Development of a Self-Assessment Questionnaire for Nurses’ Risk-Taking Behavior in Medication

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to prepare a self-assessment questionnaire for nurses’ risk-taking behavior (RTB) in medication and to develop a reliable and valid questionnaire. Method: In the first study, a draft of the self-evaluation questionnaire for nurses’ RTB in medication was prepared based on the literature study and qualitative analysis of important case information included in the Project to Collect Medical Near-miss/Adverse Event Information Annual Report of the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare. Following the studies, face validity was confirmed, and a questionnaire survey was conducted for nurses who oversee medication nationwide to verify the reliability and validity. Result: The number of subjects was 586 (valid response rate: 94.1%). Item analysis and exploratory factor analysis showed that 4 factors and 12 items for the RTBs in daily life and 4 factors and 20 items for RTBs in medication could be extracted. Confirmatory factor analysis confirmed the fit of the hypothetical model obtained by exploratory factor analysis. In addition, Cronbach’s α coefficient was 0.888. Thus, high reliability and validity were obtained. A correlation was found by comparing the total scores of each RTB factor with the incident/accident group, and a standard for self-evaluation value could be established (p < 0.01). Conclusions: We were able to develop a self-assessment questionnaire for nurses’ risk-taking behavior in medication. This questionnaire will be used by nurses to find out their trends.

国家审计与商业银行信贷行为

采用2008—2020年中国商业银行非平衡面板数据,考察国家审计对银行信贷行为的影响。研究发现,国家审计可以促使银行提供更为宽松的信贷,且这种效应具有延续性。机制分析结果表明,国家审计可以通过提高管理效率、减少违规行为、加快经济增长三条渠道促进银行扩充信贷。异质性分析发现,国家审计对内部治理较好、东部地区、外部法律环境较好的银行信贷行为的正向影响更加显著。调节效应研究发现,社会审计增强了国家审计对银行信贷的促进作用,媒体监督削弱了国家审计的促进效应,而公众监督的调节效应不显著。进一步研究发现,虽然国家审计推动了银行信贷投放,但对贷款集中度产生了抑制作用,且相较于商业贷款和非农户贷款,国家审计提升了消费贷款和农户贷款,国家审计与银行信贷的关系在降低不良贷款率的同时提升了银行财务业绩,说明国家审计可以助推银行信贷业务的高质量发展。

Monetary Policy,Liquidity and Bank Risk-Taking

The great impact of monetary policy on bank risk-taking,facilitated by a liquidity mechanism,significantly complicates the macro-prudential supervision process.Surprisingly,limited scholarly research has delved into this particular issue.Hence,in this paper,the liquidity variable is introduced into the dynamic linear model to depict the liquidity mechanism by which monetary policy affects bank risk-taking.Based on micro-data from 133 commercial banks in China,this paper empirically tests using systematic Gaussian mixture models estimation and a panel smooth transition regression model.The findings reveal that while monetary policy does not exhibit a significant risk-shifting effect.A marked liquidity transmission effect,however,is observed,whereby easy monetary policy noticeably exacerbates bank risk-taking.This impact becomes more pronounced as liquidity levels improve.The most significant negative impact of monetary policy on bank risk-taking occurs when bank liquidity reaches approximately 43%.Moreover,when banks maintain high levels of liquidity,the statutory deposit reserve ratio exerts a greater regulatory effect than other monetary policy tools.Contractionary monetary policy imposes noticeably weaker restraints than expansionary monetary policy,particularly in banks with higher liquidity levels.Moreover,the interplay between monetary policy and bank risk-taking is contingent upon not just the liquidity level of banks,but also their asset size and capital adequacy.

Forecasting investment and consumption behavior of economic agents through dynamic computable general equilibrium model

Much research has been devoted to examination of the financial easing policy of the European Central Bank(ECB).However,this study is one of the first to use a dynamic micro-founded model to investigate empirically the impact of the ECB’s Quantitative Easing(QE)policy on consumption and investment by economic agents in Italy(households,government,firms,and the rest of the world).For this purpose,we constructed a Financial Social Accounting Matrix(FSAM)for the Italian economy for the year 2009 to calibrate a dynamic computable general equilibrium model(DCGE).This model allowed us to evaluate the direct and indirect impact of money flow on the behavior of consumption and investment.The findings of the study confirmed the positive impact of the ECB’s monetary policy on the level of investment and consumption.

