On the System of Rights Underlying the Right to Health and Constraints on the Right to Health——Including a Commentary on the Basic Healthcare and Health promotion Law(Draft)

Conceptually,health is subjective,procedural and socially reliant.This three-fold nature determines the connotations of the right to health as well as the constraints thereof.The right to health encompasses both the right to freedom and social rights.The right to freedom in the context of health means that the state should respect the health status and choices of its citizens and trust that the people are able to optimize their health through their own efforts,whereas the right to basic healthcare services is an important component of the right to health from the perspective of social rights.The review system stipulated in administrative normative documents increases,to a certain degree,the possibility that citizens can realize their right to health.The right to health is constrained in three aspects:"precondition of the possible",concurrent requirements imposed by society and conflicts among basic rights.When there is financial restraint on what the state can afford,the right to health is constrained by limits to healthcare institutions and the provision of healthcare services.over-emphasis of individual responsibility on the part of the insured can possibly transform the right to health into an obligation to be healthy.

Study on The Basic Public Health Service in Shanghai

It is increasingly found that medical investment is not the only effective means to improve the national health level. The basic public health service, which is dominated by disease control and prevention, is paid more and more attention.This paper analyzes the relationship between the migrant population and the population of the city＇s household registration to the basic public health service. Access to basic public health services and satisfaction of the system, analysis of the factors affecting the satisfaction of the basic public health services in Shanghai revealed the problems and causes of development. Finally, putting forward the concrete countermeasures and suggestions for perfecting and improving the basic public health service in Shanghai.

Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in Lower-Level Health Care Facilities of Dar es Salaam Region in Tanzania: Status towards Achieving the Sustainable Development Goals and Way Forward

Background: Improving Water, Sanitation and Hygiene in health care settings is a critical prerequisite for achieving national health goals and Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The World Health Organization (WHO) has set a target for each United Nations member state to reach by 2030. Each member state is required to reach by 2022, 2025 and 2030 at least 60%, 80% and 100%, respectively of basic level of service of the five elements which are water, sanitation, hygiene, waste management and environmental cleaning. Methods: This study aimed to evaluate and document the current state of basic water, sanitation, and hygiene services in all lower-level health care facilities in the Dar es Salaam region of Tanzania as of July 2022. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 99 public dispensaries in the Dar es Salaam region’s five councils: Ubungo, Kigamboni, Kinondoni and Temeke Municipalities, and Ilala City. The interviewee form and observational checklists were both digitalized using the Kobo tool software. The respondents were health care facility in-charges or nurse in-charges. Data were downloaded, validated, and imported to Stata version 15 for analysis. Results: The basic WASH level per JMP is far below the target in 2022. Each member state by 2022 is required to reach at least 60% of the basic level of service of each element. We found a low coverage of basic WASH in the 99 dispensaries included in this study. The basic WASH coverage was met in only 10 (10.1%) of the dispensaries, while the remaining 89 (89.9%) dispensaries fall on limited WASH services. Conclusion: This study revealed lower coverage of basic WASH services in dispensaries. An urgent need is required to improve the status of WASH in all the dispensaries and facilitate the provision of quality health care services, patient safety and reduce health care associated infections.

Evaluation of the Maternal Health Indicators: An Ecological Study from 2000 to 2014

The aiming of this worksheet is to evaluate and to compare the quantity of prenatal appointment indicators;childbirth by kind of delivery;maternal mortality coefficient and maternal deaths number. It is about an ecological, descriptive and analytical study, made through the appreciation of secondary data related to the maternal mortality in Rio Grande do Norte, from 2000 to 2014. To that, it was used information from SISPACTO to compare real data to the estimated goals. The results show that there was an increase on the number of women who performed seven or more prenatal queries, in turn, there was an increase of alive newborns through cesarean, moreover, it is observed an oscillation on the maternal deaths number by residence during the studied period, achieving superior values to the agreed goals during the last two analyzed years. It is concluded that the maternal health, in Rio Grande do Norte, negative indicators are being presented concerning the maternal mortality, in spite of presenting an improvement on the prenatal access.

