Estimation of bamboo forest carbon reserves and analysis of temporal and spatial variation characteristics in China

The study looks at the carbon reserves of bamboo forests in China from 2004 to 2018.The temporal and spatial variation characteristics of the carbon reserves of bamboo forests in China were analyzed.It enriches the research field of bamboo forest carbon reserve change at the national level.The bamboo forest carbon reserves of 20 provinces in China were estimated by using the calculation method of bamboo forest biomass and bamboo forest soil organic matter carbon reserves,and the temporal and spatial variation characteristics of bamboo forest carbon reserves in China were analyzed by GIS spatial analysis method.The results are as follows:(1)the carbon reserves of bamboo forests in China during 2004-2008,2009-2013 and 2014-2018 were 707.08 Tg C,802.83 Tg C and 845.05 Tg C respectively,with an average annual growth rate of 1.95%.Fujian,Jiangxi,Zhejiang,Hunan,Sichuan and Guangdong account for 78.01%-78.80% of the total bamboo forest carbon storage in China.(2)From 2004 to 2008,the carbon reserves of bamboo biomass in China were 380.63 Tg C-454.92 Tg C,accounting for 52.64%-52.91% of the total carbon reserves;The carbon storage of soil organic matter is 342.39 Tg C-406.33 Tg C,accounting for 47.01%-47.36% of the total carbon storage.(3)The spatial distribution of bamboo forest carbon reserves in China shows a high-high,low-low correlation trend.The relevant provinces are Zhejiang,Fujian,Guangdong and Jiangxi,which are concentrated in the southern provinces of China.The low-low related provinces are Inner Mongolia,Hebei and Liaoning,which are concentrated in the northern provinces of China.In the future,China’s bamboo forest carbon reserves will increase steadily.Bamboo forest carbon reserves are concentrated in southern provinces.China should further improve the level of spatial agglomeration and give full play to the role of bamboo forest carbon sink.

Diurnal and seasonal variations in carbon fluxes in bamboo forests during the growing season in Zhejiang province, China

Bamboo forest is an important forest type in subtropical China and is characterized by fast growth and high carbon sequestration capacity. However, the dynamics of carbon fluxes during the fast growing period of bamboo shoots and their correlation with environment factors are poorly understood. We measured carbon dioxide exchange and climate variables using open-path eddy covariance methods during the 2011 growing season in a Moso bamboo forest(MB, Phyllostchys edulis) and a Lei bamboo forest(LB, Phyllostachys violascens) in Zhejiang province,China. The bamboo forests were carbon sinks during the growing season. The minimum diurnal net ecosystem exchange(NEE) at MB and LB sites were-0.64 and-0.66 mg C m^(-2) s^(-1), respectively. The minimum monthly NEE, ecosystem respiration(RE), and gross ecosystem exchange(GEE) were-99.3 ± 4.03, 76.2 ±2.46, and^(-1)91.5 ± 4.98 g C m^(-2) month^(-1), respectively,at MB site, compared with-31.8 ± 3.44, 70.4 ± 1.41,and^(-1)57.9 ± 4.86 g C m^(-2) month^(-1), respectively, at LB site. Maximum RE was 92.1 ± 1.32 g C m^(-2) month^(-1) at MB site and 151.0 ± 2.38 g C m^(-2) month^(-1) at LB site.Key control factors varied by month during the growing season, but across the whole growing season, NEE and GEE at both sites showed similar trends in sensitivities to photosynthetic active radiation and vapor pressure deficit,and air temperature had the strongest correlation with RE at both sites. Carbon fluxes at LB site were more sensitive to soil water content compared to those at MB site. Both onyear(years when many new shoots are produced) and offyear(years when none or few new shoots are produced)should be studied in bamboo forests to better understand their role in global carbon cycling.

