Sheep manure application increases soil exchangeable base cations in a semi-arid steppe of Inner Mongolia

The long-term productivity of a soil is greatly influenced by cation exchange capacity（CEC）.Moreover,interactions between dominant base cations and other nutrients are important for the health and stability of grassland ecosystems.Soil exchangeable base cations and cation ratios were examined in a 11-year experiment with sheep manure application rates 0–1,500 g/（m2？a） in a semi-arid steppe in Inner Mongolia of China,aiming to clarify the relationships of base cations with soil p H,buffer capacity and fertility.Results showed that CEC and contents of exchangeable calcium（Ca2＋）,magnesium（Mg2＋）,potassium（K＋） and sodium（Na＋） were significantly increased,and Ca2＋ saturation tended to decrease,while K＋ saturation tended to increase with the increases of sheep manure application rates.The Ca2＋/Mg2＋ and Ca2＋/K＋ ratios decreased,while Mg2＋,K＋ and Na＋ saturations increased with increasing manure application rates.Both base cations and CEC were significantly and positively correlated with soil organic carbon（SOC） and soil p H.The increases of SOC and soil p H would be the dominant factors that contribute to the increase of cations in soil.On a comparison with the initial soil p H before the experiment,we deduced that sheep manure application could partly buffer soil p H decrease potentially induced by atmospheric deposition of nitrogen and sulfur.Our results indicate that sheep manure application is beneficial to the maintenance of base cations and the buffering of soil acidification,and therefore can improve soil fertility in the semi-arid steppes of northeastern China.

Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients

The forest litter is an essential reservoir of nutrients in forests, supplying a large part of absorbable base cations(BC) to topsoil, and facilitating plant growth within litter-soil system. To characterize elevational patterns of base cation concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil, and explore the effects of climate and tree species, we measured microclimate and collected the forest litter and topsoil(0-10 cm) samples across an elevational range of more than 2000 m(1243 ～ 3316 m a.s.l.),and analyzed the concentrations of BC in laboratory. Results showed that: 1) litter Ca concentration displayed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradients, but litter K and Mg showed saddle-shaped patterns. Soil Ca concentration increased with elevation, while soil K and Mg had no significant changes. 2) Ca concentration in the forest litter under aspen(Populus davidiana) was significantly higher than that in all other species, but in topsoil, Ca concentration was higher under coniferous larch and fir(Larix chinensis and Abies fargesii). Litter K and Mg concentrations was higher under coniferous larch and fir, whereas there were nosignificant differences among tree species in the concentrations of K and Mg in topsoil. 3) Climatic factors including mean annual temperature(MAT), growing season precipitation(GSP) and non-growing season precipitation(NGSP) determined BC concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil. Soil C/N and C/P also influenced BC cycling between litter and soil. Observation along elevations within different tree species implies that above-ground tree species can redistribute below-ground cations, and this process is profoundly impacted by climate. Litter and soil Ca, K and Mg with different responses to environmental variables depend on their soluble capacity and mobile ability.

Study on Exchangeable Cation Determining Base Saturation Percentage of Soil in South China

Base saturation percentage (BSP) is an important soil chemical index in soil fertility and soil taxonomy. However, it is still unclear what exchangeable cation dominates BSP of soil in south China. Therefore, in this study, the data of BSPs and exchangeable H+, Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+ of 109 and 45 horizon samples of 50 and 28 soil species in red soil and yellow soil groups in the Database of Chinese Soil Species were used to explore further the characteristics of BSPs and exchangeable cations as well as the correlation between BSPs and exchangeable cations. The results showed that the concentrations of exchangeable cations in both red soil and yellow soil groups were in an order of Al3+ (4.55 ± 1.47 and 4.22 ± 1.2 cmol(+)/kg) > Ca2+ (0.32 ± 0.21 and 0.36 ± 0.24 cmol(+)/kg) > H+ (0.23 ± 0.13 and 0.19 ± 0.10 cmol(+)/kg) > K+ (0.16 ± 0.09 and 0.16 ± 0.11 cmol(+)/kg) > Mg2+ (0.13 ± 0.09 and 0.11 ± 0.08 cmol(+)/kg) > Na+ (0.08 ± 0.06 and 0.11 ± 0.06 cmol(+)/kg). For red soil group, Al3+ concentration was significantly higher than those of other exchangeable cations, Ca2+ and H+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of K+, Mg2+ and Na+;while for yellow soil group, Ca2+, H+ and K+ concentrations were significantly higher than those of Mg2+ and K+. BSP of red soil group was codetermined by Ca2+, Al3+, Mg2+ and Na+, with the contributions of 33.81%, 19.82% and 14.49%, respectively;while BSP of yellow soil group was codetermined by Al3+, Ca2+, Mg2+, K+ and Na+, with the contributions of 24.91%, 21.55%, 19.91% and 14.21%, respectively. A higher concentration of exchangeable cation does not mean the higher importance of the cation to soil BSP.