The Future Prospect for the Evolution of Islamic Banking in Turkey

In Turkey, banks having ＂Islamic＂ features that are long neglected have experienced strong business growth since 2003 that is just after the date of a moderate Islamic party which emerged victorious in parliamentary elections. While Turkey has only four ＂Islamic＂ banks, they capture more than 4% market share. The purpose of this research is to analyze the mechanisms that have allowed such a growth between 2002 （just after the financial crisis in 2001） and 2009, by comparing the results of activities of these four Islamic banks and find out possible opportunities that might exist in this sector. The results indicate that these institutions have a respectively higher risk-taking and internationally more fair open policy than the banks known as ＂conventional＂. While Bank Asya （the market leader of the participatory banks in Turkey） and Albaraka Turk capture the individual customers, the other two institutions that are TurkiyeFinans and Kuveyt Turk capture the commercial customers. In addition, the development of these institutions seems to be very difficult because of the lack of Turkish Sukuk in Turkish banking context having no adequate liquidity. Moreover, in its political context, leading actors in Turkish political and economic structure reject utterly the existence of Sharia Board. In fact, it is clear that the Turkish banking sector is an untapped potential market that could be easily converted into an opportunity by improving the regulatory framework and communication strategy for these institutions. Indeed, since the controversy still exists around the concept of secularism, which is an impediment to the development of these banks called ＂Islamic＂ in Turkey, there is a necessity for a communication strategy to break down prejudices and to become popular for Islamic finance sector, which is still known very poorly and superficially by general public in Turkey.

“审慎监管与行为监管”对商业银行金融科技的影响研究

基于将所有金融科技活动全面纳入金融监管中来的思路,以商业银行金融科技为切入点,分析了“审慎监管与行为监管”的监管框架助力商业银行金融科技的内在机理,为“审慎监管与行为监管”在商业银行金融科技中的有效性提供经验证据。研究表明:宏观审慎政策能够有效降低商业银行风险承担,而更具统一性和标准性的微观审慎监管则在盈利端发挥更强的促进作用,但其中杠杆率存在门槛效应;“审慎监管与行为监管”在提高盈利方面的作用,与降低风险方面的作用相比相形见绌。因此,我国应进一步深化“审慎监管与行为监管”在金融科技发展中起重要作用的认知,稳步实现将金融科技活动纳入监管、有效统筹好“审慎监管与行为监管”助力商业银行金融科技的职能,充分发挥两者的互补性,并在金融监管与金融科技创新博弈过程中,及时准确地根据商业银行创新行为适时灵活调整杠杆率,充分发挥杠杆监管的作用,为监管提质增效。

基层央行征信监管的权能梳理与质效提升——以个人信用信息处理风险的管控为视角

企业自律难以替代行政监管。2022年1月至6月征信违规的行政处罚数量较同期增长了700%,鉴于个人征信的重要价值,应当重视并积极回应个人信用信息处理过程中的违规查询及买卖等风险,《征信业务管理办法》也赋予省会(首府)城市中心支行以上的基层央行以征信监管职责,强化监管势在必行。基层央行监管的针对性和时效性更强,但是在实践中面临着监管与服务角色混同、监管覆盖范围不全面等障碍。为更好提升基层央行的征信监管质效,应优化调整内设机构以促成监管的相对独立,以“行为标准”拓展征信监管范围。同时,借助隐私计算及区块链等监管科技来落实穿透式与全流程的监管要求。

The impact of internet finance on commercial banks’risk-taking:Theoretical interpretation and empirical test

Through introducing internet finance’s“reducing management cost”and“raising capital cost”effects into bank risk-taking model,this paper systematically investigates the dynamic and heterogeneous influence of internet finance on commercial banks’risk-taking.Using internet finance index based on“text mining”and data of 36 commercial banks from 2003 to 2013,we makes an empirical test.The results show,firstly,the impact of internet finance on commercial banks’risk-taking is a“U”trend.The initial development of internet finance can help commercial banks reduce management cost and risk-taking,but then internet finance will raise capital cost,and turn to exacerbate banks’risk-taking.Secondly,the response of commercial banks’risk-taking is heterogeneous.Large commercial banks’response is slow,while small and medium banks’response is relatively sensitive.