竹笋采挖下克隆整合对毛竹林发笋成竹规律的影响

【目的】为研发毛竹林高产高效生态经营技术提供一定参考。【方法】调查浙西南地区采挖毛竹林竹笋后的笋-幼竹生长过程,通过存活曲线分析毛竹林挖笋后的发笋成竹规律,探讨挖笋对竹笋中单宁、粗脂肪、粗蛋白等品质指标的影响。【结果】竹笋采挖提高了毛竹林地的发笋能力,挖笋样地的发笋数比未挖笋样地增加了12.8%(P<0.05),而挖笋后选留竹笋的存活率也显著高于未挖笋样地;与未挖笋样地相比,挖笋样地内毛竹新分株的平均胸径并未发生显著改变(P>0.05),挖笋不会降低新分株胸径而使林分衰退;竹笋间的非对称性竞争有利于竹笋地径的径级为Ⅰ-Ⅲ级竹笋的生长与存活,随着地径的提高竹笋死亡率显著降低,而径级Ⅳ级以上竹笋则有着较高的死亡率。盛笋早期以后,径级相对较小(Ⅳ级以上)的竹笋开始大量萌发,这类竹笋若不及时采挖,大部分会出现退笋,造成资源浪费;挖笋和未挖笋样地竹笋的含水率、蛋白质和粗脂肪含量在各笋期均未见显著差异(P>0.05),尽管挖笋样地竹笋的单宁含量在末笋期显著高于未挖笋样地,但两种样地其他笋期单宁含量均未见显著差异。【结论】毛竹林竹笋的采挖,可缓解竹笋间的非对称性的资源竞争,有效避免大量退笋导致的毛竹母株营养消耗,实现母株资源的克隆整合,增加竹笋产量。因此,合理的竹笋采挖有利于毛竹笋用林的高效生产及可持续性经营。

毛竹扩张对幕阜山区森林土壤碳氮磷含量及生态化学计量特征的影响

以幕阜山区同一片毛竹林向两侧杉木林和阔叶林扩张形成的连续生态界面为研究对象,分析不同林型土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)、全磷(TP)、硝态氮(NO_(3)^(−)−N)、铵态氮(NH_(4)^(+)−N)含量及其生态化学计量比,探讨毛竹不同扩张模式对森林土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)的影响。结果表明:在2种扩张模式下,随土壤层次的增加,除NO_(3)^(−)−N呈不规律变化外,SOC、TN、TP、NH_(4)^(+)−N含量均呈逐渐降低趋势。在毛竹向杉木林扩张过程中,杉木林、竹杉混交林、毛竹林同一土层SOC、TN、TP含量均无显著差异;在毛竹向阔叶林扩张过程中,毛竹林0~10 cm土层SOC和TN含量较阔叶林和竹阔混交林分别降低了27.71%、30.45%和36.67%、31.11%,而在10~20 cm和20~30 cm土层则无显著差异;毛竹扩张对杉木林和阔叶林各土层TP含量无显著影响;毛竹向杉木林扩张增加了0~10 cm和20~30 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)−N含量,毛竹向阔叶林扩张增加了10~20 cm土层NH_(4)^(+)−N含量及20~30 cm土层NO_(3)^(−)−N含量;毛竹向杉木林扩张对土壤C/N、C/P、N/P无显著影响,毛竹向阔叶林扩张导致0~10 cm土层N/P明显降低、10~20 cm土层C/N显著增加。综上,毛竹向杉木林扩张对土壤SOC、TN、TP影响不显著,但提升了表层和深层土壤NH_(4)^(+)−N含量,毛竹向阔叶林扩张造成表层土壤SOC、TN含量显著降低,并导致中层土壤NH_(4)^(+)−N含量和深层土壤NO_(3)^(−)−N含量明显增加。

集体林权制度下的安吉竹林经营认证模式探索与实践

分析了安吉县林业生产与社会经济条件、竹林认证历程和认证模式,阐述了集体林权制度下安吉县毛竹股份合作社的组织形式、经营管理与“协会+合作社”模式开展竹林经营认证的运行机制,总结了“协会+合作社”模式开展竹林经营认证对提高竹林经济效益、促进竹林生态效益、加快农村城镇建设进程中的作用。提出在当前我国南方集体林权制度下引入新型竹林经营主体、推进竹林专业化经营、健全竹林经营管理体系,对开展竹林经营认证有积极作用。安吉县以“协会+合作社”开展竹林经营认证,对促进我国南方集体林权制度下的林业可持续发展具有示范作用。

