The Management of Environment Cost Caused by Ballast Water

According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of this,the environmental cost caused by ballast water is considered as a negative externality.This paper aims to contribute by proposing that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined through questionnaires,and that the imposition of a Pigouvian retributive tax is required to compensate for the environmental damage caused.The paper proceeds as follows.Firstly,ballast water management is discussed.Second,the environmental cost is discussed and it is asserted that it is important to have clear regulations and to update them frequently to prevent or minimize ballast water’s negative impact on the environment.Finally,it is suggested that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined by questionnaires and,more specifically,by the WTP(Willingness to Pay)method,and that a special Pigouvian corrective taxation which can internalize this cost should be imposed.

Added Resistance Acting on Hull of a Non Ballast Water Ship

In this paper, added resistances acting on a hull of non ballast water ship(NBS) in high waves is discussed. The non ballast water ships were developed at the laboratory of the authors at Osaka Prefecture University, Japan. In the present paper, the performances of three kinds of bow shapes developed for the NBS were theoretically and experimentally investigated to find the best one in high waves. In previous papers, an optimum bow shape for the NBS was developed in calm water and in moderated waves. For a 2 m model for experiments and computations, the wave height is 0.02 m. This means that the wave height is 15% of the draft of the ship in full load conditions. In this paper, added resistances in high waves up to 0.07 m for a 2 m model or 53% of the full load draft are investigated. In such high waves linear wave theories which have been used in the design stage of a ship for a long time may not work well anymore, and experiments are the only effective tool to predict the added resistance in high waves. With the computations for waves, the ship is in a fully captured condition because shorter waves, λ/Lpp<0.6, are assumed.

Survivorship characteristics and adaptive mechanisms of phytoplankton assemblages in ballast water

Phytoplankton diversity and abundance were determined in ballast water from 26 vessels in the Shanghai Yangshan Deep-Water Port from April 2015 to January 2016. In total, 84 species of phytoplankton were identified, belonging to 43 genera and 5 phyla. Bacillariophyta (75.0%, including 30 genera and 63 species) were the dominant algae in the ballast water. Their density ranged from (5.55±9.62) SD to (1.878±0.872)×10 3 cells/L, with a mean of 410.1 cells/L. Nine potentially harmful phytoplankton taxa were detected: Ceratium furca , Ce . marcroceros , Leptocylindrus danicus , Coscinodiscus radiatus , Co . granii , Prorocentrum micans , Melosira sulcata , Meuniera membranacea and Skeletonema costatum . Our survey and identification results showed that Microcystis aeruginosa , Ankistrodesmus falcatus and Scenedesmus survived in the high-salinity ballast water, even though they are freshwater species. We identified the common features of surviving phytoplankton and impacts on the phytoplankton assemblage of ballast water age and source. Our goal was to understand the adaptative mechanisms of phytoplankton in ballast water, providing statistical and theoretical support for future ballast water research and suggesting a scientific basis of ballast water management and inspection of vessels entering the port.

Optimization of Bow Shape for a Non Ballast Water Ship

在这研究，商业 CFD 代码流畅被用于球状的鞠躬形状的优化为一非，碎石水发货(NBS ) 。轮船在大阪府大学里在作者的实验室被开发，日本。起初， CFD 代码的精确性被在拖引大阪府大学的坦克把 CFD 结果与试验性的结果作比较验证。在优化过程，在平静的水里并且在常规头波浪对轮船起作用的电阻被定义为目标功能。球状的鞠躬形状的后面的特征被看作设计参数：球状的鞠躬，它的体积中心的高度，鞠躬底部的角度，和一些球状的鞠躬的体积。当指 CFD 相似抵抗给的计算结果时，压力和波浪模式在平静的水里并且在波浪乘轮船做了，为轮船的最佳的鞠躬形状被在鞠躬形状的系列比较结果发现。在波浪上的计算，因为，轮船处于充分捕获的状况 shorter waves， /L pp < 0.6，被假定。

