Advancements in biomass gasification research utilizing iron-based oxygen carriers in chemical looping:A review

Biomass,recognized as renewable green coal,is pivotal for energy conservation,emission reduction,and dualcarbon objectives.Chemical looping gasification,an innovative technology,aims to enhance biomass utilization efficiency.Using metal oxides as oxygen carriers regulates the oxygen-to-fuel ratio to optimize synthesis product yields.This review examines various oxygen carriers and their roles in chemical looping biomass gasification,including natural iron ore types,industrial by-products,cerium oxide-based carriers,and core-shell structures.The catalytic,kinetic,and phase transfer properties of iron-based oxygen carriers are analyzed,and their catalytic cracking capabilities are explored.Molecular interactions are elucidated and system performance is optimized by providing insights into chemical looping reaction mechanisms and strategies to improve carrier efficiency,along with discussing advanced techniques such as density functional theory(DFT)and reactive force field(ReaxFF)molecular dynamics(MD).This paper serves as a roadmap for advancing chemical looping gasification towards sustainable energy goals.

Effect of the interaction between the chemical and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria of iron base alloys

It is well known that the magnetic properties such as the Curie temperature Tmag <sub>C and the mean magnetic moment β of ordered compounds have different values from those of the disordered solutions. For instance, both Tmag c and β of the Ni3Pt （L12） and NiPt （L10） and Tmag <sub>c of the CoPt （L10） and CoPt3 （L12） ordered compounds are strongly depressed due to the ordering compared with those of the metastable disordered Ni-Pt and Co-Pt alloys. On the other hand, the γ’-FeNi3 （L12） and the α’-FeCo （B2） ordered compounds have higher Tmag <sub>c and β values comparing with the disordered solution phases, γ （A1） and α （A2）, respectively. In consequence, the stability of the ordered phase is depressed or enhanced due to the interaction between the chemical and magnetic ordering caused by the decrease or increase of Tmag <sub>c and β values. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of the interaction between the chemical and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria in the Fe-X（X=Al, Co, Ni, Rh, Si） binary systems.The Gibbs energy of the α（A2）, γ（A1） and liquid phases is described by a sub-regular solution approximation. The ordering contribution to the Gibbs energy ,ΔGorder <sub>m, and deviations of magnetic properties, ΔTmag <sub>c and Δβ, of the ordered compounds, FeAl （B2）, Fe3Al （D03）, FeCo （B2）, FeRh （B2）, FeSi （B2）, Fe3Si （D03） and FeNi3 （L12） is introduced by the split compound energy formalism. Effect of the interaction between the chemical ordering, B2, D03 and L12 and the magnetic ordering on the phase equilibria will be discussed according to the calculated phase diagrams of the Fe-X binary systems.

Iron-based catalysts encapsulated by nitrogen-doped graphitic carbon for selective synthesis of liquid fuels through the Fischer-Tropsch process

Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis(FTS)has the potential to be a powerful strategy for producing liquid fuels from syngas if highly selective catalysts can be developed.Herein,a series of iron nanoparticle catalysts encapsulated by nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon were prepared by a one‐step pyrolysis of a ferric L‐glutamic acid complex.The FeC‐800 catalyst pyrolyzed at 800°C showed excellent catalytic activity(239.4μmolCO gFe–1 s–1),high C5–C11 selectivity(49%),and good stability in FTS.The high dispersion of ferric species combined with a well‐encapsulated structure can effectively inhibit the migration of iron nanoparticles during the reaction process,which is beneficial for high activity and good stability.The nitrogen‐doped graphitic carbon shell can act as an electron donor to the iron particles,thus promoting CO activation and expediting the formation of Fe5C2,which is the key factor for obtaining high C5–C11 selectivity.