Application of Cationic Waterborne Polyurethane as Impregnation Material for Microfiber Synthetic Leather Base

A cationic waterborne polyurethane(CWPU) was synthesized and utilized as impregnation material for manufacturing microfiber synthetic leather base,in an attempt to decrease environmental pollution associated with organic solvents and improve simulation degree relative to genuine leather.The alkali resistance of the CWPU and four manufacture methods were investigated.Meanwhile,the dyeing properties of the microfiber synthetic leather base were studied.It was found that the CWPU displayed enough alkali resistance to endure the alkali deweighting process for microfiber synthetic leather base manufacture.In terms of bending length,bending rigidity,compression elasticity ratio and specific compression elasticity ratio of the resulting base,coagulating the impregnated CWPU with sodium hydroxide before steam treatment was the optimal method.The extent of fiber splitting and the handle of the base from this method were both similar to conventional base filled with solvent-based polyurethane(SPU).The dyeing properties of the microfiber synthetic leather base filled with CWPU were also found superior to the one filled with either anionic waterborne polyurethane(AWPU) or SPU.

皖南山区不同类型森林土壤阳离子交换性能差异

为了解皖南山区不同类型森林土壤阳离子交换性能差异,为该区合理营林提供参考,选取皖南山区6种不同类型森林土壤(杉木林、马尾松林、栓皮栎林、外松林、天然阔叶林和杉木-栓皮栎混交林)为研究对象,比较森林土壤阳离子交换性能的差异。结果表明:(1)研究区土壤呈强酸性,土壤有机质含量为33.84~91.50 g·kg^(-1),总氮含量为0.94~3.37 g·kg^(-1),碱解氮含量为131.58~203.62 mg·kg^(-1),总磷含量为0.22~0.77 g·kg^(-1),有效磷含量为0.17~0.32 mg·kg^(-1);土壤主要缺乏速效磷养分。(2)阳离子交换量在8.09~12.57 cmol·kg^(-1)之间,排序为:天然阔叶林>外松林>马尾松林>混交林>杉木林>栓皮栎林,不同森林土壤间阳离子交换量的差异主要由其土壤有机质的差异引起。(3)交换性盐基总量在1.74~2.72 cmol·kg^(-1)g之间,排序为:马尾松林>外松林>杉木林>栓皮栎林>混交林>天然阔叶林,Ca^(2+)和Mg^(2+)是主要的盐基离子,是成土过程中Ca、Mg优先固持形成的。(4)盐基饱和度在13.97%~28.98%之间,排序为:马尾松林>杉木林>栓皮栎林>外松林>混交林>天然阔叶林,该差异是由淋溶作用和树木对盐基离子的吸收共同作用形成的差异。综上,研究区土壤保肥和缓冲性能较低且供肥能力较差,尤其是土壤速效磷供应能力差。其中松林的供肥保肥能力及缓冲性能明显优于其他树种森林,混交林的速效养分含量更高,故可通过营造松类混交林以及施肥来提高森林土壤供肥保肥能力和缓冲性能。