立竹密度对不同发笋期毛竹叶片功能性状的影响

【目的】探究长周期母竹留养模式下毛竹叶片功能性状对立竹密度的响应及在不同发笋期的变化,并筛选出适宜的经营密度。【方法】以漳平市长周期母竹留养经营模式下笋用毛竹林为研究对象,设置(1350±100)、(1950±100)、(2550±100)、(3150±100)株·hm^(-2)4个不同立竹密度处理组,选用传统经营模式下生产效益较优的笋用毛竹林作为对照组,分析立竹密度对不同发笋期毛竹叶片功能性状的影响。【结果】毛竹林的叶面积指数、叶平均倾角、全氮含量、全磷含量、全钾含量和叶绿素含量均在立竹密度为(2550±100)株·hm^(-2)时达到最高,且不同处理组间差异显著(P<0.05);各处理组的叶面积指数、叶平均倾角及全氮含量均在发笋前期达到最高,冠层开度和叶绿素含量在发笋盛期达到最高,全磷和全钾含量则在发笋后期达到最高;毛竹叶片各功能性状间存在显著相关性。【结论】在长周期母竹留养经营模式下,当立竹密度为(2550±100)株·hm^(-2)时,毛竹林的冠层结构得到显著改善,叶片的空间分布更加合理,且叶片养分及叶绿素含量显著提高。

生物炭对毛竹林土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响

为探究不同生物炭施用量对毛竹林土壤有机碳组分及碳库管理指数的影响,本研究以广西桂林漓江上游毛竹林土壤为研究对象,以毛竹废弃物高温热解制备的生物炭为供试材料,通过一年野外施用试验,探究不同生物炭施用量下(0(CK)、10 t·hm^(-2)(BC1)、20 t·hm^(-2)(BC2)、40 t·hm^(-2)(BC4))毛竹林土壤有机碳活性组分和土壤碳库管理指数变化特征,分析环境因素对其影响。结果表明:与对照(CK)相比,高添加量生物炭(BC4)后土壤pH值、速效磷、速效钾、铵态氮、可溶性有机氮、微生物量氮等含量显著提高,但土壤全磷含量显著降低(P<0.05)。生物炭对总有机碳、易氧化有机碳、颗粒有机碳及碳库管理指数等有显著的促进作用,均在生物炭施用量为40 t·hm^(-2)时达到最大值。相关分析表明,土壤碳库管理指数与pH、NH_(4)^(+)-N、EOC、POC均呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01)。路径分析模型表明在生物炭添加下,土壤性质和可利用性养分直接影响活性碳组分,进而影响土壤碳库管理指数。综上所述,毛竹林中施用生物炭是提高土壤质量、促进土壤碳固存及合理利用竹林废弃物的有效手段,其中生物炭添加量为40 t·hm^(-2)的处理效果最优。

浙江安吉竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目经济效益评价

随着乡村青壮年人口流出和人口老龄化加剧,林区基础设施建设落后,竹林经营效益不断下降,大量竹林逐渐被荒弃,竹产业产值下降。为此,近年来浙江省安吉县实施了"竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目",旨在通过对竹林资源集约化经营,全面提升安吉县竹产业经济效益以及竹林增汇能力,在保护好绿水青山的同时,实现村民共同富裕。文章从投资估算、经营收入、还款能力3个方面分析评价了"竹产业改造升级碳汇能力提升项目"的经济效益,结果认为该项目是可行的。项目的实施可为其他类似地区升级竹产业、带动乡村振兴提供借鉴和参考。