宏观审慎监管对商业银行资产配置的异质性行为的影响分析

本文2013—2018年的银行样本范围中既包括上市银行也包括中小规模的非上市银行,宏观审慎监管政策实施对商业银行资产配置行为的影响。结果表明:原本资产配置相似的银行受到监管冲击后资产配置行为出现了异质性。在上市银行组中,监管政策冲击并未导致实验组和对照组在信贷资产上的配置差异,但在非上市银行组中,监管政策的影响依然显著。此外,在上市银行组和非上市银行组中政策冲击都导致了实验组银行金融投资资产比例的上升,但上市银行组中的回归系数更大。

银行治理、信贷配给与中小企业融资

中小企业贷款难问题是目前困扰这些企业迅速发展的重要因素,国内外对这一问题成因进行了诸多研究与分析。从我国银行治理结构特点的这一独特视角出发,结合信贷配给理论,对不同治理结构下银行信贷行为进行建模与比较分析发现,银行治理结构通过影响银行信贷选择行为,将会对信贷市场配给程度以及中小企业获得贷款的可能性产生重要影响。

从国有商业银行的行为分析不良贷款的生成机制

本文从日本、中国的国有商业银行具有高不良贷款的现实出发研究商业银行各分支机构的经理人员(代理人)的行为,第一部分的引言强调研究国有商业银行各分支机构的经理人员行为的必要性,并且对现有文献进行了回顾。第二部分扩展了基本的监管模型,研究了国有商业银行各分支机构的经理人员(代理人)在支付矩阵下的行为,第三部分得出结论:在我们的研究范围内,银行不良贷款的产生是因为商业银行在不同的行为参数下,依赖自己的行为参数从效用最大化出发进行博弈的结果。

中国经济转型期商业银行资本与风险行为研究——兼论巴塞尔协议在我国的实施效果

基于对商业银行资本与风险行为的理论阐释,采用市场化指数来刻画我国经济转型的制度变迁过程,文章对中国经济转型期(1991～2005年)商业银行的资本与风险行为进行了实证研究,并讨论了巴塞尔协议在我国的实施效果。研究结果表明:(1)商业银行资本与风险的变动存在着显著的正相关关系,银行在提高资本金占比的同时会增加高风险资产的占比,资本提高对银行风险行为有明显的逆向激励作用;(2)市场化指数与商业银行资本变动没有显著的相关关系,但我国经济市场化程度的提高会强化商业银行对风险的追逐行为;(3)在资本充足率监管没有得到严格执行的情况下,巴塞尔协议在我国的实施对商业银行资本的提高没有明显作用。

互联网金融客户行为研究及对商业银行转型的思考

随着互联网金融的快速发展,客户金融消费行为和商业银行业务经营的内外部环境都发生新的变革。文章对互联网金融的发展背景进行分析,从受众群体、体验感知、生活习惯和产品营销等多个维度研讨互联网金融模式下客户金融消费行为变化,指出定位长尾群体、客户体验优先、顺应移动趋势、个性精准营销是互联网金融赢得客户和市场的关键。在剖析其对商业银行小额资产业务、低成本负债和中间业务影响的基础上,从客户、物理网点、电子渠道和产品等角度提出商业银行转型应对互联网金融挑战的相关建议。

氨氮在垂向河床渗滤系统中的环境行为

采用自行设计的室内土柱实验装置,以恒定氨氮质量浓度为18.27 mg/L的氯化铵溶液为淋滤液,模拟氨氮在垂向河床中的渗滤过程,来探讨氨氮在垂向河床渗滤系统中的环境行为,借以了解河床渗滤系统对氮污染的净化机理。研究结果表明:氨氮在河床渗滤过程中分别参与吸附及硝化作用,主要发生在距离河床1~3 cm处;由于这两种作用的影响,该河床渗滤系统对氨氮的去除率达87%。同时还发现,该河床渗滤系统对氨氮的硝化能力有限,可以考虑向污水中补充溶解氧及添加石灰等强化措施来提高硝化能力。