Knowledge and Skills Gap of Midwives to Conduct Obstetric Ultrasonography Screening in Primary Health Care Facilities in Kajiado and Kisii Counties, Kenya

Background: Ultrasound remains a tool of much importance in maternity care with midwives regarded as key health professionals when it comes to care of pregnant mothers. There is however limited study on the knowledge and skills gaps of midwives in conducting obstetric ultrasonography screening. The purpose of this study was to assess the specific obstetric ultrasonography knowledge and skills gaps among midwives based in primary health care facilities. Methods: A cross-sectional study employing both qualitative and quantitative method was conducted between July and August 2019 with 274 midwives. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data while Focus group discussion and Key Informants Interview were used to collect qualitative data. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize the data test associations between variables while the qualitative data were used to compliment the questionnaire data in eliciting more information on the gaps. Findings: Almost all (94.5%) the midwives had never been trained on any basic obstetric ultrasound while six of those that had been trained in early stages by the project lacked equipment to practice the acquired skills. More than three quarters of the respondents opined that they wished to provide personalized care services to mothers/clients seeking Antenatal Care Services (ANC) in their community at a fee while only 13.9% had knowledge that obstetric screening should be done before 24 weeks gestation. Four out of ten of the respondents scored themselves a one (1) on the level of confidence they have using an ultrasound machines or technology. Conclusion: There still remains a huge gap as far as training of midwives on basic ultrasound screening is concerned. The lack of basic obstetric ultrasound screening skills is a barrier to rolling out Point of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) screening services. However, midwives are motivated and willing to learn basic ultrasonography skills to further the objectives of Universal Health Coverage (UHC). Concerted efforts should be made to train midwives on basic obstetric ultrasonography skills in addition to availing mobile/hand held ultrasound technology in Primary Health facilities for them to apply the transferred skills. A sustainable business model to enable mothers continuously afford the services is critical as well.

Epidemiological Model and Public Health Sensitization in Mali

In this paper we propose a mathematical model to evaluate the impact of public health sensitization campaign on the spread of HIV-AIDS in Mali. We analyse rigorously this model to get insight into its dynamical features and to obtain associated epidemiological thresholds. If R0 < 1, we show that the disease-free equilibrium of the model is globally asymptotically stable when the public health sensitization program is 100% effective. The impact of public health sensitization strategies is assessed numerically by simulating the model with a reasonable set of parameter values (mostly chosen from the literature) and initial demographic data from Mali.

基于SHA 2011的天津基层医疗卫生机构基本公共卫生服务开展情况分析

[目的]强化经常性卫生费用核算数据政策分析,为基本公共卫生服务项目后续开展提供依据。[方法]以天津市2016-2019年基层医疗卫生机构预防服务费用核算结果为基础,分析基层医疗卫生机构基本公共卫生服务项目开展情况和存在问题。[结果]2016-2019年,天津市基层医疗卫生机构预防服务费用呈逐年增长趋势,由2016年的14.25亿元增加至2019年的18.04亿元。预防服务费用主要流向预防接种项目、慢性病管理和老年人健康管理项目;预防服务费用筹资来源仍以政府筹资方案为主,但家庭卫生支出占比呈快速增长趋势,主要是由于二类疫苗接种费用的快速增长所致。[结论]天津市基层医疗卫生机构预防服务费用流向与其基本公共卫生工作重点一致,但基层医疗卫生机构传染病防控投入程度与其职能不匹配。基层医疗卫生机构二类疫苗接种服务家庭卫生支出负担过重。

政策工具视角下我国基本公共卫生服务均等化政策研究

目的:通过对基本公共卫生服务均等化政策的量化分析,全面了解其总体特征、政策工具组合运用情况,为促进我国基本公共卫生服务均等化政策完善提供建议。方法:以2009—2022年中央政府发布的促进基本公共卫生服务均等化的政策为研究对象,构建“政策工具(X维度)—利益相关方(Y维度)—政策过程(Z维度)”三维政策分析框架,开展政策内容分析。结果:供给型政策工具比例合理、政策重点立足于政府部门和政策执行阶段;主要运用公共卫生项目推进,重视基层医疗机构能力提升,并给予资金、人才支持。但存在总体结构失调、利益主体政策格局失衡和政策阶段关注不均等问题。建议:优化政策工具内部结构、对利益相关方投入多元化政策关注及合理布局政策阶段。

