅为微米金刚石涂层刀具顺铣毛刺高度的46.5%。纳米金刚石涂层刀具高速顺铣平面,对棱边毛刺影响最大的是v_(c),其次为v_(f),ae的影响最小,最优参数组合为a_(e)=4 mm、v_(f)=2000 mm/min、v_(c)=400 m/min,铣削后毛刺高度平均值为21.29μm。当金刚石涂层刀具端铣铝合金平面时,为取得较小的棱边毛刺,优选纳米金刚石涂层刀具,采用顺铣棱边的切削方式与切削工艺,以及相应的高速切削参数。

基于AdvantEdge的整体陶瓷立铣刀结构参数优化及试验验证

通过有限元仿真研究了整体陶瓷立铣刀的不同结构参数(周刃径向前角、周刃径向后角和螺旋角)对铣削力的影响,采用正交试验对刀具结构进行优化,对比分析了结构优化前后整体陶瓷立铣刀的铣削性能,并探究了刀具的磨损机理和失效形式。结果表明,优化后刀具的周刃径向前角为-8°,径向后角为10°,螺旋角为40°,结构优化后的刀具寿命提高42.9%,后刀面磨损量降低37%,工件已加工表面粗糙度降低5.5%;刀具的磨损机理主要为黏结磨损和扩散磨损,失效形式主要为剥落、微裂纹和崩刃,结构优化后的刀具磨损现象明显改善。

Experimental study on the meso-scale milling of tungsten carbide WC-17.5Co with PCD end mills

Tungsten carbide is a material that is very difficult to cut,mainly owing to its extreme wear resistance.Its high value of yield strength,accompanied by extreme brittleness,renders its machinability extremely poor,with most tools failing.Even when cutting with tool materials of the highest quality,its mode of cutting is mainly brittle and marred by material cracking.The ductile mode of cutting is possible only at micro leveIs of depth of cut and feed rate.This study aims to investigate the possibility of milling the carbide material at a meso-scale using polycrystaline diamond(PCD)end mills.A series of end milling experiments were performed to study the effects of cutting speed,feed per tooth,and axial depth of cut on performance measures such as cutting forces,surface roughness,and tool wear.To characterize the wear of PCD tools,a new approach to measuring the level of damage sustained by the faces of the cutter's teeth is presented.Analyses of the experimental data show that the effects of all the cutting parameters on the three performance measures are significant.The major damage mode of the PCD end mills is.found to be the intermittent micro-chipping.The progress of tool damage saw a long,stable,and steady period sandwiched between two short,abrupt,and intermittent periods.Cutting forces and surface roughness are found to rise with increments in the three cutting parameters,although the latter shows signs of reduction during the initial increase in cutting speed only.The results of this study find that an acceptable surface quality(average roughness Ra<0.2μm)and tool life(cutting length L>600mm)can be obtained under the conditions of the given cutting parameters.It indicates that milling with PCD tools at a meso-scale is a suitable machining method for tungsten carbides.

γ-TiAl基金属间化合物机床铣削中的切削力预测

针对γ-TiAl基合金因室温脆性导致其加工较为困难的问题,提出一种采用正交斜变换技术对γ-TiAl基金属间化合物Ti-48Al-2Cr-2Nb铣削加工切削力进行预测的方法。利用正交车削试验测量切屑厚度、切削力和进给力等,计算出剪切应力、剪切角和摩擦角等基本切削参数。采用正交斜变换技术确定铣削加工的切削系数,并利用端面铣削的切削力解析模型对切削力进行仿真。此外,研究了涂层对摩擦因数、剪切应力、剪切角和切削力的影响。在不同的切削条件下,分别通过端面铣削和球头铣削试验对切削力预测结果进行了验证。结果表明:切削力的预测值与实测值吻合较好,验证了力学模型的有效性;对于AlCrN和AlTiN涂层,端面铣削的切削力估计误差分别在20%和13%内;对于AlCrN涂层,球头铣削的切削力估计误差在15%内。

基于关键刀轴矢量插值的球头铣刀五轴加工光顺刀轴矢量生成方法

提出基于贪心策略的复杂曲面加工刀具路径关键刀轴矢量序列整体优化方法,以及基于关键刀轴矢量插值的球头铣刀五轴加工复杂曲面光顺刀具姿态生成方法。计算各关键刀位刀触点处的刀轴矢量可行域,基于贪心策略从刀轴矢量可行域中选择关键刀轴矢量序列并且插值关键刀轴矢量序列,检查加工路径刀轴矢量序列是否存在碰撞干涉,进而获得可行的关键刀轴矢量序列集合。根据光顺评价指标从可行的关键刀轴矢量序列集合中选择最优的关键刀轴矢量序列,然后获得整个加工路径光顺的刀轴矢量序列。试验结果表明,该方法生成的复杂曲面加工刀具姿态能够使机床旋转轴运动平稳。

基于接触区域的球头刀五轴加工无颤振刀具姿态研究

为解决球头刀五轴铣削过程中接触区域获取困难和难以调整主轴转速实现稳定性铣削的问题,提出一种基于接触区域的姿态稳定性图获取方法。首先,建立了考虑刀具姿态与螺旋角影响的动态切削力模型。通过NX二次开发提取刀具与工件接触区域的初始数据,并采用一种坐标变换法获得不同刀具姿态下的接触区域。然后,使用全离散法构建姿态稳定性图判断了在不同刀具姿态下的铣削稳定性。最后,通过实验案例在五轴加工中心中进行球头刀铣削实验,验证了所提方法的有效性与可行性。现场加工表明,实验结果与预测值吻合良好。

基于BP神经网络的球头铣刀恒力切削控制方法研究

针对数控机床加工过程中的不可控制参数变化的问题,提出一种基于BP神经网络的球头铣刀恒力切削控制方法。分别建立铣削过程模型与BP神经网络控制模型,针对多指标变化导致恒力控制球头铣刀切削难以实施的问题,利用多层BP神经网络的自主高度拟合特性,结合恒力控制多时刻切削力与相关伺服输入,实现自适应调节多指标完成恒力控制。其中,指标包含切削力、进给量、进给速度、背吃刀量。为进一步探究噪声对控制算法鲁棒性的影响,利用方波噪声对所建立的控制算法进行干扰实验,讨论控制算法的抗干扰能力。结果表明:所提出的控制方法能够对球头铣刀控制进行快速且精确的恒力跟踪,在切削深度加深后能自适应地调整切削力;在添加噪声的恒力控制中,所获得的仿真曲线与未添加噪声时保持一致,进一步证明了该方法的抗干扰能力。该控制方法具有较好的控制性能与鲁棒性。