毛竹林林下种植中药材对土壤有效态中、微量营养元素的影响

【目的】探究毛竹林林下种植中药材对土壤有效态中、微量营养元素的影响,为毛竹林林下种植土壤养分资源管理及我国南方竹产区林药复合经营模式的推广提供科学参考。【方法】以广西桂林漓江源区毛竹人工林林下种植的3种中药材样地为研究对象,采用完全随机区组设计,设4个处理,即未种植中药材的毛竹林对照、林下种植黄花倒水莲(Polygala fallax)、林下种植多花黄精(Polygonatum cyrtonema)、林下种植草珊瑚(Sarcandra glabra),在种植后的第2年测定土壤基本理化性质和中、微量营养元素有效态含量,分析其相关性,明确毛竹林林下种植不同中药材土壤中、微量营养元素的变化及其主要影响因素。【结果】毛竹林林下种植中药材降低了土壤容重、总碳和有效磷含量,增加了可溶性有机碳和微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量,种植多花黄精对上述指标的影响相对较大,除微生物生物量氮外均与对照差异显著(P<0.05,下同);林下种植多花黄精和草珊瑚显著降低了土壤交换性钙和交换性镁含量,而种植黄花倒水莲和草珊瑚显著增加了土壤有效硫含量;林下种植中药材显著增加了土壤有效锌含量,显著降低了土壤有效钼含量,种植多花黄精和草珊瑚也显著增加了土壤有效锰含量,而种植3种中药材对土壤有效铁和有效铜含量无显著影响(P>0.05,下同),种植多花黄精和草珊瑚对土壤微量营养元素有效态含量的影响大于种植黄花倒水莲。相关分析结果表明,土壤中量营养元素钙、镁、硫有效态含量主要受土壤容重、有效磷及微生物生物量碳和磷影响,而微量营养元素铁、锰、铜、锌、钼有效态含量除受以上因素影响外,还与土壤pH及中量营养元素钙和镁有效态含量有关。【结论】土壤中、微量营养元素有效态含量对毛竹林林下种植不同中药材的响应存在较大差异,林下种植多花黄精对土壤养分的影响最大,种植黄花倒水莲和草珊瑚次之。在毛竹林林下种植中药材实践中需适当补充中、微量营养元素,尤其是钙镁肥的供应,且需根据种植中药材的种类采取不同施肥策略。

Human Disturbance Reduces Plant Species Diversity and Stability of Phyllostachys pubescens Forests

Plant species diversity is an important index reflecting the functional complexity and stability of ecosystems.Human activity can completely alter plant species diversity and cause serious degradation of ecosystems but its impact on bamboo forest still lacks of systematic evaluation.In this study,we performed a field investigation to reveal the influences of human disturbances on the plant diversity and stability of Moso bamboo forests at Southern China.The selected bamboo fields contained different intensities of human activities that could be classified as slight,moderate and severe disturbance level.Species richness index S,Shannon-Wienner index H,Simpson index D,Pielou index Jsw,community similarity index IS and community stability index were employed to quantitatively evaluate the plant species diversity and stability.The survey revealed that there were 203 species belonging to 83 families and 108 genera in Moso bamboo forests.The number of plant species in the Moso bamboo forests decreased with the increasing of disturbance intensity.The species diversity indexes generally followed the order of slight>moderate>severe disturbance,as well as the richness index S,Shannon-Wienner index H and Pielou index Jsw.The similarity and species stability of the bamboo forest communities also decreased with the increase of the disturbance intensity.Under the severe disturbance,plant species replacement occurred strongly.The obtained results provide some a guideline for the sustainable management of bamboo forest.

浙江省竹林碳汇测算研究

采用生物量法测算浙江省竹林固碳量,运用能源活动二氧化碳排放测算法估算浙江省碳排放量,将二者进行对比分析竹林碳汇贡献。结果表明:1973—2021年浙江竹林固碳量从1820.64万t增长到3570.88万t,净增长量为1750.24万t,增长率高达96.13%,总体呈现增加的趋势,其中毛竹林为主要固碳林种;浙江省碳排放量呈现出稳定增长的趋势,增长率在2004—2021年有所下降;竹林固碳量与碳排放量呈现趋同的增长趋势,但竹林固碳量对于整体的碳排放量而言占比较小,固碳贡献小。为有效助力浙江省碳达峰、碳中和目标进程,提出应注重稳定竹林碳汇增量、切实巩固竹林碳汇发展,规范引导碳汇经营方案、合理提高竹林碳汇潜力,有效结合企业碳汇主体、科学管控企业排放数量,以此有效发挥竹林碳汇价值。