积雪变化对东北农田黑土盐基离子及有效硅铝含量的影响

[目的]为探究冬季积雪深度变化下东北农田黑土盐基离子及有效硅铝含量的季节性变化特征。[方法]采用人工控制积雪深度的方法,通过测定除雪处理组(SR)、减雪处理组(SL)、自然积雪对照组(C)、增雪处理组(SA)的东北农田黑土环境因子(温湿度、含水率、pH、总有机碳)、盐基离子、有效硅以及活性铝,分析土壤盐基离子及有效硅铝的含量变化过程,以及两者对土壤环境因子的响应关系。[结果]积雪深度的降低使季节性雪被覆盖下黑土受到积雪的保温作用减弱,0-30 cm土壤温度及湿度(未冻水含量)显著下降,使水盐运移过程中未冻水携带的HCO_(3)^(-)含量减少,土壤平均pH受HCO _(3)^(-)含量影响分别变化-0.06,-0.04,-0.02,0.01。土壤的碱性降低,低价阳离子对高价阳离子在土壤胶体吸附电位的置换能力增强,使得交换态一价阳离子(Na^(+)、K^(+))含量升高,同时使交换态及碳酸盐态二价阳离子(Ca ^(2+)、Mg^(2+))含量降低。碳酸盐态二价阳离子与交换态Na+分别对TOC含量构成正向和负向的影响,使土壤平均总有机碳(TOC)含量随积雪深度的降低分别增长0.87,1.09,1.32,1.48 g/kg。盐基离子与土壤pH、TOC的相互影响关系使在积雪深度降低的条件下土壤pH与TOC含量降低,进而对土壤有效硅铝含量构成间接影响。TOC含量的降低削弱了土壤对低活性腐殖酸铝(Al-HA)的固持作用,pH的降低促进低活性铝向高活性交换态铝(Ex-Al)与单聚体羟基铝(Hy-Al)的转化,土壤铝毒性提升,同时促进有效硅的溶解,造成土壤硅的流失。[结论]气候变暖引起的中高纬度地区季节性积雪覆盖面积减少将影响冬季东北地区农田黑土的物质能量分布状态,并由此改变生长季节农作物的生长发育环境,研究提示为冬季东北黑土区土壤矿质元素的季节性变化过程提供了一定的科学依据。

Effects of simulated acid rain on cation releasing in soils of South China

This paper deals with the release of base cations and Al^3+ at the treatment with simulated acid rain (SAR) in main soil types collected from South China. Results showed that the amounts of base cations increased obviously when the pH value of simulated acid rain was lower than 30 or 35. Compared with the leaching of K^+ and Na^+, the leaching of Ca^2+ and Mg^2+ was affected by the pH value of SAR. Only when the amounts of base cations leached from soils exceeded the cation exchange capacity, the pH value of leaching solutions decreased sharply and the amounts of released Al^3+ increased. The H^+ buffering mechanisms, which were affected not only by the pH values of SAR, but also by the types and solid components of soils, were proposed for the main soils studied.

内蒙古平原灌区土壤固碳与养分吸附特征及秸秆还田调控

为内蒙古平原灌区春玉米连续高产稳产过程中秸秆培肥高产田和改良盐碱田提供理论依据。设置了玉米秸秆还田1~4 a(HT1~HT4)定位试验,以秸秆不还田作为对照(CK),测定了春播前和收获期土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量、pH值和酸碱缓冲曲线。结果表明,HT1~HT4收获期与春播前相比土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量的相对变化率为1.34%~3.62%,0.20%~1.51%,-0.11%~0.78%,0.89%~6.36%,0.09%~0.41%,CK收获期与春播前相比土壤有机碳含量、全氮含量、有效氮含量、有效磷含量、阳离子交换量的相对变化率为1.57%,-0.02%,-0.45%,-0.15%,-0.05%;HT2、HT3、HT4比CK的土壤pH值显著降低;土壤对碱的缓冲能力依次为HT4>HT3>HT2>HT1>CK。综上所述,随秸秆还田年限的增加,土壤固碳能力、保肥能力和缓冲性能增大,有效抵御因施化肥等因素导致土壤pH值剧烈变化的能力增强,秸秆还田培肥改土措施显著提升了土壤质量。

Facile preparation of bi-functional iron doped mesoporous materials and their application in the cycloaddition of CO2

