Impacts of dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder on growth performance,intestinal morphology,and gut microflora of large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus

Although accumulating data demonstrate that dietary supplementation of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)can significantly strengthen the immunity and boost the growth of domestic animals,its application potency still awaits verification in commercial fish species such as the large-scale loach Paramisgurnus dabryanus.The impacts of 90-day dietary supplementation of 1%and 2%BVC on survival and growth performance of the loach,and on the intestinal morphological characteristics and gut microflora were analyzed.Our data show that the large-scale loach supplied with BVC at the experimental doses had significant higher survival rates and better growth performance(indicated by greater weight gain(1.13–1.14 times),higher specific growth rate(1.04 times),and lower feed conversion ratio(0.88–0.89 times))compared to that of the control(P<0.05).Histological examination revealed significant longer villus(3.22–5.54 times),deeper crypt(1.77–1.87 times),and thicker muscle(1.59–3.17 times)in the intestines of large-scale loach fed with BVC(P<0.05).Furthermore,we found that the gut microflora consisted of significantly fewer proportions of potential pathogenic bacterial species(Aeromonas veronii and Escherichia coli),but significantly greater proportions of beneficial microbes(Lactococus raffinolactis and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii).Therefore,dietary intake of BVC can promote intestinal tract development and optimize gut microflora,by which the survival and growth of large-scale loach may be improved.

Preliminary study of application effect of bamboo vinegar on vegetable growth

Tiffs paper reports the effects of moso bamboo （Phyllostachys pubescense） vinegar, with different diluents, on the growth of lettuce, cole and cucumber based on field tests. The results show that moso bamboo vinegar with 500-800 times dilution had good effect on the growth of tested vegetables. The harvest of vegetables increased from 18.8%-20.2% compared with a control. The height and the weight of the average single vegetable tested also increased. The main components of moso bamboo vinegar were analyzed by GC-MS and the positive effect on the growth was, in the first instance, attributed to a synergistic effect of trace amounts of the main components of bamboo vinegar.

Effect of Preparations of Bamboo Vinegar and Copper Sulfate on Green Algae and Tobacco Seedling Growth

To provide theoretical and technical basis for the application of preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate in the prevention of green algae in floating system for tobacco seeding,the soaking and spraying methods were employed to study the effect of different concentrations of preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate on green algae and tobacco seedling growth. The results showed that the preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate of different concentrations played a strong role in inhibiting green algae growth and had better effect than copper sulfate. Spraying 1∶ 200 preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate could significantly promote tobacco seedling growth,and the leaf fresh weight increased by 15. 80% compared with CK,with significant difference; spraying 1∶ 50 preparations was not conducive to tobacco seedling growth. It was recommended to spray 1∶ 200 preparations of bamboo vinegar and copper sulfate in floating system for tobacco seeding,which could promote tobacco seedling growth and reduce green algae to varying degrees.

Dietary intake of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)enhances resistance of African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus to bacterial pathogen

Although the immunomodulatory activity of bamboo vinegar and charcoal powder(BVC)has been increasingly documented in domestic animals,the use of BVC as immunostimulant in fi sh aquaculture awaits verifi cation.In the present study,the immunostimulatory impacts of dietary BVC intake were investigated in an important aquaculture fi sh species,the African catfi sh Clarias gariepinus.Results show that the pathogen resistance of African catfi sh was signifi cantly improved by dietary BVC intake at the tested levels(0.5%-2%),as indicated by higher survival rates(approximately 1.52-1.85 times that without BVC supplementation)upon intraperitoneally injection of bacterial pathogen Aeromonas hydrophila.In addition,both the count and phagocytic activity of blood cells were signifi cantly up-regulated by a 45-day dietary supplementation of BVC.Moreover,compared to that of the control,fi sh individuals fed BVC containing diets exhibited signifi cant higher activities of superoxide dismutase(SOD),myeloperoxidase(MPO),and lysozyme(LYZ).The content of immunoglobulin M(IgM)in serum of African catfi sh was also induced by dietary BVC supplementation.Furthermore,the expression levels of interleukin-8(IL-8),toll-like receptor 1 and 5(TLR1 and TLR5),myeloid diff erentiation factor 88(MyD88),and nuclear factor kappa B(NFκB)in the head kidney were signifi cantly up-regulated.Our fi ndings indicate BVC could be an eff ective immunostimulant in teleost species,which may enhance fi sh immunity through improving hematic parameters,activating bioactive humoral molecules,and up-regulating immune related molecular pathways.