Recent advances in application of iron‐based catalysts for CO_(x) hydrogenation to value‐added hydrocarbons

The widespread utilization of fossil fuels has caused an associated increase in CO_(2) emissions over the past few decades,which has resulted in global warming and ocean acidification.CO hydrogenation(Fischer‐Tropsch synthesis,FTS)is considered a significant route for the production of liquid fuels and chemicals from nonpetroleum sources to meet worldwide demand.Conversion of CO_(2) with renewable H_(2) into valuable hydrocarbons is beneficial for reducing dependence on fossil fuels and mitigating the negative effects of high CO_(2) concentrations in the atmosphere.Iron‐based catalysts exhibit superior catalytic performance in both FTS and CO_(2) hydrogenation to value‐added hydrocarbons.The abundance and low cost of iron‐based catalysts also promote their wide application in CO_(x) hydrogenation.This paper provides a comprehensive overview of the significant developments in the application of iron‐based catalysts in these two fields.The active phases,promoter effect,and support of iron‐based catalysts are discussed in the present paper.Based on understanding of these three essential aspects,we also cover recent advances in the design and preparation of novel iron‐based catalysts for FTS and CO_(2) hydrogenation.Current challenges and future catalytic applications are also outlined.

Identifying the optimal HVOF spray parameters to attain minimum porosity and maximum hardness in iron based amorphous metallic coatings

Flow based Erosion e corrosion problems are very common in fluid handling equipments such as propellers, impellers, pumps in warships, submarine. Though there are many coating materials available to combat erosionecorrosion damage in the above components, iron based amorphous coatings are considered to be more effective to combat erosionecorrosion problems. High velocity oxy-fuel(HVOF)spray process is considered to be a better process to coat the iron based amorphous powders. In this investigation, iron based amorphous metallic coating was developed on 316 stainless steel substrate using HVOF spray technique. Empirical relationships were developed to predict the porosity and micro hardness of iron based amorphous coating incorporating HVOF spray parameters such as oxygen flow rate, fuel flow rate, powder feed rate, carrier gas flow rate, and spray distance. Response surface methodology(RSM) was used to identify the optimal HVOF spray parameters to attain coating with minimum porosity and maximum hardness.

Warm compacted NbC particulate reinforced iron-base composite(Ⅰ)--Effect of fabrication parameters

NbC was used as reinforced particles in the fabrication of iron base composite. Ball milling was introduced to overcome the problems of agglomeration and powder separation during powder mixing. After ball milling, the fine NbC particles are embedded on the surface of iron particles and evenly distributed in the mixed powders. Warm compaction was used not only to increase the green density but also to improve the formability of the mixed powder and to improve the compact’s green strength to facilitate handling. The influences of fabrication parameters such as ball milling time, annealing temperature and time, warm compaction temperature, sintering temperature and sintering time were studied. Compacts with a relative sintered density of 97% and a tensile strength of more than 800?MPa can be obtained by using a ball milling time of 5?h, an annealing temperature of 800?℃, a compaction pressure of 600?MPa, warm compaction temperature of 120?℃, sintering temperature of 1?280?℃, and sintering time of 80?min. The shrinkage at this sintering condition was approximately 4.3%.

Warm compacted NbC particulate reinforced iron-base composite(Ⅱ)--Microstructure and properties

Effects of different sintering temperature and sintering time on the relative density of the sintered compacts were studied to obtain the optimal sintering parameters for the fabrication of NbC parti culate reinforced iron base composite. With optimal sintering temperature of 1?280?℃ and sintering time of 80?min, wear resisting, high density NbC particulate reinforced iron base composites can be obtained using warm compaction powder metallurgy. The microstructure, relative density, mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of the sintered composites were studied. The results indicate that the mechanical properties of the sintered compacts were closely related to the sintered density. The iron base composite materials with different combinations of mechanical properties and tribological behaviors were developed for different applications. One of the developed composite, which contains 10%NbC, possesses a high strength of 815?MPa with a remarkable friction and wear behaviors. The other developed composite, which contains 15%NbC, possesses a lesser strength of 515?MPa but with excellent friction and wear behaviors.

