ASTER Data Processing by Discrete Wavelets Transform and Band Ratio Techniques for the Identification of Lineaments and Hydrothermal Alteration Zones in Poli, North Cameroon

The aim of this study is to carry out hydrothermal alteration mapping and structural mapping using ASTER images in order to identify indices that could guide mining exploration work in the Poli area and its surroundings. To achieve this, the ASTER images were first preprocessed to correct atmospheric effects and remove vegetation influence. Secondly, a lineament mapping was conducted by applying Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT) algorithms to the First Principal Component Analysis (PCA1) of Visible Near-Infrared (VNIR) and Shortwave Infrared (SWIR) bands. Lastly, band ratio methods were applied to the VNIR, SWIR, and Thermal Infrared (TIR) bands to determine indices of iron oxides/hydroxides (hematite and limonite), hydroxyl-bearing minerals (chlorite, epidote, and muscovite), and the quartz index. The results obtained showed that the lineaments were mainly oriented NE-SW, ENE-WSW, and E-W, with NE-SW being the most predominant direction. Concerning hydrothermal alteration, the identified indices covered almost the entire study area and showed a strong correlation with lithological data. Overlaying the obtained lineaments with the hydrothermal alteration indices revealed a significant correlation between existing mining indices and those observed in the field. Mineralized zones generally coincided with areas of high lineament density exhibiting significant hydrothermal alteration. Based on the correlation between existing mining indices and the results of hydrothermal and structural mapping, the results obtained can then be used as a reference document for any mining exploration in the study area.

Assessment and Evaluation of Band Ratios, Brovey and HSV Techniques for Lithologic Discrimination and Mapping Using Landsat ETM⁺and SPOT-5 Data

This study aims to assess and to evaluate band ratios, brovey and HSV (Hue-Saturation-Value) techniques for discrimination and mapping the basement rock units exposed at Wadi Bulghah area, Saudi Arabia using multispectral Landsat ETM+ and SPOT-5 panchromatic data.?FieldSpec instrument is utilized to collect the spectral data of diorite, marble, gossan and volcanics, the main rock units exposed at the study area. Spectral profile of diorite exhibits very distinguished absorption features around 2.20 μm and 2.35 μm wavelength regions. These absorption features lead to lowering the band ratio values within the band-7 wavelength region. Diorite intrusions appear to have grey and dark grey image signatures on 7/3 and 7/2 band ratio images respectively. On the false color composite ratio image (7/3:R;7/2:G and 5/2:B), diorite, marble, gossan and volcanics have very dark brown, dark blue, white and yellowish brown image signatures respectively. Image fusion between previously mentioned FCC ratio image and high spatial resolution (5 meters) SPOT-5 panchromatic image is carried out by using brovey and HSV transformation methods. Visual and statistical assessment methods prove that HSV fused image yields best image interpretability results rather than brovey image. It improves the spatial resolution of the original FCC ratios image with acceptable spectral preservation.

采用TVFEMD和瞬时能量比的轧辊磨床颤振在线监测方法

在磨削过程中,颤振是轧辊表面产生振纹的一个最重要的原因,严重影响了工件表面质量。为避免颤振带来的不利影响,提出了一种基于时变滤波经验模态分解(TVFEMD)和瞬时能量比的(IER)的颤振在线监测方法。该方法采用可靠的指标提前监测出颤振的发生,解决了轧辊磨床早期颤振特征微弱,在背景噪声下难以快速识别的问题。首先对实时采集的振动信号进行实时分段处理。其次对每个砂轮转动周期内的信号进行时变滤波经验模态分解,提高信噪比。然后运用瞬时频率和瞬时能量比选取颤振敏感频带,将颤振敏感频带的瞬时能量比作为颤振特征。最后基于瞬时能量比上升量确定颤振监测阈值,判断当前加工状态。试验结果表明,在不同的轧辊磨床加工条件下,所提方法均能在颤振过渡阶段将其检测出来,更快地实现颤振早期预警;与EMD等传统时频分析方法相比,在早期颤振监测中具有明显的优势。