Application Research of Bamboo Vinegar in Daily Chemicals

This paper combines the application direction of bamboo vinegar in daily chemicals, focusing on the performance of bamboo vinegar raw materials from different sources in antibacterial, deodorization, antimycotic, etc. The results show that bamboo vinegar have a good antibacterial effect to the common Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli, and also have obvious deodorant effect and a certain inhibitory effect on mold. However, under the certain low concentration, bamboo vinegar will play a role in promoting mold growth.

Effects of bamboo vinegar powder on growth performance and mRNA expression levels of interleukin-10,interleukin-22,and interleukin-25 in immune organs of weaned piglets

The aim of this study was to explore the effects of bamboo vinegar powder on growth performance,diarrhea situation and mRNA expression levels of cytokines i.e., interleukin-10(IL-10), interleukin-22(IL-22), and interleukin-25(IL-25) in immune organs of weaned piglets, and to accumulate theoretical data for the application of bamboo vinegar powder in weaned piglet production. Forty-five crossbred(Duroc × Landrace × Yorkshire, all male) weaned piglets with similar body weight(6.74 ± 0.17 kg) at 31 days of age were randomly assigned to 5 treatments with 3 replicates per treatment and 3 piglets in each replicate. The five treatments were as follows: CON(a basal diet), ANT(the basal diet + 0.12% antibiotics),BV1(the basal diet + 0.1% bamboo vinegar powder), BV5(the basal diet + 0.5% bamboo vinegar powder),BV10(the basal diet + 1.0% bamboo vinegar powder). This experiment lasted 35 days. The growth performance and diarrhea situation were recorded. The relative mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-22 and IL-25 in liver, spleen, duodenum and mesenteric lymph nodes were detected by real-time PCR. Feed:gain of BV5 was significantly lower than that of CON(P < 0.05). In comparison with CON, diarrhea rate and diarrhea index of BV1 and BV5 all tended to decrease(P < 0.1). Compared with CON, mRNA expression level of IL-10 in liver of ANT tended to be lower(P < 0.1) and these of BV1, BV5 and BV10 were significantly reduced(P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-10 in duodenum of ANT, BV1, BV5 and BV10 were all lower than those of CON, of which BV10 had significantly decreased IL-10 mRNA expression in duodenum(P < 0.05). The mRNA expression levels of IL-22 in duodenum of ANT, BV1, BV5 and BV10 all tended to be inhibited compared with CON(P < 0.1). With the increase of bamboo vinegar powder dosage, mRNA expression levels of IL-25 in spleen and mesenteric lymph nodes of BV1, BV5 and BV10 tended to be up-regulated. Overall, bamboo vinegar powder could improve growth performance,and regulate mRNA expression levels of IL-10, IL-22 and IL-25 in immune organs of weaned piglets. The dosage at 0.5% showed optimum effects.

Effects of Organic Calcium Made by Bamboo Vinegar on Growth of Cymbidium ensifolium and Soil Property

The bamboo vinegar was used to produce organic calcium,and different concentrations of NaCl,CaCb and organic calcium solutions as deicer were sprayed evenly on the potted Cymbidium ensifoiium and collected soil, and the growth of C.ensifoiium was observed everyday,and the physical and chemical properties of soil were analyzed.The results indicate that all the 3 types of salt solutions had certain influence on C.ensifolium,while the organic calcium had less effect on C.ensifolium than NaCl and CaCl2,and both of NaCl and CaCl2 had little effect on the pH of soil while organic calcium increased greatly the pH of soil,and the organic matter and cationic exchange capacity of soil reduced,and the content of total N, P in soil also reduced while the apparent content of total K in soil increased.By above comparison,the effect of organic calcium made by bamboo vinegar on C.ensifolium and soil was less than that of NaCl and CaCl2,in addition smaller the concentration of salt solution was,less the effect of salt solution on C.ensifoliumand soil was.

桃胶和竹醋涂膜对猕猴桃果实采后软化机理研究

为探究桃胶和竹醋涂膜处理对猕猴桃采后果实软化的作用机理。以‘翠玉’猕猴桃为试材,采用2%桃胶、0.5%竹醋及桃胶+竹醋复合涂膜处理浸泡3 min,置于(5±1)℃、湿度为90%~95%的冷库中贮藏,研究果实硬度、细胞壁组分、软化相关酶活性及其基因表达量的变化规律。结果表明,复合涂膜处理显著抑制多聚半乳糖醛酸酶(PG)、β-半乳糖苷酶(β-Gal)、纤维素酶(Cx)和果胶酯酶(PE)的活性,降低PG、β-Gal、Cx和PE基因的表达,有效抑制细胞壁骨架物质、原果胶和纤维素的降解,延缓可溶性总糖和可溶性蛋白含量的上升,从而维持果实的硬度,延迟果实后熟软化。综上,桃胶和竹醋复合涂膜保鲜效果优于单一处理,是延缓猕猴桃果实细胞壁代谢和保持果实品质的有效措施。

