Reduction in ground reaction force variables with instructed barefoot running

Backgound:Barefoot(BF) running has recently increased in popularity with claims that it is more natural and may result in fewer injuries due to a reduction in impact loading.However,novice BF runners do not necessarily immediately switch to a forefoot strike pattern.This may increase mechanical parameters such as loading rate,which has heen associated with certain running-related injuries,specifically,tibial stress fractures.patellofemoral pain,and plantar iasciitis.The purpose of this study was to examine changes in loading parameters between typical shod running and instructed BF running with real-time force feedback.Methods:Forty-nine patients seeking treatment for a lower extremity injury ran on a force-sensing treadmill in their typical shod condition and then BF at the same speed.While BF they received verbal instruction and real-time feedback of vertical ground reaction forces.Results:While 92%of subjects(n = 45) demonstrated a rearfoot strike pattern when shod,only 2%(n = 1) did during the instructed BF run.Additionally,while BF 47%(n = 23) eliminated the vertical impact transient in all eight steps analyzed.All loading variables of interest were significantly reduced from the shod to instructed BF condition.These included maximum instantaneous and average vertical loading rates of the ground reaction force(p 【 0.0001),stiffness during initial loading(p 【 0.0001).and peak medial(p = 0.001) and lateral(p 【 0.0001) ground reaction forces and impulses in the vertical(p 【 0.0001).medial(p = 0.047),and lateral(p 【 0.0001) directions.Conclusion:As impact loading has been associated with certain running-related injuries,instruction and feedback on the proper forefoot strike pattern may help reduce the injury risk associated with transitioning to BF running.

Comparison of Barefoot vs. Shod Gait on Spinal Dynamics Using DIERS Formetric 4D and DIERS Pedoscan Systems

Barefoot running is increasing in popularity within the running community, yet the biomechanical differences compared to traditional shod running are not well understood. This study investigates the changes in spinal dynamics during the gait cycle of runners wearing traditional running shoes (shod) compared to those wearing no shoes (barefoot). Pedal force distribution, kyphotic angle, lordotic angle, and trunk inclination were measured during shod and barefoot gait at three different speeds on a treadmill. Subjects were examined using the DIERS Formetric 4D system and DIERS Pedoscan system. While running barefoot, pedal force distribution analysis showed that 21.0% more force load goes through the forefoot vs. a 10.2% increase in forefoot force with shod (p = 0.0006). At 8.0 km·h-1 the average kyphotic angle was 1.6 degrees greater under barefoot conditions vs. shod conditions (p = 0.008). At 8.0 km·h-1 the average lordotic angle was 0.8 degrees greater under barefoot conditions vs. shod conditions (p = 0.05). Trunk inclination was 0.6 degrees and 0.8 degrees greater under barefoot conditions compared to shod conditions at natural speeds (p = 0.005) and 8.0 km·h-1 (p = 0.015), respectively. Barefoot runners show an increased force load in the forefoot, eliciting a forefoot strike pattern while running barefoot compared to shod running, and it was also found that barefoot runners have reduced trunk inclination. These dynamic changes allow for a more spring-like effect for barefoot runners creating a less transient and slower rise in force. In contrast, a heel strike pattern yields a rapid and high impact collision between heel and ground. As a result, barefoot running translates into less stress on the joints of the lower extremity and back and therefore less risk of injury.

A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual as a“Medical Bible”:Medical Politics and Knowledge Transmission in China

This paper examines the origin,compilation,and circulation of A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual(Chijiao yisheng shouce赤脚医生手册),exploring the relationship between medical politics and knowledge transmission in China,and its impact on the promotion of Chinese medicine across the world.Barefoot doctors were a special group of rural medical practitioners active in a very special socio-political context.Various editions of barefoot doctor manuals and textbooks were published across China after the first publication of the Manual in 1969.The publication of these manuals and textbooks became an indelible hallmark of the“Cultural Revolution”(1966–1976),when political publications predominated.The Manual was not only a guide for barefoot doctors in their daily study and practice,but also a primary source of medical knowledge for ordinary people.In the middle of the 1970s,the Manual was translated into many languages and published worldwide.This paper argues that the publication of A Barefoot Doctor’s Manual embodied a public-oriented mode of knowledge transmission that emerged and was adopted during a very specific era,and though it was eventually substituted by a mode of training embedded in the formal medical education system,it demonstrated the impact of politics on medicine and health in the context of resource scarcity and low literacy.Changes in China’s geopolitical status,the West’s pursuit of alternative approaches to medicine and health,and the World Health Organization’s(WHO’s)concern over health universality and equity all contributed to the translation and circulation of the Manual,facilitating the dissemination of Chinese medicine worldwide.The paper thus presents empirical and theoretical contributions to research on the relationship between medical politics and knowledge transmission in China.

