According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of...According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of this,the environmental cost caused by ballast water is considered as a negative externality.This paper aims to contribute by proposing that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined through questionnaires,and that the imposition of a Pigouvian retributive tax is required to compensate for the environmental damage caused.The paper proceeds as follows.Firstly,ballast water management is discussed.Second,the environmental cost is discussed and it is asserted that it is important to have clear regulations and to update them frequently to prevent or minimize ballast water’s negative impact on the environment.Finally,it is suggested that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined by questionnaires and,more specifically,by the WTP(Willingness to Pay)method,and that a special Pigouvian corrective taxation which can internalize this cost should be imposed.展开更多
The IMO(International Maritime Organization)recognized the problem of invasive species invasion and adopted the“International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’Ballast Water and Sediments”in 2004,w...The IMO(International Maritime Organization)recognized the problem of invasive species invasion and adopted the“International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’Ballast Water and Sediments”in 2004,which came into force on September 8,2017.In 2011,the IMO approved the“Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships’Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species”to minimize the movement of invasive species by hull-attached organisms and required ships to manage the organisms attached to their hulls.Invasive species enter new environments through ships’ballast water and hull attachment.However,several obstacles to implementing these guidelines have been identified,including a lack of underwater cleaning equipment,regulations on underwater cleaning activities in ports,and difficulty in accessing crevices in underwater areas.The shipping industry,which is the party responsible for understanding these guidelines,wants to implement them for fuel cost savings resulting from the removal of organisms attached to the hull,but they anticipate significant difficulties in implementing the guidelines due to the obstacles mentioned above.Robots or people remove the organisms attached to the hull underwater,and the resulting wastewater includes various species of organisms and particles of paint and other pollutants.Currently,there is no technology available to sterilize the organisms in the wastewater or stabilize the heavy metals in the paint particles.In this study,we aim to analyse the characteristics of the wastewater generated from the removal of hull-attached organisms and select the optimal treatment technology.The organisms in the wastewater generated from the removal of the attached organisms meet the biological treatment standard(D-2)using the sterilization technology applied in the ships’ballast water treatment system.The heavy metals and other pollutants in the paint particles generated during removal are treated using stabilization technologies such as thermal decomposition.The wastewater generated is treated using a two-step process:(1)development of sterilization technology through pretreatment filtration equipment and electrolytic sterilization treatment and(2)development of technology for removing particle pollutants such as heavy metals and dissolved inorganic substances.Through this study,we will develop a biological removal technology and an environmentally friendly processing system for the waste generated after removal that meets the requirements of the government and the shipping industry and lay the groundwork for future treatment standards.展开更多
To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines forapproval of ballast water management system(G8),a setof onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizingmicro-pore ceramic filtration(MPCF)and UV radiation(MPCF&UV)s...To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines forapproval of ballast water management system(G8),a setof onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizingmicro-pore ceramic filtration(MPCF)and UV radiation(MPCF&UV)system was designed and set up with amaximum flow rate of 80 m^(3)·h^(-1).Technical feasibilities ofMPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas:removalefficiencies of indicator organism and oceanic bacteria,perdurability of a ceramic filter,and application on nativeseawater.The results showed that no indicator organism(Dunaliella)or oceanic bacteria was detected aftertreatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10^(4)μW·s·cm^(-2).A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuouslyfor 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m3·h-1 before itspressure drop up to 0.195 MPa.The removal percentage oftotal plankton amounts were 91.9%at a flow rate of70 m^(3)·h^(-1)by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10^(4)μW·s·cm^(-2).展开更多
文摘According to classical economic theory,external cost is the indirect,and uncompensated,social or environmental cost caused to an uninvolved third party that arises as an effect of another party’s activity.In light of this,the environmental cost caused by ballast water is considered as a negative externality.This paper aims to contribute by proposing that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined through questionnaires,and that the imposition of a Pigouvian retributive tax is required to compensate for the environmental damage caused.The paper proceeds as follows.Firstly,ballast water management is discussed.Second,the environmental cost is discussed and it is asserted that it is important to have clear regulations and to update them frequently to prevent or minimize ballast water’s negative impact on the environment.Finally,it is suggested that the environmental cost caused by ballast water can be determined by questionnaires and,more specifically,by the WTP(Willingness to Pay)method,and that a special Pigouvian corrective taxation which can internalize this cost should be imposed.