Q波段宽带螺旋线行波管输能系统研究

针对Q波段宽带螺旋线行波管所需要的低损耗、低反射输能系统,采用后馈式单脊过渡波导和盒型窗方案,优化设计了过渡波导阻抗变换结构、内导体尺寸和螺旋线大螺距过渡结构,得到33~50 GHz频带内驻波系数小于2的输能系统,并成功应用在Q波段宽带多用途螺旋线行波管中。

宽轴比波束双频带北斗导航天线设计

[目的]为了有效拓宽北斗天线3 dB轴比波束宽度,提出一种加载寄生单元的开槽叠层微带贴片天线。[方法]通过叠层基板结构实现北斗双频带特性,并通过开槽拓宽双频段带宽,在贴片边缘切角实现双频带圆极化;同时在贴片周围加载L形寄生单元来拓宽天线的3 dB轴比波束宽度。[结果]实测和仿真结果吻合度较高,在北斗B1和B2频段的相对带宽为3%和7.5%;3 dB轴比波束宽度可达到180°和176°;增益最高可达6 dBi。在北斗接收机试验中,天线搜星数量能达到17颗以上,定位精度在米级以内。[结论]所设计的双频带北斗导航天线具有宽轴比波束宽度和高定位精度,研究结果可为小型北斗导航天线的设计提供参考。

基于U波段光波产生频率可调谐的微波载波

【目的】具有可调谐能力的高频微波载波(GHz)在第五代移动通信技术(5G)/第六代移动通信技术(6G)无线网络、雷达系统和卫星通信领域中有着广泛的应用。由于比较简单的系统结构、大带宽和低损耗的优点,基于光子技术生成高频可调谐微波载波的技术方案吸引了国内外研究团队的广泛关注。由于目前C波段有着成熟的商用器件,因此目前光生微波实验多在C波段进行。随着波分复用(WDM)—光载射频(ROF)技术借助WDM系统在光频域的合/分波来灵活实现微波频段的合/分波,利用ROF系统采用光生微波技术来简化基站配置,使得C波段的有限带宽资源(35 nm, 1 530~1 565 nm)越来越紧张。因此,光生微波技术的研究有着向更宽光谱范围扩展的驱动力。U波段可以提供宽至50 nm(1 625~1 675 nm)的信道带宽来缓解C波段的信道利用压力。在U波段,标准单模光纤已实现低至0.195 dB/km(@1 625 nm)的光功率损耗,特别是,掺铥光纤放大器在U波段也可实现达到18.7 dB(@1 655 nm)的大带宽增益。因此,基于标准单模光纤的WDM系统可向U波段扩展,从而促使WDM-ROF技术向这一波段延伸,进而带动光生微波技术向U波段拓展。文章研究了U波段的光生微波技术。【方法】从数学模型上看,现有光生微波技术对所应用的光载波波段是透明的,只需选择对应工作波段的光子学器件就可在任意波段使用这些方法来产生微波载波。从原理上看,C波段的光子学器件(如偏振控制器、相位调制器(PM)和光纤移相器(FPS)等)可以工作在U波段,这些器件的工艺技术成熟并易于购置。因此,文章采用C波段的PM、FPS和光耦合器等光子学器件,基于U波段光载波搭建了光生微波载波系统。【结果】最终基于该系统产生了调谐范围覆盖7.5~12.0 GHz、杂散抑制比达29.6~35.2 dB的可调谐微波载波。【结论】文章通过公式原理分析和实验验证,实现了将光生微波载波技术的工作波段扩展至U波段。

OFDM系统PAPR和OOB辐射联合抑制算法研究

正交频分复用(OFDM)技术具有频谱效率高和抗多径衰落能力强的优点,但存在高峰值平均功率比(PAPR)和高带外(OOB)辐射的固有缺点。部分PAPR抑制算法会导致OOB辐射升高,因此需要一种联合抑制OFDM系统的PAPR和OOB辐射的算法。本文提出了一种新的结合线性压扩和简化限幅滤波的混合式PAPR和OOB辐射联合抑制算法,该算法采用连续分段线性压扩(CPLC)算法抑制信号PAPR,并对压扩后的信号进行频域滤波;然后采用简化限幅滤波(SCF)算法降低频域滤波导致的峰值再生,保证信号的OOB辐射不再升高。接收端采用迭代接收算法提高系统的误码率性能。仿真结果表明,与CPLC、SCF方案相比,所提算法可以达到更好的PAPR和OOB辐射联合抑制性能,同时通过迭代接收算法获得与原始信号相近的误码率(BER)性能。