Two kinds of bi-functional transition metal doped mesoporous materials(Fe-HMS and Fe-MCM-41) are prepared using one-step hydrothermal method and then treated with hydrochloric acid ethanol solution.The N2 adsorption and HRTEM results show that both of Fe-HMS and Fe-MCM-41 possess mesoporous structure. The UV–vis results suggest that the Fe species are mainly located within the framework. The basicity of as-prepared samples was studied by temperature programmed desorption using CO2 as probe molecule(CO2-TPD). The catalytic performance of Fe-HMS and Fe-MCM-41 in CO2 cycloaddition largely depends on the amount of the accessible basic sites. The acid–base active sites, framework Fe and PDDA species cooperatively catalyze the CO2 cycloaddition for the production of cyclic carbonates under the condition without any co-catalyst. The conversion of epichlorohydrin(ECH) is 97.4% and the selectivity of chloropropene carbonate is 92.9% under optimal conditions. The approximate rate constant of cycloaddition reaction of CO2 with ECH under optimum reaction temperature is calculated. It is worth noting that the Fe-HMS material shows superior reusability than Fe-MCM-41. In addition, this work provides a facile way on the synthesis of bi-functional acid–base heterogeneous catalyst with outstanding catalytic performance for the fixation of CO2.

Phenanthroline-based Fluorescent Chemosensor for Selective Detection of Zn^(2+) in DMF Buffer Solution

A simple ＂off-on＂ fluorescent chemosensor with high selectivity to zinc ions based on 1,10-phenanthro-line receptor dipyrido[3,2-d：2＇,3＇-f]quinoxaline（L） was investigated.The selectivity response of receptor L to zinc ion was demonstrated by UV-Vis absorption and fluorescence spectroscopies in DMF buffer solution.The experiment results show that the fluorescent chemosensor L exhibits the optimum response behavior to Zn2＋ in the range of pH 8.0―9.0 and shows excellent selectivity to Zn2＋ over other cations tested.

基于循证实践的“V-EBP”专业学位研究生教育质量增值评价体系研究

高质量的专业学位研究生是推动我国社会经济发展的重要力量,其教育质量评价一直是普遍关注的问题。随着时代发展与教育理念的革新,传统评价方式已经不能全面衡量专业学位研究生教育质量,增值评价为问题解决提供了新视角。基于此,本研究在分析增值评价对于专业学位研究生教育质量评价亟待改革内容的意义,以及阐释循证实践对支持该评价体系的改进的价值与可行性分析的基础上,构建了基线测评、过程监控、证据采集、终结测评以及增值分析五位一体的“V-EBP”专业研究生教育质量评价体系,提出了注重大数据技术使用,实现多模态数据融合分析;合理选择评价分析工具,坚持量化与质性描述结合;基于实践适当调整,推进理想化增值评价体系的实施建议。

浙江省海岛丘陵土壤的发生特点与系统分类归属

海岛地理景观特殊且成土条件复杂,其土壤形成有别于大陆。为了解浙江省海岛丘陵土壤的发生特点和系统分类归属,本文对80个土壤剖面进行调查,并结合历史文献数据进行研究。调查结果表明:浙江省海岛丘陵土壤的地貌结构、母质组成、气候条件和植被类型等相对单一,但海岛规模、离陆距离、潮汐、人为活动影响频繁;地形坡度较大,石质化明显,黏化作用弱,脱硅富铁铝化作用多变,风化淋溶系数中等,复盐基现象明显,pH值和盐基饱和度较同纬度大陆高,成土环境受古代和现代双重因素影响。在该研究区共鉴定出富铁土、淋溶土、雏形土和新成土4个土纲,干润富铁土、湿润富铁土、干润淋溶土、湿润淋溶土、干润雏形土、湿润雏形土和正常新成土7个亚纲,10个土类、11个亚类和25个土族。浙江省海岛丘陵土壤形成方向基本上与同纬度大陆丘陵土壤相同,属于传统的“红壤带”。