基金supported by IITP(Institute of Information&Communications Technology Planning&Evaluation)grant funded by the Korea government(MSIT)(RS-2023-0022378,Development of industry-level technology bridging ICT for coal2biomethane)and KIMST(Korea Institute of Marine Science&Technology Promotion)funded by the Ministry of Oceans and Fisheries,Korea(No.20210500,Development of treatment technology of marine bio-fouling on ship hull).
文摘The IMO(International Maritime Organization)recognized the problem of invasive species invasion and adopted the“International Convention for the Control and Management of Ships’Ballast Water and Sediments”in 2004,which came into force on September 8,2017.In 2011,the IMO approved the“Guidelines for the Control and Management of Ships’Biofouling to Minimize the Transfer of Invasive Aquatic Species”to minimize the movement of invasive species by hull-attached organisms and required ships to manage the organisms attached to their hulls.Invasive species enter new environments through ships’ballast water and hull attachment.However,several obstacles to implementing these guidelines have been identified,including a lack of underwater cleaning equipment,regulations on underwater cleaning activities in ports,and difficulty in accessing crevices in underwater areas.The shipping industry,which is the party responsible for understanding these guidelines,wants to implement them for fuel cost savings resulting from the removal of organisms attached to the hull,but they anticipate significant difficulties in implementing the guidelines due to the obstacles mentioned above.Robots or people remove the organisms attached to the hull underwater,and the resulting wastewater includes various species of organisms and particles of paint and other pollutants.Currently,there is no technology available to sterilize the organisms in the wastewater or stabilize the heavy metals in the paint particles.In this study,we aim to analyse the characteristics of the wastewater generated from the removal of hull-attached organisms and select the optimal treatment technology.The organisms in the wastewater generated from the removal of the attached organisms meet the biological treatment standard(D-2)using the sterilization technology applied in the ships’ballast water treatment system.The heavy metals and other pollutants in the paint particles generated during removal are treated using stabilization technologies such as thermal decomposition.The wastewater generated is treated using a two-step process:(1)development of sterilization technology through pretreatment filtration equipment and electrolytic sterilization treatment and(2)development of technology for removing particle pollutants such as heavy metals and dissolved inorganic substances.Through this study,we will develop a biological removal technology and an environmentally friendly processing system for the waste generated after removal that meets the requirements of the government and the shipping industry and lay the groundwork for future treatment standards.
基金This research was supported by the National Key Project of Scientific and Technical Supporting Programs of China(No.2006BAC11B05-3)the Scientific and Technical Research Plan of Dalian(No.2005E21SF150)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities(No.2011QN054).
文摘To fulfill the requirements of Guidelines forapproval of ballast water management system(G8),a setof onshore ballast water treatment equipment utilizingmicro-pore ceramic filtration(MPCF)and UV radiation(MPCF&UV)system was designed and set up with amaximum flow rate of 80 m^(3)·h^(-1).Technical feasibilities ofMPCF&UV system were evaluated in three areas:removalefficiencies of indicator organism and oceanic bacteria,perdurability of a ceramic filter,and application on nativeseawater.The results showed that no indicator organism(Dunaliella)or oceanic bacteria was detected aftertreatment of 20 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10^(4)μW·s·cm^(-2).A 20 L ceramic filter can run continuouslyfor 5.3 h at the flow rate of 15 m3·h-1 before itspressure drop up to 0.195 MPa.The removal percentage oftotal plankton amounts were 91.9%at a flow rate of70 m^(3)·h^(-1)by 80 L MPCF and UV radiation at 1.3×10^(4)μW·s·cm^(-2).