Barefoot running survey:Evidence from the field

Background:Running is becoming an increasingly popular activity among Americans with over 50 million participants.Running shoe research and technology has continued to advance with no decrease in overall running injury rates.A growing group of runners are making the choice to try the minimal or barefoot running styles of the pre-modem running shoe era.There is some evidence of decreased forces and torques on the lower extremities with barefoot running,but no clear data regarding how this corresponds with injuries.The purpose of this survey study was to examine factors related to performance and injury in runners who have tried barefoot running.Methods:The University of Virginia Cenlcr for Endurance Spor! created a 10-question survey regarding barefoot running thai wa.s po.sted on a variety of running blogs and Facebook pages.Percentages were calculated for each question across all surveys.Five hundred and nine participants responded with over 93%of them incorporating some type of barefoot running into their weekly mileage.Results:A majority of the participants(53%) viewed barefoot running as a training tool to improve specific aspects of their running.However,close to half(46%) viewed barefoot training as a viable alternative to shoes for logging their miles.A large portion of runners initially tried barefoot running due to the promise of improved efficiency(60%).an attempt to get past injury(53%) and/or the recent media hype around the practice(52%).A large majority(68%) of runners participating in the study experienced no new injuries after starting barefoot running.In fact,most respondents(69%) actually had their previous injuries go away after starting barefoot running.Runners responded that their previous knee(46%),foot(19%),ankle(17%),hip(14%),and low back(14%) injuries all proceeded to improve after starting barefoot running.Conclusion:Prior studies have found that barefoot running often changes biomechanics compared to shod running with a hypothesized relationship of decreased injuries.This paper reports the result of a survey of 509 runners.The results suggest that a large percentage of this sample of runners experienced benefits or no serious harm from transitioning to barefoot or minimal shoe running.

Comparison of foot strike patterns of barefoot and minimally shod runners in a recreational road race

Background:Previous studies of foot strike patterns of distance runners in road races have typically found that the overwhelming majority of shod runners initially contact the ground on the rearfoot.However,none of these studies has attempted to quantify foot strike patterns of barefoot or minimally shod runners.This study classifies foot strike patterns of barefoot and minimally shod runners in a recreational road race.Methods:High-speed video footage was obtained of 169 barefoot and 42 minimally shod distance runners at the 2011 New York City Barefoot Run.Foot strike patterns were classified for each runner,and frequencies of forefoot,midfoot,and rearfoot striking were compared between the barefoot and minimally shod groups.Results:A total of 59.2%of barefoot runners were forefoot strikers,20.1%were midfoot strikers,and 20.7%were rearfoot strikers.For minimally shod runners,33.3%were forefoot strikers,19.1%were midfoot strikers,and 47.6%were rearfoot strikers.Foot strike distributions for barefoot and minimally shod runners were significantly different both from one another and from previously reported foot strike distributions of shod road racers.Conclusion:Foot strike patterns differ between barefoot and minimally shod runners,with forefoot striking being more common,and rearfoot striking less common in the barefoot group.

Can minimal running shoes imitate barefoot heel-toe running patterns?A comparison of lower leg kinematics