施肥时期对毛竹林出笋成竹及新竹生长的影响

为探究施肥时期对毛竹林出笋成竹及新竹生长的影响,2019—2022年在福建省永安市进行了不同施肥时期试验,设置3种施肥时期处理:5月份施肥1次+挖冬笋前1个月施肥1次(处理A),5月份施肥1次+边挖冬笋边施肥1次(处理B),5月份施肥1次+挖冬笋后1个月施肥1次(处理C),以不施肥作为对照(CK),分析比较不同施肥时期对毛竹林春笋出笋量、成竹量及新竹生长量的影响。结果表明,以处理B对毛竹林出笋成竹及新竹生长的促进作用最好,平均春笋出笋量达939个/hm^(2),平均成竹量达883株/hm^(2),新竹平均胸径达10.9 cm,平均竹高达12.3 m,分别较对照提高28.10%、32.38%、14.74%、14.95%。研究结果可为笋竹两用毛竹林施肥时期选择提供技术参考。

基于IPCC一阶衰减法和Prophet模型的中国竹制品碳储量评估及潜力预测

【目的】竹子生长速度快,收获周期短,所以竹制品具有一定的固碳优势,但鲜有相关其固碳能力的研究,因此亟须评估竹制品碳储量以探究其未来的固碳潜力。【方法】根据历年(1961—2018年)竹材产量,应用IPCC一阶衰减法和生命周期分析(LCA)法,计算相应的碳储量,进一步将竹制品碳储量分为在用与废弃2个环节,并结合应用Prophet时间序列模型预测今后至2060年的竹材产量,以评估竹材制品在双碳目标进程中的贡献。同时,计算比较我国竹材产量前5省份在1992—2018年间的累计竹制品碳储量。【结果】我国竹制品是一个碳储量不断增加的重要碳库。1)我国在用竹制品当年碳储量自1961年的1.45 Tg CO_(2)-eq增长到2018年的53.91 Tg CO_(2)-eq,1961—2018年间在用竹制品碳储量累计为479.23 Tg CO_(2)-eq;2018年我国废弃竹制品当年碳储量为14.41 Tg CO_(2)-eq,1961—2018年间累计为188.47 Tg CO_(2)-eq。二者相加得到我国竹制品碳储量在2018年为68.32 Tg CO_(2)-eq,1961—2018年碳储量累计为667.70 Tg CO_(2)-eq。2)根据Prophet模型预测,2030年我国竹制品当年碳储量为82.75 Tg CO_(2)-eq,2060年为133.27 Tg CO_(2)-eq,我国竹制品碳储量累计值在1961—2030年为1546.48 Tg CO_(2)-eq,至2060年累计为5434.98 Tg CO_(2)-eq。3)1992—2018年竹材累计产量前5的省份是福建、广西、浙江、云南、广东,将其竹材累计产量转化为竹制品累计碳储量分别为162.28、108.20、70.51、66.18、52.31 Tg CO_(2)-eq。【结论】竹材制品具有较强的固碳能力与巨大的固碳潜力,我国竹制品在木质林产品固碳中占有重要地位。本研究结果为推动竹林相关碳汇纳入国际认可的林业碳汇核算体系奠定了重要基础,利于发挥我国竹资源优势,加强竹林生态系统保护与利用。

毛竹林与珍贵楠木混交造林试验研究

研究通过毛竹林与浙江楠、刨花楠混交造林试验,提出毛竹与楠木混交造林的营建方法和途径。结果表明:珍贵楠木在竹林中套种,刨花楠的成活率在93.3%以上,浙江楠的成活率在86.7%以上,说明毛竹林地进行楠木混交造林具有可行性,能够改善林分结构。做到以短养长,以林养林,增加收入。