银行借款、商业信用与公司投资行为

运用中国300家制造业上市公司1999-2005年的平行面板数据,就其银行借款、商业信用与公司投资行为之间的关系进行了实证检验。研究发现,总体上银行借款与商业信用均与投资支出负相关,且银行借款与投资的负相关性显著强于商业信用。在引入投资机会集与负债比率的交互项并细分样本之后,发现相对于低成长的公司,高成长公司中商业信用与投资的负相关程度更强,而银行借款与投资的负相关程度在高低成长公司中差异不显著。

公司治理与银行风险承担行为——基于我国上市商业银行的研究

以我国13家上市商业银行为样本,利用2001—2012年的半年度数据,采用非平衡面板模型对我国上市商业银行公司治理与风险承担行为之间的关系进行实证研究。结果表明,股权集中度与银行风险承担呈显著的倒U型关系;第一大股东的政府性质能够约束商业银行的冒险行为;高管人员薪酬越高时,银行的风险承担越小;而董事会规模和董事会独立性等董事会治理因素并没有对银行的风险承担行为产生显著影响。

网上银行服务的用户采纳意愿研究

随着互联网的普及,以信息技术改造传统银行业务和开展网上银行服务已成为银行业发展的必然趋势。整合技术接受模型与任务-技术匹配模型,构建了我国个人网上银行服务的采纳模型,并采用结构方程模型方法对影响我国个人用户采纳网上银行服务的因素进行了实证研究。研究结果表明,任务-技术匹配通过感知有用性和感知易用性正向显著影响个人用户对网上银行服务的使用意愿;感知有用性正向影响使用意愿的作用大于感知易用性;而感知风险与结构保证对使用意愿的影响不显著。

社会互动对家庭借贷行为影响的实证分析

基于2010年中国综合社会调查数据,利用社会互动影响家庭借贷行为的不同理论,从社会互动对城市和农村地区家庭借贷行为、家庭借贷渠道等视角对社会互动对家庭借贷行为影响进行实证分析。结果表明:家庭成员的社会互动正向显著推动家庭借贷行为,并且对城市家庭的影响大于农村家庭。同时,对家庭从正规金融机构获取贷款的行为影响更大,社会互动对城市家庭从民间借贷影响大于从正规金融机构借贷的影响,而对农村家庭的两种借贷行为影响则相反。

基于演化博弈分析的银行业监管研究

2007年次贷危机和2011年欧债危机,都更加突显银行业监管的重要性和改革的必要性。本文通过构建银行和监管机构的演化博弈模型,分析二者动态博弈与相互学习作用,推导出在资本监管约束下,银行业采取低风险策略的理想区域和向理想区域转化的有效途径,得到资本监管约束有效降低银行风险承担行为激励的条件是存在破产风险、加大监管惩罚力度和市场约束作用,有效地论证资本监管约束对银行风险承担行为影响的动态作用机理,并提出银行业监管改革的政策建议。

基于行为金融理论的中央银行外汇干预策略研究

2005年汇改后,人民币汇率形成机制发生重大变化,人民币汇率的波动幅度明显加大,央行干预难度也随之加大,尤其是在2003年至2008年人民币面临升值压力的背景下,短期投机资本频繁进出,对央行干预形成新的挑战。为此,本文基于外汇市场异质性交易者的假设,运用行为金融理论,构建了包含央行干预的汇率行为金融模型,并采用计算机模拟技术,对央行不同干预方式的有效性进行分析。在此基础上,提出在人民币汇率形成机制市场化改革进一步深化的背景下,央行应采取的干预策略。认为:未来央行干预应遵循一定的干预规则,并渐进放开波动区间,同时通过干预有效地引导市场预期,从而提高干预的效果。