Background:Numerous studies about the interaction between footwear(and barefoot) and kinematic and kinetic outcomes have been published over the last few years.Recent studies however lead to the conclusion that the assumed interactions depend mainly on the subjects" experience of barefoot(BF) walking/running,the preferred running strike pattern,the speed,the hardness of the surface,the thickness of the midsole material,and the runners’ level of ability.The aim of the present study was to investigate lower leg kinematics o\’ BF running and running in minimal running shoes(MRS) to assess comparability of BF kinematics in both conditions.To systematically compare both conditions we monitored the influencing variables described above in our measurement setup.We hypothesized that running in MRS does not alter lower leg kinematics compared to BF running.Methods:Thirty-seven subjects,injury-free and active in sports,ran BF on an EVA foam runway,and also ran shod wearing Nike Free 3.0 on a tartan indoor track.Lower-leg 3D kinematics was measured to quantify rearfoot and ankle movements.Skin markers were used in both shod and BF running.Results:All runners revealed rearfoot strike pattern when running barefoot.Differences between BF and MRS running occurred particularly during the initial stance phase of running,both in the sagittal and the frontal planes.BF running revealed a flatter foot placement,a more plantar flexed ankle joint and less inverted rearfoot at touchdown compared to MRS running.Conclusion:BF running does not change the landing automatically to forefoot running,especially after a systematic exclusion of surface and other influencing factors.The Nike Free 3.0 mimics some BF features.Nevertheless,changes in design of the Nike Free should be considered in order to mimic BF movement even more closely.

所谓标准Barefoot MicroMain27 Gen2

一种意外的机会，让我借到了这—对Barefoot MicroMain27 Gen2（以下简称MM27）。这箱子就是一个传奇，但的确它也真的很神奇。

Ankle and foot mechanics in individuals with chronic ankle instability during shod walking and barefoot walking:A cross-sectional study

Purpose:This study evaluated the angular kinematic and moment of the ankle and foot during shod walking and barefoot walking in individuals with unilateral chronic ankle instability(CAI).Methods:Recreational soccer players with unilateral CAI were recruited for this cross sectional study conducted between January and August 2019.A total of 40 participants were screened for eligibility but only 31 met the inclusion criteria based on the methods of Delahunt et al and Gribble et al.Except for 3 participants not attending the evaluation session,28 participants were finally included.A three dimensional motion analysis system made up of ProReflex motion capture unit and an AMTIb Kistler force plate,embedded in the middle of nine meter walkway,were used to assess the ankle and foot angles and moment during shod walking and barefoot walking conditions.A Statistical Package for Social Sciences(version 20.0)was used to analyze data.Results:During shod walking,the ankle joint plantar-flexion range of motion(ROM)at 10%of the gait cycle(GC)and dorsiflexion ROM at 30%of the GC were significantly higher than those during barefoot walking for both feet(p=0.001,0.001,0.027,and 0.036 respectively).The inversion ROM during shod walking was significantly higher than that during barefoot walking for both feet at 10%and 30%of the GC(p=0.001.0.001,0.001,and 0.042 respectively).At 10%of the GC,the eversion moment was significantly higher between barefoot and shod walking for both feet(both p=0.001).At 30%of the GC,there was no significant difference between shod and barefoot walking plantar-flexion moment of both feet(p=0.975 and 0.763 respectively),and the eversion moment of both feet(p=0.116 and 0.101 respectively).Conclusion:At the early stance,shod walking increases the ankle plantar-flexion and foot inversion ROM,and decreases the eversion moment for both feet in subjects with unilateral CAI.Therefore,the foot wearing condition should be considered during evaluation of ankle and foot kinematics and kinetics.

Development of a Tribofidelic Human Heel Surrogate for Barefoot Slip Testing

Barefoot slips contribute to over 37% of recurrent fall-related injuries across all age groups.To study slip risk across a wide range of flooring conditions,slip meters with barefoot surrogates(i.e.,sensors,as per ASTM standard nomenclature)such as animal skins and rubbers have been used to date,which exhibit biomechanical and frictional properties widely different from the barefoot human skin.Development of a surrogate which can accurately simulate the human heel skin properties would be immensely beneficial for realistic assessment of barefoot slipping risk.A novel surrogate was developed using 3D scanning and printing,and biomimetics,which precisely simulates the biomechanical and frictional properties of the barefoot human heel skin.Mechanical slip testing was conducted with this surrogate on three common bathroom floorings and with six different contaminants.Coefficient of Friction(COF)results similar to human slipping experiments,high repeatability and reproducibility across wet and oily flooring conditions,were confirmed through experiments with the developed heel skin surrogate.The heel skin surrogate would be an indispensable model for accurate estimation of barefoot risk against slips and falls in bathrooms,bathtubs,and swimming pools.