竹醋液对鸡场消毒和除臭的试验研究

为了解竹醋液对鸡场消毒、除臭效果,本研究选择3栋蛋鸡舍,分别开展了竹醋液不同喷淋浓度、喷淋强度和喷淋时间对鸡舍空气沉降菌杀灭和氨气、硫化氢臭气降解效果研究。结果显示,竹醋液原液稀释150倍,喷淋强度按150 mL/(m 2/min),每日喷淋2次,每次喷淋20 min,可经济有效地对鸡舍进行带鸡消毒和除臭。

竹醋液对紫苏镉毒的缓解效应研究

超富集植物修复是目前研究较多且具有良好发展前景的重金属污染土壤治理技术。然而,采用超富集植物对重金属污染土壤进行修复时,生物量大幅下降成为其难以大面积推广应用的难点。以超富集植物紫苏(Perilla frutescens)为材料,采用水培实验,研究竹醋液(BV)对不同Cd胁迫水平下紫苏生长以及Cd富集变化的响应,评估了BV对紫苏镉毒的缓解效应以及提高植物修复效率的可行性。结果表明,在Cd质量浓度为4 mg·L^(−1)和8 mg·L^(−1)的处理下,外施BV显著增加了紫苏的总干重(36.8%和20.6%),叶酚酸(93.6%和30.9%)和类黄酮质量分数(80.0%和31.9%),以及根酚酸质量分数(25.3%和31.2%)。根类黄酮质量分数在4 mg·L^(−1) Cd处理下增加了34.7%,而在8 mg·L^(−1) Cd处理下无显著差异;外施BV处理下,根系POD酶活性在4 mg·L^(−1)和8 mg·L^(−1) Cd处理下分别增加了64.2%和65.1%。叶和根系APX酶活性在8 mg·L^(−1) Cd处理下分别提高414.1%和76.0%。总体上,在4 mg·L^(−1)和8 mg·L^(−1) Cd质量浓度处理下,外施BV显著提高了植株地上部(16.5%和21.4%)和地下部(14.0%和62.8%)Cd质量分数,使植株Cd富集量分别提高了69.3%和55.7%。主成分分析表明,喷施BV可以改善植物酶与非酶抗氧化系统,增加了4 mg·L^(−1) Cd处理下植物的环境适应性,而对8 mg·L^(−1) Cd处理下植物的生理损伤影响较小。相关性分析表明,根系镉含量与根系酚酸呈显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,BV通过提高紫苏POD和APX酶活性,增加类黄酮和酚酸类物质含量,缓解Cd对紫苏的损伤,促进Cd胁迫下植物生长,从而提高植物Cd富集效率。研究结果可为植物修复Cd污染土壤治理技术的推广提供理论基础。

竹醋液抑制J亚群禽白血病病毒复制研究

为探讨竹醋液在体外对J亚群禽白血病病毒(Avian leukosis virus subgroup J,ALV-J)复制的影响,研究首先通过CCK-8试剂盒测定青皮竹和慈竹两种竹醋液对DF-1细胞毒性,随后将不同浓度竹醋液与ALV-J等体积室温作用不同时间后接种到细胞中,利用qRTPCR、ELISA和Western blot测定竹醋处理对ALV-J编码基因的转录以及蛋白合成的影响。结果显示:两种竹醋液加入细胞中的最终浓度均≤2%,对细胞生长没有影响;青皮竹醋和慈竹醋在100%、50%、25%的浓度下与病毒在室温作用10 min、30 min后,细胞中gp37基因表达水平显著下降,细胞与上清中的P27蛋白表达水平也明显下降。研究表明,青皮竹醋和慈竹醋在体外均有明显的抗ALV-J活性。

竹子废弃物基质化利用研究进展

我国竹子种类丰富、产量大,但综合利用率较低,每年均会产生大量竹子废弃物。利用竹子废弃物开发园艺基质,既可缓解竹子废弃物带来的生态环境压力,又可为我国现代农业的可持续发展提供保障。本研究从竹子废弃物基质化利用角度,综述了竹子废弃物(包括竹炭基质、竹屑基质、竹纤维基质以及竹醋液基质改良剂)基质化利用工艺手段及其性能,并阐明了竹子废弃物基质化利用存在的问题以及相关建议,以期为其绿色、低碳、环保化再利用提供借鉴,促进我国园艺基质栽培产业的可持续发展。

