Evaluation of Phytochemical Analysis and Total Phenol Content of Proso Millet and Barnyard Millet

Whole grains of proso and barnyard millets were sequentially extracted using different solvents(hexane,chloroform,ethyl acetate,and methanol).Phytochemical analysis was performed qualitatively,and the total phenolic content in the extracts of proso and barnyard millets was quantified.Alkaloids and cardiac glycosides were identified in all solvent extracts of both millets.Anthraquinone and glycosides yielded negative results in all solvent extracts of both millets.Among all the solvent extracts,methanol extracts of proso and barnyard millets showed the presence of major compounds such as flavonoids,terpenoids,amino acids,tannins,and phenolics compounds.The maximum amount of phenols was found in methanolic extracts of proso and barnyard millets(0.669±0.003 and 0.625±0.003),followed by the chloroform extract of proso and barnyard millets(0.284±0.002 and 0.257±0.003).The minimum amount of phenolics was found in the acetone extract of proso and barnyard millets.The methanol extract of both millets showed the presence of major compounds with high phenolic content.

Resistance Level and Metabolism of Barnyard-Grass (Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) Populations to Quizalofop-p-ethyl in Heilongjiang Province,China

Eleven barnyardgrass populations were assayed. The highest resistant population was Geqiushan R with RI 125.45 resulted from the seed assay and 87.29 resulted from the whole plant bioassay followed by 853 R with RI 2.79 resulted from the seed assay and 6.04 resulted from the whole plant bioassay. The resistance level of other nine populations was low with RI 1.13-2.61 resulted from the seed assay and 1.48-3.63 resulted from the whole plant bioassay. The activity of an important metabolic enzyme glutathione S-transferases （GSTs） and three protective enzymes （SOD, POD, and CAT） were determined in vivo for Geqiushan R, 853 R, and Wudalianchi R. Compared with the S controls, the activities of POD in Geqiushan R, GSTs in 853 R, and Wudalianchi R were increased.

Barnyard millet global core collection evaluation in the submontane Himalayan region of India using multivariate analysis

Barnyard millet(Echinochloa spp.) is one of the most underresearched crops with respect to characterization of genetic resources and genetic enhancement. A total of 95 germplasm lines representing global collection were evaluated in two rainy seasons at Almora,Uttarakhand, India for qualitative and quantitative traits and the data were subjected to multivariate analysis. High variation was observed for days to maturity, five-ear grain weight, and yield components. The first three principal component axes explained 73% of the total multivariate variation. Three major groups were detected by projection of the accessions on the first two principal components. The separation of accessions was based mainly on trait morphology. Almost all Indian and origin-unknown accessions grouped together to form an Echinochloa frumentacea group. Japanese accessions grouped together except for a few outliers to form an Echinochloa esculenta group. The third group contained accessions from Russia, Japan, Cameroon, and Egypt. They formed a separate group on the scatterplot and represented accessions with lower values for all traits except basal tiller number. The interrelationships between the traits indicated that accessions with tall plants, long and broad leaves, longer inflorescences, and greater numbers of racemes should be given priority as donors or parents in varietal development initiatives. Cluster analysis identified two main clusters based on agro-morphological characters.

Resistance of Barnyard Grass(Echinochloa crusglli) to Quinclorac in Double-harvest Rice Area in Hunan Province of China

[ Objective] The paper was to study the resistance of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province of China. [ Method ] Using whole-plant determination method, the resistance of 36 biotypes of barnyard grass to quinclorac in double-harvest rice area in Hunan Province was studied. [ Result ] The biotype collected from Lijiaping Town of Shaoyang County was the most susceptible barnyard grass to quinclerac, and the EC50 value was 70. 253 1 g a. i./hm2 , so it was recognized as the sensitive biotype. The biotypes collected from Caowei Town of Yuanjiang County （ HN3 and HN4 from direct seeding rice fields） and Zhongyukou Town of Nanxian County presented very high resistance to quinclorac ; the ECho values were 1 999. 122 5, 1 664.544 6 and 1 022.739 5 g a. i./hm2, and their resistance indexes reached 28.46, 23.69 and 14.56, respectively, indicating that these throe biotypes hod high level of resistance to quinclo- rac. EC50 values of about 22 biotypes were ranged from 144. 837 3 to 408.289 4 g a. i./hm2, and resistance indexes were ranged from 2.06 to 5.81, indicating that these biotypes hod produced resistance to quinclorac. EC50 values of other 10 biotypes were ranged from 98.032 6 to 138. 660 9 g a. i./hm2, and the resistance in- dexes were ranged from 1.40 to 1.97, indicating that the sensitivity of barnyard grass in these places was decreasing. [ Conclusion] The paper provided guidance for scientific and rational use of quinclorac in paddy fields.