Application of Different Image Processing Techniques on Aster and ETM+ Images for Exploration of Hydrothermal Alteration Associated with Copper Mineralizations Mapping Kehdolan Area (Eastern Azarbaijan Province-Iran)

The Kehdolan area is located at 20 kilometers to the?south-east of Dozdozan Town (Eastern Azarbaijan Province). According to structural geology, volconic rocks are situated in Alborz-Azarbyjan zone, and faults?are?observed?in?the?same direction to this system with SE-NW trend. The results show that kaolinite alteration trend with Argilic and propylitic veins?is the?same direction with SW-NE faults in this area. Therefore, these faults with these trends can be considered as the mineralization control for determination of the alterations. Different image processing techniques,?such as false color composite?(FCC), band ratios, color ratio composite?(CRC), principal component?analysis?(PCA), Crosta technique, supervised spectral angle mapping?(SAM), are used for?identification of the alteration zones associated with copper mineralization. In this project ASTER?data are process and spectral analysis to fit for recognizing intensity and kind of argillic, propylitic,?philic, and ETM+ data?which?are process and to fit for iron oxide and relation to metal mineralization of the area. For recognizing different alterations of the study area, some chemical and mineralogical analysis data from the samples showed that ASTER data and ETM+ data were?capable of hydrothermal alteration mapping with copper mineralization.?Copper mineralization in the region is in agreement with argillic alteration. SW-NE trending faults controlled the mineralization process.

Band structure characteristics of T-square fractal phononic crystals

The T-square fractal two-dimensional phononic crystal model is presented in this article.A comprehensive study is performed for the Bragg scattering and locally resonant fractal phononic crystal.We find that the band structures of the fractal and non-fractal phononic crystals at the same filling ratio are quite different through using the finite element method.The fractal design has an important impact on the band structures of the two-dimensional phononic crystals.

ON THE PAR REDUCTION OF MB-OFDM ULTRA-WIDEBAND SIGNALS

The Peak to Average power Ratio (PAR) of a Multi-Band Orthogonal Frequency-Division Multiplexing (MB-OFDM) Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) signals can be substantially larger than that of single carrier or carrier-less ultra-wideband signals. In this letter, a novel PAR reduction scheme for the MB-OFDM UWB system based on spreading and interleaving is proposed. By spreading the coded bits over each subcarrier in corresponding band and interleaving the spread symbols across all bands, the PAR statistics of the MB-OFDM signals can be improved and the PAR is reduced obviously. In the PAR reduction scheme, there is no loss in transmission data rate or Bit Error Rate (BER) performance decreasing. Since the spreading and interleaving operation are implemented by unitary Hadamard sequences and used for an approach to provide the robustness of the UWB system to narrowband interference, there is no additional implementation burden. Simulation results show that the investigated scheme gives the PAR reduction of 3dB compared with that of the original MB-OFDM signals.

Preparation and Properties of C-axis Oriented PT/PEK-c Films

The preparation of PT/PEK c films is reported as well as their dielectric and optical properties. The c axis orientation ratio of the films is 68%. Dielectric constant and loss factor at 10 kHz is about 4.023 F/m and 0.003, respectively. The refractive indices of the films, n e and n o, are 1.657 3 and 1.627 8 at 0.63 μm wavelength, respectively. The optical band gap of the film with a thickness of 2.33 μm is found to be 3.06 eV.