竹醋液的驱蚊活性和成分分析及其动物安全性评估

【目的】蚊子传播可怕的疾病,每年造成许多人死亡,不仅增加医疗成本且降低生产力。竹炭生产副产物竹醋液(BV)由于用途有限而造成大量过剩,因此寻找BV的新型用途和扩大消费成为竹子利用产业链急需的科技需求。【方法】该研究采用了几种简单、实用和多学科的方法来确定BV的驱蚊效果,包括前臂皮肤着陆试验(FLT)、小腿皮肤着陆试验(LLT)和蔗糖饲养生物测定法(SBB)。【结果】FLT结果表明,9.0%乙酸水溶液(AAWS)和BV对白纹伊蚊(Aedes albopictus)有较强的保护效果(94.9%),而商业液体杀虫剂和4.5%避蚊胺对白纹伊蚊的保护效果分别为97.8%和90.8%。LLT结果表明,使用液体电热蒸汽器,BV和AAWS对白纹伊蚊具有较好的保护效果(BV和4.5%AAWS及9.0%AAWS的保护水平分别为97.6%和85.2%及97.5%),商业杀虫剂保护水平为99.5%。SBB表明,蚊子被AAWS的气味击退。BV(6.6%AA)、4.5%AAWS、9.0%AAWS及4.5%避蚊胺处理后的落蚊数差异不显著,但BV(6.6%AA)、4.5%AAWS、9.0%AAWS、避蚊胺和蒸馏水处理后落蚊数差异显著。保护期由长到短依次为:避蚊胺(75~90 min)=BV(75~90 min)>甲酸(60~75 min)>乙酸(45~60 min)>丙酸(30~45 min)>丁酸(15~30 min)>水(0 min)。另外对供试BV进行气-质谱联用分析发现挥发性物质69种,其中酸类9.00%、酚类3.37%、酮类2.21%、酯类1.97%、糖类0.81%、胺类0.76%、醇类0.37%、其余有机物0.81%、水80.70%。安全性试验表明:BV小鼠骨髓微核率为阴性。【结论】BV可能部分取代杀虫剂、避蚊胺和精油作为个人防蚊的有效制剂。

添加竹酢液和菌剂对园林废弃物堆肥理化性质的影响

为研究不同水平竹酢液及菌剂对堆肥效果的影响,以园林废弃物为原料,通过L9(34)正交设计以竹酢液和菌剂为添加剂进行静态好氧高温堆肥试验,分析了堆肥过程中各个时期不同处理的温度、pH值、EC值、全N、全P和全K的变化趋势,并对腐熟后各处理堆肥产品中的全N、全P、全K、Mg、Fe和S的质量分数进行了方差分析与多重比较。结果表明,添加竹酢液和菌剂的处理使堆肥初期温度上升较快,有效降低了堆肥产品中的pH值和EC值;添加竹酢液和菌剂对于堆肥产品中的全N、全P、全K、Fe和S质量分数均影响极显著,可有效增加全P、全K、Fe和S质量分数,且存在交互作用;氮以氨气形式挥发损失,与空白比较,加入菌剂会加速氮的损失,而添加一定稀释倍数的竹酢液可有效保氮;将堆肥产品间各指标进行比较,稀释1000倍竹酢液2L+0.5%"有机废物发酵菌曲"的园林废弃物堆肥效果最好。

高纯度竹醋液生产和加工工艺的研究

通过对炭窑、炭材、燃料、收集工艺、储存条件和精制方法等的分析研究,结果表明:在土窑里用无化学污染、立地条件一般的老龄竹、竹材加工剩余物作燃料,收集温度90～160℃,静置8个月,再经精馏处理,能获得高纯度竹醋液;该竹醋液为棕黄色透明的液体,烟焦味淡,密度1.001～1.008g/cm3,pH值2.6～3.2,有机酸含量7.5%～10.0%,甲醇含量<0.01%,苯酚含量<0.01%,可溶解焦油含量0.5%～2.0%。

混合改良剂改善园林废弃物堆肥基质品质提高育苗效果

为改善堆肥基质品质，促进园林废弃物资源化利用，针对堆肥产品高盐碱性质，以竹酢液、麦饭石2种物质为混合改良剂配施于园林废弃物堆肥基质中，以种子萌发、幼苗生长以及改良后基质pH值、电导率为评价指标，以期筛选出适宜园林废弃物堆肥基质的最优改良配比。结果表明，添加竹酢液、麦饭石混合改良剂的处理对降低基质pH值、电导率有显著作用，下降幅度分别为pH值：1.15～1.20、电导率：1839～2076μS/cm；施加改良剂可有效提高种子发芽率、发芽势、发芽指数、活力指数；改良剂的施用促进幼苗根的生长发育，使植株叶片叶绿素含量升高，从而导致根质量、根长、株高的增高；将改良后基质之间各指标进行比较，基质施加稀释1000倍竹酢液500mL/kg＋麦饭石40g/kg复合配比的改良剂效果较好，研究结果将促进中国园林绿化废弃物用作基质栽培的资源化利用。