Control Effects of Mixture of Metamifop and Cyhalofop-butyl on Annual Weeds Barnyard Grass in Direct-seeding Paddy Field

In order to explore the control effects of 10% metamifop EC and 20%cyhalofop-butyl OD on barnyard grass(Echinochloa crusgalli(L.) Beauv.) as well as their safety to rice in rice direct-seeding paddy field, field efficacy experiments were carried out in Taoyuan County and Hanshou County of Hunan Province. The results showed that the control effect of different pesticide treatments on barnyard grass was good, and the control effect reached more than 93%. Of which, 10% metamifop EC 2 250 mL/hm^(2)+20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 500 mL/hm^(2)had the best control effect,exceeding 99% and each treatment had no significantly ponisonous to rice. However,considering cost-saving and effect-increasing, it was recommended to use 10%metamifop EC 1 050 mL/hm^(2)mixed with 20% cyhalofop-butyl OD 1 050 mL/hm^(2)for the control of barnyard grass, which not only had the effect of controlling barnyard grass, but also was safety to rice.

Allelopathic Potential of Rice （Oryza sativa L.） Cultivars on Barnyard Grass （Echinochloa crus-galh~

Laboratory and greenhouse studies were conducted to assess the allelopathic potential of 12 rice cultivars on barnyard grass. Polyethylene glycol （PEG） was used to determine the influence of osmotic potential on the bioassay materials. Effect of different concentrations of stem, root, and leaf extracts of rice cultivars on seed germination, radicle and primary shoot length of barnyard grass seedlings, and rate of respiration of root pieces were investigated in the laboratory experiments. Shoot height and dry weight of weed stands were studied in the greenhouse, Also total peroxidase activity, chlorophyll pigment and mitotic index were determined. Results indicated that, among rice cultivars, Mehr, Tarom-mahali, G3, Nemat, and Shahpasand caused the most inhibition effects on investigated factors. Amol-3 showed the least negative effects on growth of seedlings and stands of barnyard grass. In laboratory, the Mehr cultivar demonstrated the maximum inhibitory effects by reducing barnyard grass seed germination percentage （88%）, radicle length （100%）, primary shoot length （83%）, and root respiration （85%） Cell division, expressed as mitotic index, was significantly reduced in the presence of rice aqueous extracts. Mehr cultivar had higher inhibitory effect on mitosis compared to Amol-3. In greenhouse, the same cultivar showed the maximum inhibitory effect by reducing barnyard grass height （45%） and dry weight （64%）. With increase in extract concentration, the inhibitory effect increased. Leaf extract from rice plants was more effective compared with the root and stem extracts. Comparison of rice cultivars and PEG indicated that any reduction in germination and growth of barnyard grass using rice extract concentrations of 5% and 10% must have been the result of allelochemicals in the extracts. Lower extract concentrations showed a more pronounced inhibitory effect in the laboratory as compared to the greenhouse studies. These results suggest that rice leaf extracts may be a source of natural herbicide.

果园厩肥深施机土肥混合覆土装置设计与试验

针对果园厩肥传统深施方式存在肥料过于集中、利用率低等问题,本文设计了一种土肥碰撞混合覆土装置,主要由开沟机构、导流机构、排肥机构等组成;进行了螺旋搅龙输肥机构内厩肥颗粒的运动学分析以及切削抛送过程、导流分层过程土壤颗粒运动学分析,确定了关键参数范围,并以刀盘转速、搅龙转速和分土板偏角为因素、以土肥混合均匀度为评价指标进行台架试验,结果表明刀盘转速、搅龙转速和分土板偏角分别为152 r·min^(-1)、138 r·min^(-1)和29°时土肥混合均匀度为86.39%;对最优参数组合进行试验验证,结果显示混合均匀度为88.02%,与理论结果的相对误差为1.89%,表明该装置混合性能较好,可满足土肥混合作业要求。该研究结果可为土肥混合机械设计提供技术依据。

Field experimental study on pullout forces of rice seedlings and barnyard grasses for mechanical weed control in paddy field

Pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass were tested by universal testing machine controlled by WDW-5 type microcomputer to obtain the pullout forces of rice seedling and barnyard grass.The measured pullout force was used to improve the weeding rate and reduce the rice seedling damage rate caused by mechanical weeding device.According to the measured continuous curve of pullout forces of rice seeding and barnyard grasses in weeding period,the best range of force required to pull out barnyard grasses from soil with no injury and damage to rice seedlings was discussed.Reasons for the difference in the pulling force were analyzed.Results show that,with the increment of the number of single cell rice seedlings the pullout force increases.The pullout forces of single cell rice seedlings and barnyard grasses at first increased slowly reaching the maximum value followed by rapid drop and finally it remained steady.The minimum pullout forces recorded during rice seedlings at the first and the second weeding periods were 2.57 N and 9.70 N,respectively,while the minimum forces during the first and second weeding periods were recorded as 1.24 N and 7.51 N,respectively,for barnyard grasses.The results show that the pullout forces of weeding to rice seedlings and barnyard grasses should be within 1.24 N to 2.57 N and 7.51 N to 9.70 N respectively in the first and second weeding periods.

不同大豆品种浸提液对稗草和苜蓿的除草活性

为探索大豆在种植过程中潜在的化感作用,研究了6个不同大豆品种浸提液对稗草和苜蓿的除草活性。采用培养皿滤纸法、土壤封闭法和茎叶喷雾法测定了其对稗草和苜蓿的化感作用,并挑选出除草活性最高的大豆品种浸提液进行除草活性物质分析。结果表明:种子萌发试验中,在0.01 g/mL浓度下,2701品种大豆乙醇浸提液对稗草和苜蓿的根长抑制率分别是65.3%和62.0%、对二者的芽长抑制率分别是80.2%和17.5%,湘24品种大豆乙醇浸提液对稗草和苜蓿的根长抑制率为79.8%和70.9%、对二者的芽长抑制率分别是46.0%和35.6%;土壤封闭试验中,在0.01 g/mL浓度下,湘24品种大豆乙醇浸提液对稗草和苜蓿的抑制率为48.4%和35.2%;茎叶喷雾试验中,在0.01 g/mL浓度下,湘24品种大豆乙醇浸提液对稗草和苜蓿的抑制率为67.0%和93.6%,2701品种大豆乙醇浸提液的抑制率为76.4%和93%;除草活性物质追踪结果表明黄酮类次生代谢物质在浸提液中含量相对较高。由此可见,湘24、2701品种大豆乙醇粗提液具有一定的除草活性。

稗草EcHPPD基因的克隆及生物信息学分析

旨在克隆稗草对羟基苯基丙酮酸双氧化酶(HPPD)基因为探究其基因功能提供基础,从而更好地开发除稗剂。以稗草叶片为材料,用同源克隆和cDNA末端快速克隆(RACE)技术克隆EcHPPD基因序列,用生物信息学软件分析其特征。EcHPPD基因的编码序列全长1317 bp,其编码蛋白质由439个氨基酸组成,相对分子质量为46.659 kD,等电点为5.30。稗草与同处禾本科的Dichanthelium oligosanthes(OEL23409.1:8-249)的HPPD蛋白进化程度最为相近。EcHPPD三级建模蛋白结构由两条链构成,有2个Fe^(2+)结合位点,并能与吡唑特活性中心骨架通过氢键相互作用。EcHPPD可能与HGO、HPT1、TAT3、AT5G36160、TAT7等11个蛋白产生互作。本研究报道了EcHPPD基因序列并对其进行了生物信息学分析,为创制新的HPPD抑制剂提供理论依据。

应用二次通用旋转组合设计禾长蠕胞菌制剂配方

禾长蠕孢菌(Helminthosporium gramineum Rabenh.f.sp.echinochloae)是一种稻田微生物除草潜力菌。为提高其在田间应用的效果,本文以稗草为靶标杂草,前期筛选到的助剂(增效剂、溶剂油、稳定剂、乳化剂)为编码因子,采用二次通用旋转组合设计配方,根据各配方对稗草的致死率建立回归方程,并通过方差分析,对方程进行优化,最终优化得到禾长蠕孢菌孢子制剂的配方为:1.0 g孢子粉中添加0.25 mL大豆油、0.49 g羧甲基纤维素钠、0.1 mL SP-20,增效剂10%吡嘧磺隆WP 6.56 mg和2.5%五氟磺草胺OD 26μL。研究结果有助于HGE菌后续商品化应用。