Reconsidering the Barefoot Doctor Programme

This paper examines the widely acclaimed Barefoot Doctor campaign in China. The Barefoot Doctor campaign has come to symbolise the success of Chinese health care to the extent that it has become a model for WHO public health strategy. Yet little has been done to understand how or whether it worked on the ground and what difficulties and contradictions emerged in its implementation. Using previously unexplored party archives as well as newly collected oral interviews, this paper moves away from a narrow focus on party politics and policy formulation by examining the reality of health care at the local level and the challenges faced by local authorities and individuals as the campaigns evolved.

小说《赤脚医生》中的医学人文关怀和叙事医学

残雪的小说《赤脚医生》中构建了一个不同于历史现实中的赤脚医生群体和他们的行医环境,是新东方主义下对这一职业的浪漫投射,更是对理想医疗实践的想象和刻画。在这个世界中,赤脚医生是一个令人向往的职业,与患者和环境和谐共生,共同创造了美好、有意义的生活。小说体现了残雪的自然观,利用北京大学叙事医学团队的叙事医学基本概念模型对小说进行解读,揭示书中赤脚医生们的医疗哲学和医疗行为体现出的自然的医学观,与医学人文精神和医学人文关怀一脉相承。

基层医疗卫生服务供给的长期福利效应——来自中国“赤脚医生”历史实践的经验证据

本文基于我国20世纪六七十年代农村赤脚医生队伍建设的历史实践,考察了基层医疗卫生队伍建设对居民健康和社会经济状况的长期影响。实证结果显示,个体幼年时期(0—5岁)所在村庄的赤脚医生队伍建设能够显著改善其在青少年和中老年时期的自评健康状况,并显著降低其在中老年时期患有慢性病的概率。进一步研究显示,个体幼年时期所在村庄的赤脚医生队伍建设能够显著降低其在成年时期由于健康原因停止工作的概率和家庭负债率,提高其在成年时期的家庭收入、财富水平和个体生活满意度。本文的研究揭示了中华人民共和国成立后的前三十年农村医疗卫生事业发展的长期成效,同时也在一定程度上表明现阶段“加强基层医疗卫生服务体系和全科医生队伍建设”是一项低成本、高收益的健康促进手段。

基于ResNet和双注意力机制的赤足图像年龄预测

足迹是人在行走时足部与地面等客体接触时所留下的痕迹,也是犯罪现场嫌疑人最容易遗留的生物特征之一,它隐含着人体的身高、体重、性别和年龄等身份属性信息,利用足迹信息进行人的年龄预测,对指明侦察方向和缩小侦察范围有着极其重要的意义.传统侦查工作中,刑侦专家会依据积累的案件经验,依据现场遗留的足迹进行嫌疑人身份和属性的预测,但这个过程需要大量的领域知识,据此,提出了基于赤足图像的年龄自动预测方法,其由伪彩色变换模块、在线随机几何变换模块、特征提取模块、空间注意力模块和年龄预测模块组成.算法在由1 818幅赤足灰度图像组成的数据集上进行了测试,预测准确率指标Acc_5和Acc_10分别达到了55.5%和83.4%,优于现有的年龄预测方法.

社区导向的医防融合:理论基础和当代实施路径探析

本篇评论阐明了我国基层医疗卫生体系相对于国际初级卫生保健体系的两个独特特点:更狭窄的患者人群和业务范围,以及更薄弱的基本医疗能力。以此为基础,文章总结和对比了20世纪的两种最具代表性的,且在全球产生了广泛影响的两种与医防融合关系极为密切的整合基本医疗服务中的临床和公共卫生部分的理论-实践模式:“社区导向的基本医疗”模式和“赤脚医生”模式。在此基础上,本文进一步结合于2023年第四季度在上海市基层医疗卫生体系中观察到的多项实际案例,阐述了未来在我国的基层医疗卫生机构中,转化和实施这两种医防融合模式的可行路径和对外部条件的需求,并提出了在不同地区实施上述模式的原则性建议。

赤脚医生精神的时代内涵与思政教育路径研究

赤脚医生已退出历史舞台,但赤脚医生精神代代相传,延续不断,赤脚医生精神蕴含着丰富的时代内涵,即无私奉献、救死扶伤的服务精神,植根热土、深潜基层的敬业精神,爱岗敬业、精益求精的专业精神,赓续初心、勇担使命的担当精神。可从弘扬赤脚医生扎根基层、服务基层、全心全意为人民的精神,以课堂为主阵地、展览为载体、器物研究为模式、网络为渠道入手,促进赤脚医生精神与思政教育有效融合。