Effect of Manganese Incorporation Manner on an Iron-Based Catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A systematic study was undertaken to investigate the effects of the manganese incorporation manner on the textural properties, bulk and surface phase compositions, reduction/carburization behaviors, and surface basicity of an iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） catalyst. The catalyst samples were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）, H2 （or CO） temperature-programmed reduction （TPR）, CO2 temperature-programmed desorption （TPD）, and M5ssbauer spectroscopy. The FTS performance of the catalysts was studied in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor （CSTR）. The characterization results indicated that the manganese promoter incorporated by using the coprecipitation method could improve the dispersion of iron oxide, and decrease the size of the iron oxide crystallite. The manganese incorporated with the impregnation method is enriched on the catalyst＇s surface. The manganese promoter added with the impregnation method suppresses the reduction and carburization of the catalyst in H2, CO, and syngas because of the excessive enrichment of manganese on the catalyst surface. The catalyst added manganese using the coprecipitation method has the highest CO conversion （51.9%） and the lowest selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons （C12＋）.

Effect of Al_2O_3 Binder on the Precipitated Iron-Based Catalysts for Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

A series of iron-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis （FTS） catalysts incorporated with Al2O3 binder were prepared by the combination of co-precipitation and spray drying technology. The catalyst samples were characterized by using N2 physical adsorption, temperature-programmed reduction/desorption （TPR/TPD） and MSssbauer effect spectroscopy （MES） methods. The characterization results indicated that the BET surface area increases with increasing Al2O3 content and passes through a maximum at the Al2O3/Fe ratio of 10/100 （weight basis）. After the point, it decreases with further increase in Al2O3 content. The incorporation of Al2O3 binder was found to weaken the surface basicity and suppress the reduction and carburization of iron-based catalysts probably due to the strong K-Al2O3 and Fe-Al2O3 interactions. Furthermore, the H2 adsorption ability of the catalysts is enhanced with increasing Al2O3 content. The FTS performances of the catalysts were tested in a slurry-phase continuously stirred tank reactor （CSTR） under the reaction conditions of 260 ℃, 1.5 MPa, 1000 h^-1 and molar ratio of H2/CO 0.67 for 200 h. The results showed that the addition of small amounts of Al2O3 affects the activity of iron-based catalysts to a little extent. However, with further increase of Al2O3 content, the FTS activity and water gas shift reaction （WGS） activity are decreased severely. The addition of appropriate Al2O3 do not affect the product selectivity, but the catalysts incorporated with large amounts of Al2O3 have higher selectivity for light hydrocarbons and lower selectivity for heavy hydrocarbons.

Crystal chemistry and structural design of iron-based superconductors

The second class of high-temperature superconductors （HTSCs）, iron-based pnictides and chalcogenides, necessarily contain Fe2X2 （＂X＂ refers to a pnictogen or a chalcogen element） layers, just like the first class of HTSCs which possess the essential CuO2 sheets. So far, dozens of iron-based HTSCs, classified into nine groups, have been discovered. In this article, the crystal-chemistry aspects of the known iron-based superconductors are reviewed and summarized by employing ＂hard and soft acids and bases （HSAB）＂ concept. Based on these understandings, we propose an alternative route to exploring new iron-based superconductors via rational structural design.

Signal Detection of Carbon in Iron-Based Alloy by Double-Pulse Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Although single-pulse lasers are often used in traditional laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （LIBS） measurements, their measurement outcomes are generally undesirable because of the low sensitivity of carbon in iron-based alloys. In this article, a double-pulse laser was applied to improve the signal intensity of carbon. Both the inter-pulse delay and the combination of laser wavelengths in double-pulse laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy （DP-LIBS） were optimized in our experiment. At the optimized inter-pulse delay, the combination of a first laser of 532 nm and a second laser of 1,064 nm achieved the highest signal enhancement. The properties of the target also played a role in determining the mass ablation enhancement in DP-LIBS configuration.