乔木林不同郁闭度对种植1年内绒毛方竹生长情况的影响

[目的]探索乔木林郁闭度对方竹生长的影响,达到拓展人工种植方竹的空间及提高林地生产率的目的。[方法]在水富铜锣坝竹产业专业合作社开展了林下种植绒毛方竹试验,设计上层乔木不同郁闭度5个小区,分别采用不覆盖地膜和覆盖地膜2种处理。对种植1年后的绒毛方竹,采取随机抽样方法,抽取10丛,分别调查其竹子地径、竹子高度、竹丛株数、发笋株数、竹笋地径。[结果]不覆盖地膜时竹子平均地径2.27 mm/丛,平均高度0.28 m/丛,平均株数5.14株/丛,平均发笋株数3.52株/丛,竹笋平均地径3.92 mm/丛;覆盖地膜时竹子平均地径2.77 mm/丛,平均高度0.33 m/丛,平均株数3.98株,平均发笋株数2.88株/丛,竹笋平均地径4.52 mm/丛。[结论]通过F检验等分析,上层乔木林的郁闭度对种植1年内的绒毛方竹的径生长、高生长、成竹株数、发笋数量、竹笋地径具有显著影响,但通过覆盖地膜,可以减小上层乔木郁闭度对绒毛方竹生长的影响,尤其能够减小上层乔木高郁闭度对其生长的影响。

Changes in Soil Carbon Pools Induced by Substitution of Plantation for Native Forest

Changes in soil carbon pools under Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata) and bamboo (Phyllostachyspubescens) plantations substituted for a native forest ( Quereus acutissima, Cyclobalanopsis glauca, Cas-tanopsis sclerophylla, Platycarya strobilacea, Lithocarpus glaber) were studied on the hills with acid parentrock and soils classified as red soils (Ferrisols) in Huzhou, Zhejiang Province of east China. It was foundthat total soil organic carbon (TSOC), easily oxidisable carbon (EOC) and water-soluble organic carbon(WSOC) under bamboo plantation were increased, but microbial biomass carbon (MBC) was decreased. Onthe contrary, Chinese fir induced declines of all fractions of C including TSOC, EOC, WSOC and MBC.The percentages of the active fractions of soil C (EOC and WSOC) were increased in the plantations ascompared to the native broad-leaved forest, but proportions of soil organic C as MBC were decreased. Itcould be concluded that bamboo plantation had a great ability of not only fixing C but also accelerating soilC pool cycle, improving nutrient and microorganism activity; therefore, it is a good ecosystem and could berecommended for wide development. Chinese fir would shrink the soil C pool and deteriorate soil biologicalfertility, so it did not benefit CO2 fixing and land sustainable utilization.

Assessing stand structure in successional stages of dark coniferous forests in western Sichuan, China

Subalpine dark coniferous forests in the western Sichuan Province of China play an important role in the hydrological processes in the upper reaches of the Yangtze River. Second-growth forests, with different stand successional stages, have developed as a result of logging over the past 50 years. Forest cover and stand structure changed greatly with concomitant degradation of forest ecosystem functions. To understand how the stand structures of the second-growth forests change during the stand succession process, we analyzed stand structure characteristics and an old-growth state index of the bamboo and moss-forest types. We found that stand structure at the young successional stage featured one-third of the structure characteristics of the old-growth dark coniferous forests,while the structure of the medium-aged stage had reached half the structure of the old-growth state. The two forest types were similar in the rate of development at the young successional stage but differed at the medium-aged stage;the moss-forest type had more advanced development than the bamboo-forest type at the medium-aged successional stage.

不同固态微生物肥料配方对雷竹林生长的影响

在江西红壤区开展不同配方固态微生物肥对雷竹林分生长的影响研究。结果表明:硅元素对雷竹林生长有抑制作用;微生物能较好地促进雷竹林生长;镁素对雷竹林生长影响差异较大,以50.00 g/667 m^(2)对促进生长效果最好;氮、磷、钾元素对雷竹林生长的影响程度不同,但对母竹发笋数和成竹率的影响均不显著,钾元素对新竹平均胸径的影响达极显著水平;镁素对新竹平均高度的影响达显著水平;硼元素对新竹高生长有一定抑制作用,对其他生长指标均有不同程度的促进作用。综合雷竹生产对产量的要求,以提高单株母竹发笋数为优先指标、提高新竹胸径为参考指标,选择的固态微生物土壤肥料配方为:微生物(50.00 g/667 m^(2))、氮素(8.00 kg/667 m^(2))、磷素(2.25 kg/667 m^(2)或3.00 kg/667 m^(2))、钾素(1.50 kg/667 m^(2)或2.00 kg/667 m^(2))、硼素(10.00 g/667 m^(2)或15.00 g/667 m^(2))、镁素(50.00 g/667 m^(2))。