基于赤足迹度量分析的方法研究

本文通过介绍赤足迹的分析方法,系统归纳出了常见的赤足迹分析方法,并通过比较分析这些方法,为鉴定人员利用足迹进行同一认定提供了方法和理论依据。

“赤脚医生”对健康中国行动的历史性贡献

“赤脚医生”作为特定历史条件下的特殊群体,是解决农村医疗卫生问题的一次实践探索,为健康中国行动作出了历史性贡献。主要体现在“赤脚医生”能扎根基层、服务于农村地区人民群众,为健康中国行动积累了宝贵经验,“赤脚医生精神”为健康中国行动提供了精神动力和价值指引。进入新时代,在推进健康中国行动中,有必要对“赤脚医生”的思想资源进行深度挖掘,激活其当代价值,为推进健康中国行动提供积极启示。

干旱对侧柏容器苗和裸根苗生长、营养及生理特性的影响

以侧柏为供试植物,通过盆栽试验研究了不同强度干旱(对照、轻度干旱、中度干旱和重度干旱)对容器苗和裸根苗生长、营养及生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,侧柏抗氧化酶活性(POD和SOD)、渗透调节物质(脯氨酸和可溶性糖)和膜脂过氧化产物(MDA)的积累逐渐增加。干旱胁迫下,同侧柏裸根苗相比,容器苗显著提高了抗氧化酶活性,减少了渗透调节物质和膜脂过氧化产物的积累。干旱胁迫程度较轻时,侧柏容器苗和裸根苗的相对含水量和相对电导率差异不显著。而在重度干旱时,同正常浇水处理相比,侧柏容器苗和裸根苗的相对含水量分别下降了10.43%和18.36%,相对电导率分别提高了28.87%和43.49%,容器苗的变化幅度显著小于裸根苗。干旱胁迫下,侧柏容器苗较裸根苗具有较高的干物质积累量,且干旱胁迫强度越大,容器苗干物质积累量的增加幅度越大。干旱胁迫对侧柏地上部养分及地下部氮和磷的含量影响较小,但显著提高了地下部钾的含量。无论处于何种水分状态,容器苗的养分总积累量显著大于裸根苗,且随着干旱胁迫强度的增加,养分总积累量的差异逐渐增大。综合分析认为,同侧柏裸根苗相比,干旱生境下,侧柏容器苗具有较强的保护酶调节能力,可减少膜脂过氧化产物的积累,促进干物质积累和养分的吸收,具有更强的抵御干旱损伤的能力。

裸足与着鞋下跑步生物力学及损伤特征的研究现状

研究已证实跑步有很多益处,包括增强心血管机能,促进身体和心理健康。但是,有太多的损伤与跑步相关,在当今裸足跑或者是穿"裸足"鞋跑步的流行趋势下,总结了大量高水平研究论文,其目的是通过运动学测量,能量消耗和生物力学来比较穿鞋和裸足跑步者的相似处和差异性,深入探究跑步步态学,并为因跑步导致肌肉骨骼损伤的病人了解跑步生物力学原理并制定合理训练计划。

着鞋和触地方式对慢跑时足部受力特征的影响

目的探讨穿鞋和裸足跑在不同触地方式下对足部受力特征的影响。方法利用Medilogic鞋垫式足底压力测试系统和Kistler三维测力台采集12名健康男性受试者在着鞋与裸足情况下分别进行后跟触地与前掌触地慢跑(3 m/s)时的受力特征,包括地面反作用力、冲击力峰值、最大负载率、足底压力峰值以及冲量。结果 (1)后跟触地时,穿着运动鞋可以显著降低最大负载率,并且延缓冲击力峰值出现的时间。前掌触地时,穿鞋时的最大蹬地力量要显著大于裸足;(2)不同触地方式对于足底各区域压力峰值参数的影响相较于着鞋条件更多,主要表现为两种触地方式之间对于足中区和足后区足底压力峰值和出现时间的差异。结论不同触地方式对慢跑时的足部受力影响更为显著。穿鞋后跟触地跑能降低冲击负荷,而裸足前掌触地跑则会使足底压力过度集中于足前部,提示慢跑时无论采用何种触地方式均可以通过选择合理的运动鞋来减小足部受力。