Fabrication of Iron-base Alloy by Spark Plasma Sintering

Fe-2Cu-2Ni-1Mo-0.8C （wt pct） elemental mixed powders were rapidly sintered within 6 min by spark plasma sintering, and the effects of sintering parameters on the densification degree and performance of the assintered materials were investigated. Results showed that when a proper combination of pulse electric current and constant electric current was employed for sintering, the density and bend strength of the as-sintered material reached the maxima, being 7.61×10^3 kg/m^3 and 1540 MPa, respectively. Its corresponding fracture morphology was characterized as the mix of ductile, intergranular and cleavage fractures.

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy study on iron-based superconductors

Angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy （ARPES） has played an important role in determining the band structure and the superconducting gap structure of iron-based superconductors. In this paper, from the ARPES perspective, we briefly review the main results from our group in recent years on the iron-based superconductors and their parent compounds, and depict our current understanding on the antiferromagnetism and superconductivity in these materials.

New Iron-based SiC Spherical Composite Magnetic Abrasive for Magnetic Abrasive Finishing

SiC magnetic abrasive is used to polish surfaces of precise, complex parts which are hard, brittle and highly corrosion-resistant in magnetic abrasive finishing（MAF）. Various techniques are employed to produce this magnetic abrasive, but few can meet production demands because they are usually time-consuming, complex with high cost, and the magnetic abrasives made by these techniques have irregular shape and low bonding strength that result in low processing efficiency and shorter service life. Therefore, an attempt is made by combining gas atomization and rapid solidification to fabricate a new iron-based SiC spherical composite magnetic abrasive. The experimental system to prepare this new magnetic abrasive is constructed according to the characteristics of gas atomization and rapid solidification process and the performance requirements of magnetic abrasive. The new iron-based SiC spherical composite magnetic abrasive is prepared successfully when the machining parameters and the composition proportion of the raw materials are controlled properly. Its morphology, microstructure, phase composition are characterized by scanning electron microscope（SEM） and X-ray diffraction（XRD） analysis. The MAF tests on plate of mold steel S136 are carried out without grinding lubricant to assess the finishing performance and service life of this new SiC magnetic abrasive. The surface roughness（Ra） of the plate worked is rapidly reduced to 0.051 μm from an initial value of 0.372 μm within 5 min. The MAF test is carried on to find that the service life of this new SiC magnetic abrasive reaches to 155 min. The results indicate that this process presented is feasible to prepare the new SiC magnetic abrasive; and compared with previous magnetic abrasives, the new SiC spherical composite magnetic abrasive has excellent finishing performance, high processing efficiency and longer service life. The presented method to fabricate magnetic abrasive through gas atomization and rapid solidification presented can significantly improve the finishing performance and service life of magnetic abrasive, and provide a more practical approach for large-scale industrial production of magnetic abrasive.

Review: Progress in the Preparation of Iron Based Magnetic Nanoparticles for Biomedical Applications

With unique physical properties, chemical properties, and biological effects, magnetic nanomaterials are important functional materials in many fields. In the past decades, iron based magnetic nanomaterials have attracted much attention in the biomedicine field due to their superior magnetic properties and great potential in biomedical applications. In particular, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles(MIONPs) have been playing a crucial role in the biomedicine field because of their diagnostic and therapeutic functions. Meanwhile, MIONPs are benign, low toxic, biocompatible, and biodegradable, so they are the only inorganic magnetic nanomaterials approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration(FDA) for clinical use at present. In this review, we mainly introduce the progress in the preparation of iron based magnetic nanomaterials for biomedical applications, including pure iron nanoparticles, iron-based alloy nanoparticles, and MIONPs, with a focus on MIONPs. Also, we summarize the preparation methods of MIONPs and point out the importance of their developments.