竹醋液及竹醋液复配制剂对木材霉菌的抑菌性

为拓宽竹醋液的用途以及开发高效低毒型竹木材保护剂,进行了竹醋原液以及竹醋液复配制剂对3种常见木材霉菌(黑曲霉Aspergillus niger,绿色木霉Trichoderma viride和橘青霉Penicillium citrinum)的抑菌性研究。结果表明:①竹醋液原液对3种木材霉菌抑菌率为99%,对木材霉菌具有直接灭杀作用,杀菌最高稀释倍数10倍。②滤纸抑菌圈试验证明,复配有效成分制成的PW1,PW2和PW3竹醋液复配制剂对木材霉菌抑菌性能比竹醋液原液明显增强,对黑曲霉、绿色木霉和橘青霉抑菌圈直径(试验第2天),竹醋原液全为0mm,PW1为18,29和17mm;PW2为23,32和20mm;PW3为19,28和16 mm。PW2对3种木材霉菌抑菌效果最强,其次是PW1,最弱是PW3。③在3种木材霉菌中,竹醋液复配制剂对绿色木霉菌抑制作用最强。

竹醋液抗氧化性能研究

通过色质联用方法分析了竹醋液的成分,用连苯三酚法测定了加入竹醋液前后猪油过氧化值的变化,研究了竹醋液的抗氧化性能。实验表明竹醋液由80多种成分组成,具有良好的清除超氧阴离子自由基的能力。竹醋液作为抗氧化剂在猪油中的最佳添加量为每公斤猪油加入5g竹醋液;按每公斤猪油分别加入4g竹醋液与4g茶多酚进行抗氧化能力比较,发现两者具有相似的抗氧化能力。由此得出竹醋液具有良好的抗氧化性。

竹醋液对几种植物病原真菌的抑制活性

新制竹醋液抑制6种作物8种病原真菌菌丝生长的活性大小序为:苹果霉心病菌>小麦赤霉病菌>黄瓜炭疽病菌>番茄灰霉病菌>葡萄炭疽病菌>番茄早疫病菌>草莓灰霉病菌>苹果腐烂病菌>苹果轮纹病菌>黄瓜灰霉病菌,有效抑制中浓度(EC50)介于0．1185％-0．8035％(g/mL,干重/体积)之间。室温下保存1年的竹醋液抑制7种作物8种病菌菌丝生长的EC50在0．0832％-0．3334％之间,对苹果霉心病菌的抑制活性下降,对6种作物的6种病菌的抑制活性均高于新制竹醋液。在2％水琼脂培养基上测定发现竹醋液明显抑制草莓灰霉菌分生孢子萌发,对该菌7个菌株的EC50在 0．0365％-0．1311％之间,平均为0．0673±0．0332％。叶盘漂浮法测定发现0．0125％、0．025％和0．05％的竹醋液对葡萄霜霉病的防效分别为23．5％、38．8％和78．4％,对葡萄霜霉病菌5个菌株EC50在0．0191％-0．0464％之间,平均为0．0317 ±0．0109％。

竹醋液对番茄生长发育及桃蚜的影响

通过种子萌发、盆栽灌根、田间喷雾等试验方法,研究不同浓度的竹醋液对番茄种子萌发、桃蚜Myzuspersicae、生长发育、果实产量及品质的影响。结果表明:(1)5 000×稀释竹醋液显著促进番茄种子萌发,500×则显著抑制番茄种子的萌发。(2)500×的竹醋液灌根显著增加了番茄的根长、株高、生物量和叶绿素含量,各种浓度对侧枝数均无显著作用。(3)田间叶面喷施300×、500×和700×的竹醋液后显著提高叶绿素含量,其它浓度对叶绿素含量无显著影响。(4)田间叶面喷施各浓度的竹醋液对桃蚜的虫口减退率在药后3 d、5 d均显著高于对照,且浓度愈高,虫口减退率也愈高。(5)田间叶面喷施500×的竹醋液后显著提高番茄产量,叶面喷施其它浓度的竹醋液对产量均无显著影响。(6)田间喷施各种浓度的竹醋液均显著降低了番茄果实中的有机酸含量;100×的竹醋液喷施后显著降低了果实中的VC含量,300×、500×、700×、1 000×和1 500×的竹醋液均显著提高了VC含量。