A Study on the Composition of Wastewater Produced during Ship Biofouling Management

The IMO(International Maritime Organization)recognized the problem of invasive species invasion and adopted the“International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’Ballast Water and Sediments”in 2004,which came into force on September 8,2017.In 2011,the IMO approved the“Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships’Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species”to minimize the movement of invasive species by hull-attached organisms and required ships to manage the organisms attached to their hulls.Invasive species enter new environments through ships’ballast water and hull attachment.However,several obstacles to implementing these guidelines have been identified,including a lack of underwater cleaning equipment,regulations on underwater cleaning activities in ports,and difficulty in accessing crevices in underwater areas.The shipping industry,which is the party responsible for understanding these guidelines,wants to implement them for fuel cost savings resulting from the removal of organisms attached to the hull,but they anticipate significant difficulties in implementing the guidelines due to the obstacles mentioned above.Robots or people remove the organisms attached to the hull underwater,and the resulting wastewater includes various species of organisms and particles of paint and other pollutants.Currently,there is no technology available to sterilize the organisms in the wastewater or stabilize the heavy metals in the paint particles.In this study,we aim to analyse the characteristics of the wastewater generated from the removal of hull-attached organisms and select the optimal treatment technology.The organisms in the wastewater generated from the removal of the attached organisms meet the biological treatment standard(D-2)using the sterilization technology applied in the ships’ballast water treatment system.The heavy metals and other pollutants in the paint particles generated during removal are treated using stabilization technologies such as thermal decomposition.The wastewater generated is treated using a two-step process:(1)development of sterilization technology through pretreatment filtration equipment and electrolytic sterilization treatment and(2)development of technology for removing particle pollutants such as heavy metals and dissolved inorganic substances.Through this study,we will develop a biological removal technology and an environmentally friendly processing system for the waste generated after removal that meets the requirements of the government and the shipping industry and lay the groundwork for future treatment standards.

Development and evaluation of a DNA microarray assay for the simultaneous detection of nine harmful algal species in ship ballast and seaport waters

Rapid,high-throughput and reliable methods are urgently required to accurately detect and monitor harmful algae,which are responsible for algal blooms,such as red and green tides. In this study,we successfully developed a multiplex PCR-based DNA microarray method capable of detecting nine harmful algal species simultaneously,namely A lexandrium tamarense,Gyrodinium instriatum,Heterosigma akashiwo,Karenia mikimotoi,Prorocentrum donghaiense,Prorocentrum minimum,Ulva compressa,Ulva ohnoi and Ulva prolifera. This method achieved a limit of detection(LOD) of 0.5 ng of genomic DNA(orders of magnitude of the deci-nanogram range) in the tested algae cultures. Altogether,230 field samples from ship ballast waters and seaport waters were used to evaluate the DNA microarray. The clinical sensitivity and specificity of the DNA microarray assay in detecting field samples were 96.4% and 90.9%,respectively,relative to conventional morphological methods. This indicated that this high-throughput,automatic,and specific method is well suited for the detection of algae in water samples.

Treating ballast water with hydroxyl radical on introduced organisms

With physical method of micro-gap gas discharge, a large amount of hydroxyl radical can be produced in 20t/h pilot-scale system using the ionization of O2 and H2O. In this paper, the effect of biochemistry of hydroxyl radicals on introduced organisms in ballast water was experimentally investi- gated. The results indicate that the contents of chlorophyl-a, chlorophyl-b, chlorophyl-c and carotenoid are decreased by 35%–64% within 8.0s and further to the lowest limit of test 5 minutes. In addition, the main reasons of cell death are the lipid peroxidation, the strong destruction to the monose, amylose, pro- tein, DNA and RNA of cell, and damage in CAT, POD and SOD of antioxidant enzyme system.