对电文翻转不敏感的导航信号载噪比估计算法

对于导航接收机而言,获取通道信号载噪比可辅助其提升跟踪精度和定位速度。但在使用传统的宽窄带功率比值法做载噪比估计时,由于该方法对导航电文数据比特的符号翻转敏感,导致其估计精度较低且运算量大。针对这一问题,提出一种对电文翻转不敏感的导航信号载噪比估计算法,该算法立足于在通道稳定跟踪时信号能量集中在I路,且噪声能量均等分散在I、Q两路,使用I、Q路信号能量做载噪比估计。首先,通过公式推导得出其运算表达式,再经计算机仿真确定最佳的单次积分时长和运算组数。结果表明,相较于宽窄带功率比值法,虽然该算法总积分时间略长,但对导航电文翻转不敏感,估计精度可提升5.72 dB或更高。在总积分时间相等的条件下,算法运算量相较于宽窄带功率比值法降低了33.6%。所提算法不仅提高了估计精度,同时降低了运算量,在导航接收机中有一定的应用前景。

不同波长极化SAR数据水云模型森林生物量反演对比分析

【目的】水云模型(WCM)是一种采用SAR数据反演森林地上生物量(AGB)应用较为广泛的半经验模型,探索将不同波长、极化方式、极化信息等引入WCM,以期为提高森林AGB反演精度提供科学依据。【方法】本文以X、C、L、P波段多频极化SAR数据为数据源,首先将各波长各极化后向散射系数用于WCM进行森林AGB反演,对比其反演精度;接着采用极化分解分量构建地体散射比参数,并将其引入WCM发展为极化水云模型(PolWCM),同时对比分析其在X、C、L、P波段森林AGB的反演结果。【结果】(1)在X、C、L、P 4个波段中,除X波段外,将HV极化后向散射系数代入WCM进行森林AGB反演,精度均高于基于其他极化通道后向散射系数的反演结果;且长波长(L和P)的反演精度高于短波长(X和C)的反演精度。在L波段,将HV极化后向散射系数代入WCM进行森林AGB反演,R2和RMSE分别为0.46和18.00 t/hm2;P波段HV极化反演结果的R2和RMSE分别为0.43和21.18 t/hm2。(2)将极化信息以地体散射比的形式引入WCM,PolWCM模型在X、C、L、P各个波段均可提高反演精度,反演结果的RMSE值分别为24.90、24.71、17.70和18.08 t/hm2。【结论】采用WCM进行森林AGB反演具有极化、波长依赖性,其中将L波段HV极化后向散射系数代入WCM进行森林AGB反演时精度最优;将极化信息以地体散射比的方式引入WCM,发展PolWCM,可以明显提高森林AGB的反演精度。

基于SNRgram方法的滚动轴承故障特征提取

针对平方包络信号的负熵对随机脉冲敏感以及平方包络谱的负熵易受离散谐波干扰,从而导致信息图法对随机脉冲和离散谐波分析时鲁棒性差的问题,引入信噪比测度作为轴承故障信息的评估指标,识别包含丰富故障信息的共振频带,并进一步提出基于SNRgram的包络分析方法提取滚动轴承故障特征。仿真和试验结果表明,相对于信息图和其他典型频带识别方法,SNRgram方法处理随机脉冲和离散谐波时具有更强的鲁棒性以及更高的频带识别准确性,能够有效识别轴承故障相关共振频带并提取轴承故障脉冲特征。

负泊松比星型周期格栅结构的振动带隙特性

基于声子晶体的能带结构理论,结合弹性波动方程与Bloch定理建立结构单胞的动力学方程,研究负泊松比星型周期格栅结构的面内纵向振动与面外弯曲振动的带隙特性,发现其存在丰富的禁带特性,且在较低频率范围内存在稳定的宽大带隙。对比了2种振动模式的能带结构,研究了内凹夹角、长细比等几何参数对结构等效弹性参数与带隙特性的影响,并分析了带隙频率处单胞的振动模态。研究结果表明:星型格栅中存在2种振动都被抑制的完全带隙;内凹夹角和斜梁的几何参数是影响低阶带隙的关键;旋转共振模态的出现导致最低带隙处简并态的打开。星型周期格栅结构的这些带隙特性使其在工程减振降噪中具有潜在的价值。

The Random Distribution of the Loading and Unloading Response Ratio Under the Assumptions of Poisson Models