Die wall lubricated warm compaction of iron-based powder metallurgy material

Lubricant is harmful to the mechanical properties of the sintered materials. Die wall lubrication was applied on warm compaction powder metallurgy in the hope of reducing the concentration level of the admixed lubricant. Iron based samples were prepared by die wall lubricated warm compaction at 175 ℃, using a compacting pressure of 550 MPa. Emulsified polytetrafluoroethylene(PTFE) was used as die wall lubricant. Admixed lubricant concentration ranging from 0 to 0.5% was tested. Extremely low admixed lubricant contents were used. Results show that in addition to the decrease in ejection forces, the green density of the compacts increases with the decrease of admixed lubricant content until it reaches the maximum at 0.06% of lubricant content, then decreases with the decrease of admixed lubricant content. The mechanical properties of the sintered compacts that contain more than 0.06% admixed lubricant are better than those of the samples that contain lesser lubricant. No scoring was observed in all die wall lubricated experiments.

Migration behaviors and kinetics of phosphorus during coal-based reduction of high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore

To understand the migration mechanisms of phosphorus(P)during coal-based reduction,a high-phosphorus oolitic iron ore was reduced by coal under various experimental conditions.The migration characteristics and kinetics of P were investigated by a field-emission electron probe microanalyzer(FE-EPMA)and using the basic principle of solid phase mass transfer,respectively.Experimental results showed that the P transferred from the slag to the metallic phase during reduction,and the migration process could be divided into three stages:phosphorus diffusing from the slag to the metallic interface,the formation of Fe P compounds at the slag metal interface and P diffusing from the slag metal interface to the metallic interior.The reduction time and temperature significantly influenced the phosphorus content of the metallic and slag phases.The P content of the metallic phase increased with increasing reduction time and temperature,while that of the slag phase gradually decreased.The P diffusion constant and activation energy were determined and a migration kinetics model of P in coal-based reduction was proposed.P diffusion in the metallic phase was the controlling step of the P migration.

Review of nuclear magnetic resonance studies on iron-based superconductors

The newly discovered iron-based superconductors have triggered renewed enormous research interest in the condensed matter physics community. Nuclear magnetic resonance （NMR） is a low-energy local probe for studying strongly correlated electrons, and particularly important for high-Tc superconductors. In this paper, we review NMR studies on the structural transition, antiferromagnetic order, spin fluctuations, and superconducting properties of several iron-based high-Tc superconductors, including LaFeAsOl_xFx, LaFeAsOl_x, BaFe2As2, Bal_xKxFe2As2, Cao.23Nao.67Fe2As2, BaFe2（Asl_xPx）2, Ba（Fel_xRux）2As2, Ba（Fel_xCox）2As2, Lil＋xFeAs, LiFel_xCoxAs, NaFeAs, NaFel_xCoxAs, KyFe2_xSe2, and （T1,Rb）yFe2_xSe2.

Microstructure and corrosion resistance of high-chromium iron-base coating by plasma cladding

A new type of high-chromium iron-base coating was fabricated on substrate of hardened and tempered grade C steel by plasma cladding with Fe-Cr-C alloy powders. The coating has fine microstructure and is metallurgically bonded to the grade C steel substrate. The corrosion resistance of the coating in solutions of 0. 5 mol/L H2SO4 , 3.5 % NaCl and seawater was evaluated utilizing the electrochemical polarization corrosion-test method. Because of the inherent excellent corrosion- resisting properties of the constituting phase and the fine microstucture, the plasma clad coating exhibits excellent corrosion resistance in the water solutions of 0. 5 mol/L H2S04, 3.5% NaCl and seawater.

Polymerization of Norbornene via an Iron-Based Complex/MAO Catalytic System

Polynorbornenes were synthesized in the presence of an iron based catalyst, 2,6-bis[1-(2,6-diisopropyl-phenylimino)ethyl]pyridine iron(Ⅱ) dichloride. The FTIR, 1H NMR and 13C NMR analysis results revealed that the structure of the obtained polynorbornenes consisted of vinyl addition polymer substructures without any ring-opening structures. The polymers were amorphous with a short-range order, displayed in the WAXD(wide angle X-ray diffraction) diagrams. The glass transition temperatures ranged from 200 to 400 ℃. The effects of the polymerization reaction conditions, such as Al/Fe molar ratio and toluene/CH_2Cl_2 volume ratio, on the activity, intrinsic viscosity and T_g were also studied.