Tests to evaluate the ecological impact of treated ballast water on three Chinese marine species

Ballast water has been a topic of concern for some time because of its potential to introduce invasive species to new habitats. To comply with the International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships' Ballast Water and Sediments, members of the International Maritime Organization(IMO) must equip their ships with on-board treatment systems to eliminate organism release with ballast water. There are many challenges associated with the implementation of this IMO guideline, one of which is the selection of species for testing the ecological impacts of the treated ballast water. In the United States, ballast water toxicity test methods have been defined by the United States Environmental Protection Agency. However, the test methods had not been finalized in China until the toxicity test methods for ballast water were established in 2008. The Chinese methods have been based on species from three trophic levels: Skeletonema costatum, Neomysis awatschensis, and Ctenogobius gymnauchen. All three species live in broad estuarine and open sea areas of China; they are sensitive to reference toxicants and acclimatize easily to different conditions. In this paper, the biological characteristics, test processes and statistical analysis methods are presented for the three species. Results indicate that the methods for evaluating these three organisms can be included in the ecological toxicity tests for treated ballast water in China.

Treatment of Microalgae in Ballast Water Using Hydroxyl Radical in Accordance with the D-2 Ballast Water Discharge Standard

The effect of hydroxyl radical(·OH) on microalgae in ballast water is experimentally investigated. An ?OH plasma generator, which has a thin plate discharge Ag electrode covered by two α-Al2 O3 dielectric layers, is built. The plasma generator is filled with O2 and gaseous H2 O and is powered by a homemade power supply. ?OH radicals are generated by a series of plasma reactions and then dissolved into ballast water to kill microalgae. The maximum density of the killed microalgae is about 11 000 cells per milliliter. At this density, the microalgae are not reactivated at the 48th hour and the 120th hour in the treated ballast waters, and the content of chlorophyll in these microalgae decreases by 100%. The water quality returns to a normal level after 120 hours without secondary pollution of aquatic organisms and environment. These results show that the requirements of the D-2 ballast water discharge standard defined by the International Maritime Organization(IMO) are satisfied with the proposed treatment, and that ·OH is an ideal substance for killing microalgae during ballast water replacement of ships.

Eradication of algae in ships’ ballast water by electrolyzing

In order to verify the effectiveness of electrolytic treatment on ships’ ballast water, experiments are carried out by a pilot system in laboratory. The raw seawater and seawater with different concentrations of different algae are simulated as ships’ ballast water. The algae in the raw seawater can be killed if it is treated by electrolysis with an initial residual chlorine concentration of 5 mg/L. If the seawater with one kind of algae (Nitzschia closterum, Dicrateria spp., or Pyramidomonnas sp.105cells/mL) is treated by electrolysis with an initial residual chlorine concentration of 5 mg/L, the alga can be sterilized. If the seawater with one kind of algae (Dunaliella sp., Platymonas or Chlorella spp.) is directly treated by electrolyzing with an initial residual chlorine concentration of 4 mg/L, the instant mortality changes with the concentration of different algae. However, after 72 hours, in all treated samples, there are no live algal cells found.

Large scale northward expansion of warm water species Skeletonema tropicum (Bacillariophyceae) in China seas

Skeletonema tropicum is regarded as a species with an affinity to warm waters and it has never been reported in seas where temperatures drop below 11°C in winter. Previous studies in China reported that S. tropicum was restricted to subtropical and warm temperate seas (East and South China Seas), but the species was recently found during August cruises of 2009 and 2010 in Jiaozhou Bay, Yellow Sea, located several hundred kilometers to the north. Here, winter water temperatures often drop below 5°C. Identification of S. tropicum was confirmed under light and scanning electronic microscopes and maximum cell abundance in Jiaozhou Bay was estimated as 1.73×10 4 cell/L. This record of S. tropicum in Jiaozhou Bay represents a significant northward expansion in the geographic range of the species. Ship ballast water was identified as a possible carrier of S. tropicum from southern places along Chinese coastline, and in addition, thermal pollution from local power stations and seawater desalination plants may provide suitable conditions for species over-wintering.