从嘉禾到杂草:东北地区的稗子种植与低湿地开发

稗在中国主流农业历史叙事中多为稻田伴生杂草或灾荒年份的救荒作物,但在传统时期的东北地区却是一种主粮作物,地位不次于“五谷”,耐寒、耐湿的抗逆性特征使其成为东北地区历史上低湿地开发的主力。当地农民在长期栽培实践中,培育出一批高产、抗涝性状好的品种,形成了一整套颇具特色的种植技术。近代以来,随着东北地区农田水利兴起、抗寒性水稻品种次第引入,先前植稗的沮洳之地被整治为水田,优质高产的水稻成为低湿地开发的主角。稗子作为一种谷物逐渐淡出人们的视野,沦为一种饲料作物。某种程度上说,稗子退却的历史,即近代以来东北亚中高纬度地区低地开发与农业发展的缩影。

不同施肥处理对青贮玉米生长和产量的影响

为研究施肥种类、施肥量等农业技术措施对青贮玉米产量和品质的影响,建立资源节约型的施肥模式,2008年在河北省石家庄市进行了强盛青贮30(国审玉2007026)肥料效应试验,采用再裂区完全随机区组设计,研究底肥、种肥和追肥的不同配比与施用量对青贮玉米生长及产量的影响。结果表明,1)厩肥发挥肥效需要一定的时间,复合肥肥效持续的时间较厩肥持续的时间短;在以种植青贮玉米作为饲养家畜饲料的地区,厩肥资源丰富,可以用厩肥替代复合肥作为底肥,既有利于青贮玉米的生长,又充分利用了资源,还有助于减轻环境污染;种肥(锌肥)有利于促进青贮玉米的生长,但种肥施用量不宜过高;尿素追肥对促进青贮玉米生长效应显著,肥效持续时间较短,但对增加青贮玉米干草产量效应显著;2)底肥为A2水平、种肥为B2或B3水平、追肥为C1水平处理下生长速率最高,株高最大;底肥为A2水平、种肥在B1水平、追肥在C1水平下的干草收获量最大;综合试验结果,结合当地农业生产实际,建议底肥为A2水平、种肥为B2水平、追肥为C1水平;3)可以根据回归方程:DW=25529.29-2842.18C-424.38B(R2=0.408)或DW=24468.33-2842.18C(R2=0.373)或DW=10267.89+12104.11A-3058.09A2(R2=0.377),预测青贮玉米干草产量。

旱稻(Oryza sativa)×长芒稗(Echinochloa caudata)远缘杂交后代结实率及杂种优势分析

以旱稻基因型旱 65(OryzasativaL .)为母本 ,稗草长芒稗 (Echinochloacaudata)为父本进行远缘杂交 ,获得实粒种子。连续 5年试验结果表明 :( 1 )F0 高度不孕 ,并伴有杂交种发育夭折现象。去雄 82 4朵小花 ,结实率为 1 2 1‰。 ( 2 )F1杂种优势明显 ,育性正常 ,结实率 92 2 6% ,单株产量超母本 80 3 9%。 ( 3 )F2 农艺性状分离严重 ,但育性无分离。群体 40 5株无不育株出现。选育出的优良变异单株“远F2 1” ,超亲优势为 55 64%。 ( 4)对“远F2 1”衍生F3株系 1 60株考种株穗数、株高、穗长、主茎穗一级枝梗数、穗总粒数、穗实粒数诸性状 ,平均超亲优势分别为 2 3 2 %、1 5 1 8%、47 2 6%、3 3 84%、2 4 2 6%及 2 1 62 % ,差异显著。 ( 5)F5光合速率测定 ,超母本2 9 72 %。远缘杂交对不同属间引入目的基因 ,非常有效。

稗草休眠特性及其解除

研究了稗草在不同环境条件下的休眠特性及其解除方法。结果表明,稗草种子在成熟后都将进入休眠,不同环境条件下其休眠期不一样。2004年7月采集的稗草种子在地下贮存条件下5个月就能打破休眠,且持续6个月一直处于休眠解除状态。室内常温条件下需12个月才能打破休眠,而冰箱中贮存12个月不能解除稗草种子的休眠。1 000.0 mg/L赤霉酸浸泡240 h和硫酸浸泡10-20 min均能解除稗草种子的休眠,但其他处理不能有效解除稗草种子的休眠。

几种豆科牧草地上部水浸提液对稗草种子和幼苗的化感效应

用砂培法研究毛苕子(Viciavillosa)、紫花苜蓿(Medicagosativa.)、白三叶(Trifoliumrepens)、红三叶(Trifoliumpratense)和黄花草木樨(Melilotusofficinalis)花期地上部水浸提液对稗草(Echinochloacrusgalli)的化感效应。结果表明,供试草种水浸提液对稗草种子萌发和幼苗生长的化感作用具有明显的种间差异;其中对毛苕子和黄花草木樨种子发芽的抑制作用强于其它3种,抑制率达60%以上;紫花苜蓿对稗草幼苗生长的抑制作用强,特别是对根的抑制作用显著强于其它4个草种;白三叶和红三叶仅在水浸提液浓度0.1g/mL时,对稗草鲜根重表现出显著的抑制效应(P<0.05);此外,供试草种浸提液对稗草的化感作用,随着浓度的升高,抑制作用随之增强。