This paper discussed the random distribution of the loading and unloading response ratio（LURR） of different definitions（Y1～Y5）using the assumptions that the earthquakes occurfollowing the Poisson process and their magnitudes obey the Gutenberg-Richter law.Theresults show that Y1～Y5 are quite stable or concentrated when the expected number of eventsin the calculation time window is relatively large（】40）;but when this occurrence ratebecomes very small,Y2～Y5 become quite variable or unstable.That is to say,a high value ofthe LURR can be produced not only from seismicity before a large earthquake,but also from arandom sequence of earthquakes that obeys a Poisson process when the expected number ofevents in the window is too small.To check the influence of randomness in the catalogue tothe LURR,the random distribution of the LURR under Poisson models has been calculated bysimulation.90%,95% and 99% confidence ranges of Y1 and Y3 are given in this paper,which is helpful to quantify the random

基于机器学习的Landsat数据地层信息提取--以西南天山柯坪地区为例

当前机器学习方法不断创新发展,为遥感数据的分析利用提供了很好的平台。结合西南天山柯坪地区沉积岩的典型地质特征,针对15万区域地质调查数据,利用Landsat 8数据9个波段的遥感信息进行机器学习方法解译。为增强机器学习过程中参与变量数目,在原始9波段数据的基础上分别采用比值法增强方式、主成分分析法增强方式进行数据叠加。为减弱地质体内部纹理信息,同时不影响地质体之间的边界,笔者采用双边滤波的形式对遥感数据进行进一步处理。选用的极限随机树方法、直方梯度增强随机树、随机森林3种机器学习方法整体识别精度均超过93%,尤其是极限随机树方法达到94.18%。本研究方法可用在其他地质信息解译、地质填图中,值得推广。

高功率宽频比C/X双频反射阵列天线设计

为了满足高功率微波系统对宽频比双频辐射天线的研究需求,提出了一种可工作在C/X双频段的高功率圆极化反射阵列天线。天线单元采用介质埋藏的贴片单元形式,贴片部分由外圈的椭圆环贴片嵌套内圈的椭圆贴片组成,分别实现低频(C波段)和高频(X波段)的辐射。这种嵌套式的单元形式使得天线可以实现较宽的频比,同时由于单元采用无突变结构且单元被埋藏在介质中避免了三相点的出现,从而具有较高的功率容量。高低频段的两种贴片都采用绕轴旋转的方式来调节反射相位,可以在反射损耗较小的基础上满足360°的反射相位调节。基于以上双频辐射单元设计了一个口径尺寸为400 mm×400 mm的20×20矩形栅格排布反射阵列天线,设计结果表明天线在4.3 GHz下的增益为22.2 dBi,口径效率为40.2%,常压空气中的功率容量为10.4 MW;在10.4 GHz下的增益为29.9 dBi,口径效率为40.5%,常压空气中的功率容量为12.2 MW。该天线高低工作频率的频比达到2.4,且具有高效率和高功率容量的特点。

大跨度悬索桥长吊索宽频调谐阻尼减振技术研究

为实现大跨度悬索桥长吊索宽频(0~30 Hz)阻尼减振,以广西龙门大桥为背景,对该桥50 m以上长吊索宽频减振技术进行研究。考虑该桥长吊索原刚性减振架方案无法有效控制多根吊索同相位振动,且不能为吊索提供结构阻尼,根据理论分析和参数优化,提出采用3个小阻尼比(阻尼比为2%)、小质量比(质量比为0.10%)调谐质量阻尼器(TMD)和6个大阻尼比(阻尼比为10%)、大质量比(质量比为0.50%)TMD协同作用实现吊索0~30 Hz全模态阻尼减振目标,选用质量和刚度分布具有各向同性、控制频率和自身阻尼比便于调节的摆锤式调谐质量阻尼器(PTMD)进行减振设计,并进行有限元模拟和模型试验以验证可行性。结果表明:多个PTMD协同控制可实现吊索的宽频阻尼减振,其各向同性特征可实现吊索多向振动控制;建议龙门大桥采用在加强原有刚性减振架的基础上,将多个PTMD按振型参与最大原则离散布置在刚性减振架上,集成刚性减振架刚性连接和PTMD调谐减振功能,实现该桥长吊索宽频阻尼减振。