船舶压载舱内装载生活污水和灰水的可行性探讨

随着国际社会对保护海洋环境要求的不断提升,越来越多的港口和特定水域禁止船舶排放生活污水和灰水,这种禁排规定超出了国际海事组织(international maritime organization,IMO)的《国际防止船舶造成污染公约》(international convention for the prevention of pollution from ships,MARPOL)中关于船舶生活污水和灰水的排放要求,使船舶不得不寻求其他舱室用于临时储存不允许排放的生活污水和灰水。该文针对目前船舶在营运过程中将生活污水和灰水临时储存在压载舱内的做法,分别通过对IMO压载水公约关于船舶压载水D-2标准排放要求,以及IMO MARPOL关于船舶生活污水和船舶灰水排放要求的解析,探讨了在压载舱内储存生活污水和灰水的可行性,同时结合IMO关于该问题的讨论进展,提出了在压载舱内临时储存灰水和经处理的生活污水需进一步考虑的技术和操作因素,以规避该行为可能带来的违规风险。

压载水处理技术在多类型船舶的应用

为减少船舶压载水中有害水生物和污染物对海洋生态结构平衡的破坏,对不同船舶的结构特点、航线特点、功能性、压载和排载的特点进行分析,对处理压载水的技术要点进行总结,并对压载水管理系统选型的影响因素进行归纳。研究成果可为压载水处理技术在船舶上的应用提供一定参考。

考虑水盆效应隧道道床上浮力学特征及计算分析

围绕富水隧道道床上浮底鼓工程问题,本文探索将水盆效应引入隧道无砟道床上浮底鼓病害的研究中。首先,基于应变能和能量理论,结合结构层间接触力学条件,开展隧道道床应力和变形量推导,以验证水盆效应与道床上浮关联的合理性。其次,构建道床变形挠曲线方程和应力和最大变形量公式,得到基底0.5 m水头高度可以引起粘结失效道床上浮底鼓,并通过设定上浮临界水头值划分上浮三阶段:1)初期入渗汇水阶段;2)局部积水阶段;3)水盆上浮阶段。最后,建立不同排水状态下道床横向及纵向上浮量计算公式,形成基底水流量差、压力速率分别与上浮速率及上浮量的关系曲线,形成隧道道床上浮的最小水头高度的计算方法,以助力道床上浮控制的研究和治理措施的改进。

船舶压载水复合集成化处理系统研究

为提高船舶运营的安全性、可持续性和环保性,文章首先探讨了传统系统面临的微生物入侵、海洋污染、运行压力和系统复杂等问题,明确了这些挑战对生态系统和渔业的负面影响。接着详细介绍了新系统的结构及工作原理,以及系统优化带来的创新性,该新系统设计不仅降低了运营成本,减轻了环境负担,还提高了压载水处理的整体性能,为船舶行业的可持续发展提供了有力支持。

压载水管理系统关键技术分析

通过解读压载水公约,介绍压载水公约的实施要点,对压载水管理系统实践中的要求及注意事项进行归纳总结。通过对比分析压载水处理技术,介绍技术优劣性,对目前市场上4种主流的压载水管理系统分析其关键技术要点,并结合实践中遇到的问题提出建议。

海上自升式平台压载水处理方案设计研究

《2004年国际船舶压载水及沉积物控制和管理公约》于2017年9月8日生效,对于此日期及以后建造的国际航行船舶要满足此公约要求。海上自升式平台作业工况及压载原理与航行船舶有很大不同,如何优化设计自升式平台压载水处理方案对平台设计和建造有非常重要的影响。本文对压载水处理技术和压载水公约作简要介绍,然后对自升式平台压载系统原理和处理方案进行详细研究,最终给出一种海上自升式平台压载水处理优化设计方案。