五爪金龙中香豆素类物质含量及其对福寿螺、水稻和稗草的影响

在不同季节采集并测定了入侵植物五爪金龙不同器官中伞形花内酯(Umbelliferone(UMB))和东莨菪亭内酯(Scopoletin(SCO))的含量、同时室内分析了这两种物质的杀螺效果及其对水稻和稗草生长的影响、并研究了这两种物质在土壤中的降解情况。结果表明:五爪金龙植株中SCO含量高于UMB含量,两物质均是夏季含量最高,春季次之,秋冬季低,SCO夏季在茎中含量最大,秋冬季幼茎和幼叶中含量较高;UMB对福寿螺的毒杀力强于SCO,UMB浓度为C2(200μg/mL)时处理24 h对福寿螺的致死率达100%,而SCO浓度为C2时处理24 h对福寿螺的致死率仅为8%;SCO对水稻和稗草苗生长的影响较UMB强,在C0(50μg/mL),C1(100μg/mL)、C2浓度下均促进水稻及稗草苗的生长,而C3(400μg/mL)浓度下则抑制水稻和稗草苗的生长。UMB和SCO混合溶液比单一物质在相同浓度的杀螺效果及对水稻和稗草的生长影响要强;UMB和SCO在土壤中10 d内完全降解。入侵植物五爪金龙中的次生物质UMB和SCO在稻田中的生态效应值得进一步研究。

黑龙江省稻稗对二氯喹啉酸敏感性研究

利用滤纸法、琼脂法、整株生测法测定黑龙江省10个不同采集点稻稗种子对二氯喹啉酸的敏感性。结果表明,供试10个采集点均未产生明显抗性。其中,852农场采集点稻稗对二氯喹啉酸处于敏感性下降阶段,测得抗性指数分别为4.11、4.82、4.39;五常拉林采集点稻稗对二氯喹啉酸均最敏感;其他采集点稻稗对二氯喹啉酸敏感性介于二者之间。

浙江省稻田稗草对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性

应用琼脂法测定了浙江省稻区21个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗性水平。结果表明,绍兴市郊(2003年)的稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸最敏感,其EC50为0.3268mg/L。以其为敏感生物型,绍兴陶堰(2003年)和温州塘下(2003年)的稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的EC50分别为234.8、227.4mg/L,抗性比分别达到718.48和695.84,表明这两种稗草生物型的抗药性处于极高抗水平。浙江杭州(2003年)的稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的EC50为13.47mg/L,抗性比为41.22,表明该稗草生物型处于高水平抗性阶段。绍兴皋埠(2003年)的稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的抗药性还处于低水平抗性阶段,其EC50和抗性比分别为2.096mg/L和6.41。而其余16个稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸的EC50为0.4953～1.315mg/L,抗性比为1.52～4.02,表明这些地方稗草生物型对二氯喹啉酸敏感。

4种酚酸类化感物质与丁草胺混用对稗草生长抑制的互作效应

室内生物测定阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸、香豆酸和水杨酸4种酚酸类化感物质与丁草胺混用对稗草生长的抑制效果。采用Gowing法分析互作效应,探讨利用水稻化感作用实施减量应用化学除草剂。结果表明:互作效应与物质的种类、浓度水平与比例密切相关。125 mg.L-1酚酸类化感物质与丁草胺混用,阿魏酸、对羟基苯甲酸和水杨酸对丁草胺表现增效作用,而香豆酸与丁草胺混用则为加成作用;500 mg.L-1阿魏酸和水杨酸与丁草胺混用表现加成作用,而500mg.L-1对羟基苯甲酸和香豆酸与丁草胺混用则产生拮抗作用。酚酸类化感物质与丁草胺等比例混用,水杨酸对丁草胺产生增效作用,其余3种物质对丁草胺表现加成作用。125 mg.L-1水杨酸、阿魏酸和对羟基苯甲酸与丁草胺混用后对稗草的抑制效果分别为丁草胺抑制效果的1.23、1.11和1.02倍,丁草胺与香豆酸混用处理的抑制效果稍微降低,为丁草胺单独应用抑制稗草效果的81%。