生物质炭和Ca(OH)_(2)缓解土壤酸化过程中植物铝毒性的模拟对比研究

随着外源酸输入,酸性土壤改良剂的石灰效应逐渐消退,土壤再次酸化形成铝毒害。作为一种新型酸性土壤改良剂,生物质炭施用后土壤的复酸化过程尚不清楚。本研究通过循环酸浸洗耦合根伸长试验,对比研究了施用生物质炭和熟石灰(Ca(OH)_(2))后土壤的复酸化过程及其对植物的铝毒性。结果表明,循环酸浸洗有效模拟了土壤的复酸化过程。随着模拟酸化年限增加,生物质炭和Ca(OH)_(2)处理土壤中玉米根系伸长均逐渐受到了抑制。生物质炭相较于Ca(OH)_(2)有效缓解了酸化过程对植物根系的抑制作用。在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理中玉米根相对伸长率较Ca(OH)_(2)处理高18.6%,生物质炭相较于Ca(OH)_(2)处理展现出更为长效的酸性土壤改良潜力。这一方面是由于生物质炭通过表面阴离子官能团质子化作用减缓了酸化过程中土壤pH的降低,抑制了土壤铝的活化。在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理土壤溶液Al^(3+)浓度较Ca(OH)_(2)处理低33%。另一方面,酸化过程中生物质炭持续释放Mg^(2+),在模拟12年酸输入时,生物质炭处理土壤溶液Mg^(2+)浓度和植物Mg^(2+)吸收量均较Ca(OH)_(2)处理高2倍以上。较高的Mg2+浓度可通过调控植物对Al^(3+)的生理响应,缓解植物铝毒害症状。该研究结果可为土壤酸化长效阻控提供理论依据和技术支撑。

施用生物炭对土壤养分有效性和离子交换性能影响的整合分析

为准确评估施用生物炭对土壤养分有效性及交换性盐基离子的影响,通过收集2000—2020年发表的文献,获得不施生物炭(空白无添加)和单施生物炭648组匹配数据、不施生物炭和生物炭配施化肥430组匹配数据。采用数据整合分析(Meta-analysis)方法,分析了不同方式施用生物炭对土壤氮磷含量(总氮、NH_(4)^(+)-N、NO_(3)^(-)-N、Olsen-P)、交换性盐基离子(K^(+)、Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)和Mg^(2+))及阳离子交换量(CEC)的影响。结果显示:施用生物炭(单施或与化肥配施)土壤氮磷含量增加14.0%~128.1%、盐基离子含量增加22.5%~270.2%。对不同方式施用生物炭的效果比较可知,生物炭与化肥配施对土壤养分的提升效果更加显著,单施生物炭对土壤盐基离子提升效果更高。进一步分析显示,当生物炭原料pH≥8时,单施生物炭显著增加土壤Olsen-P含量达10.3%~58.5%;制备温度>500℃时,单施生物炭对土壤盐基离子含量的增加幅度为33.9%~384.7%;生物炭施用量<10t∙hm^(-2)时,生物炭与化肥配施对土壤Olsen-P含量增加幅度(374.1%)高于单施生物炭(2.1%);在pH<6.5土壤施用生物炭提高土壤氮磷及交换性钙含量,其中单施生物炭土壤Olsen-P含量和CEC的增幅分别达45.0%和17.9%。因此,施用生物炭能有效改善土壤养分有效性和离子交换性能,降低环境风险。实际应用中需要根据不同目的选择生物炭单施或配施化肥,同时综合生物炭特性、施用量和土壤属性条件,有效利用生物炭提升土壤肥力是未来农业高质量发展的重点方向。

三峡库区2种土地利用方式下土壤盐基离子及碳氮含量对氮添加的响应

为探究三峡库区2种土地利用方式下土壤交换性盐基离子及土壤碳氮含量对氮添加的响应,以湖北省秭归县的林地和果园土壤为研究对象,进行室内土柱淋溶模拟试验,研究4种不同氮添加量(0,50,120,200 kg/(hm^(2)·a))下,土壤中交换性Ca^(2+)、Mg^(2+)、Na^(+)、K^(+)以及NO_(3)^(-)-N、DOC的变化。结果表明:随着氮添加量的增加,林地土壤中的交换性盐基离子淋失量显著增加(p<0.05),而果园土壤中的交换性盐基离子淋失量无显著变化,且林地土壤中交换性盐基离子淋失总量与各盐基离子淋失量均高于果园土壤;经N1、N2、N3处理后,与对照组(N0)相比,林地土壤中的交换性盐基离子淋失总量分别增加1.78%,4.45%,8.49%,且NO_(3)^(-)-N淋失量分别增加89.21%,77.73%,157.25%,说明氮添加通过加剧土壤中NO_(3)^(-)-N的淋失带走土壤中交换性阳离子;林地土壤DOC累计淋失量经N2、N3处理分别降低1.15%,9.53%,果园土壤DOC累计淋失量经N1、N2、N3处理分别降低15.55%,5.88%,17.16%;氮添加下,与人为干扰的果园土壤相比,相对自然状态下的林地土壤中交换性盐基离子淋失量对氮添加的响应更敏感。研究表明氮添加量的增加提高林地土壤交换性盐基离子与NO_(3)^(-)-N的淋失量,减少林地与果园土壤DOC的淋失量。

密立根油滴实验课程思政教育改革与探索

实践类课程教学是实施高等学校课程思政教学改革的重要环节,密立根油滴实验是大学物理实验中的经典实验,蕴含了丰富的思政元素,是实施课程思政教育的良好载体.该文从密立根油滴实验的历史背景、测量原理和现代应用出发,深度挖掘了实验中所蕴含的科学精神、科学思想和辩证法原理等思政元素,并详细阐述了如何在实验教学过程中合理地引入这些思政元素,以及如何进行创新思维教育和创新实验探索,以达到培养学生的科学素养和创新精神、实现全方位全过程育人的目标.

阳离子纤维素的制备及其在造纸法再造烟叶助留助滤中的应用

以碱-尿素体系溶解棉溶解浆,以2,3-环氧丙基三甲基氯化铵(EPTMAC)为醚化剂对其改性制备了阳离子纤维素(C-Cell)。采用傅里叶红外光谱仪(FT-IR)、电荷自动滴定仪(PCD)和黏度计等对C-Cell进行表征,并与阳离子瓜尔胶(C-Guar)对比,分析C-Cell与C-Guar对烟草浆料的助留助滤性能、电化学性能以及抄造后基片物理性能的影响。结果表明,两种助剂电荷量相接近,当助剂添加量为0.10%时,C-Cell在降低烟草浆料阳离子需求量、提升助留助滤性能上优于C-Guar,此外,C-Cell的添加对基片的抗张强度、松厚度等物理性能也有一定的提升。综上所述,C-Cell可作为助留助滤剂用于造纸法再造烟叶的抄造。

润滑油基础油规格的修订建议

基础油是构成润滑油的主体,其质量优劣对润滑油的性能起至关重要的作用。随着设备技术进步以及世界范围内对环保要求的日益苛刻,迫切需要制定出更高质量水平的基础油规格标准,以提高基础油市场竞争力。本文建议标准制定借鉴国际通用API分类,同时考虑我国基础油生产实际、性能要求及生产企业和用户的实际需求。新标准对基础油的分类和主要性能指标都作出了具体要求,有利于基础油质量和市场竞争力的提升。

用于海水基压裂液环氧丙基表面活性剂改性胍胶的制备与性能评价

针对海水中存在大量金属离子附着在胍胶表面,抑制胍胶分子的溶胀,不能满足现场连续混配的问题,以环氧氯丙烷、十八烯酸酰胺丙基二甲基丙胺为原料制得阳离子单体(GOA),再将GOA接枝到胍胶分子链上,得到海水基压裂液稠化剂环氧丙基表面活性剂改性胍胶。研究了GOA改性胍胶的溶胀、耐盐、耐温耐剪切、携砂与破胶等性能。结果表明,改性胍胶分子链上的库仑力及静电排斥等作用避免了金属离子附着在胍胶分子链上,保证了胍胶分子的溶胀,提高了胍胶的耐盐性。GOA改性胍胶在海水中的溶解速度明显大于普通胍胶,在海水中的粒径中值约为普通胍胶分子的1/5。在转速800 r/min下,GOA改性胍胶溶胀约5 min的黏度即能达到最终黏度的80%。微观形貌分析结果表明,GOA改性胍胶形成了无规则网状线团结构,胍胶分子链充分展开的同时交联点位增多。GOA改性胍胶压裂液具有较好的抗盐和耐温耐剪切性能,在160℃、170 s^(-1)下连续剪切120 min后的黏度仍高于50 mPa·s,且破胶液黏度为1.6 mPa·s,破胶液中的残渣含量为297 mg/L,满足现场压裂施工需求。