我国非基本公共服务发展的基础与路径

非基本公共服务属于公共服务的一种类型,对满足人民日益增长的美好生活需要有重要意义。但从公共物品角度看,它不完整具备排他性和非竞争性,而是处于公共物品与私人物品之间的“中间地带”。我国公共服务领域正处于两类公共服务需求交融叠加的时期,基本公共服务均等化仍在进行中,非基本公共服务需求日益增加。聚焦于发展非基本公共服务的原因、基础和路径等问题,从收入、公共服务供给水平、我国社会基本矛盾的角度分析非基本公共服务的发展前提,可以通过“分步走”战略方式分阶段、分重点推动实现中国式公共服务现代化,为提高世界人类发展指数提供“中国智慧”和“中国方案”。

健康管理护理基本技术质量控制与评价指标体系的构建

目的:构建健康管理护理基本技术质量控制与评价指标体系,为健康管理护理基本技术规范化、同质化管理提供参考依据。方法:在三维质量结构理论基础上,采用文献检索法、研究小组讨论和德尔菲专家函询法,筛选指标并量化质量控制与评价的维度、条目及各级评价指标。结果:最终形成健康管理护理基本技术质量控制与评价指标体系,包括一级指标3项,二级指标10项,三级指标51项。2轮专家函询问卷有效应答率均为94.4%,函询专家的权威系数为0.879,第1、第2轮咨询的肯德尔和谐系数分别为0.210、0.199,均P<0.001。结论:本研究构建的健康管理护理基本技术质量控制与评价指标体系科学、有效、客观、可操作,对规范健康管理护理服务实践、培训和考核具有参考意义,也可为健康管理机构开展健康管理护理基本技术质量控制提供可借鉴的指标。

社区卫生服务中心高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务治疗依从性现状及影响因素研究

背景高血压人群在我国基数较大,其防治措施主要依靠国家基本公共卫生服务内的慢性病管理服务项目。但目前研究显示其利用率并不高,因此针对参与者进行调查,确定影响其治疗依从性的因素,对提高高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务的参与度和患者健康水平具有重要意义。目的调查和分析国家基本公共卫生服务内高血压管理服务的治疗依从性现状及影响因素,为提高高血压患者治疗依从性提供参考依据。方法分多阶段抽取2022年6—9月广州市某社区卫生服务中心所服务社区的295名高血压管理服务参与者为研究对象,使用一般资料调查表、情绪平衡量表(正向情绪、负向情绪)调查研究对象的基本情况,使用高血压治疗依从性量表调查研究对象治疗依从性现状,采用多因素Logistic回归分析探讨高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务治疗依从性的影响因素,并探讨正负情绪合并状况对高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务治疗依从性的影响。结果发放问卷310份,回收有效问卷295份,有效率为95.2%;高血压治疗依从性量表总分为(94.24±8.67)分,其中遵医服药(21.06±2.45)分,不良服药(31.33±3.90)分,烟酒管理(8.44±1.88)分,日常生活管理(33.41±4.61)分,依从性较好率为52.2%(154/295);情绪平衡表中正向情绪得分为(3.76±1.02)分,负向情绪得分为(2.63±1.12)分;多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,性别、年龄、BMI、受教育程度、血压控制情况、自我感觉身体状况、对就诊点满意度、正向情绪较多、负向情绪较少是高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务治疗依从性较好的影响因素(P<0.05);正负情绪合并状况为正多负少的高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务治疗依从性是正负情绪合并状况为正少负多者的15.867倍(P<0.05),正负情绪合并状况为正多负多的高血压人群国家慢性病管理服务治疗依从性是正负情绪合并状况为正少负多者的5.114倍(P<0.05)。结论高血压患者国家慢性病管理服务的治疗依从性尚存在提升空间,除了性别、年龄等客观因素外,还要注重患者的情绪管理、治疗的反馈效果和在社区医院的就医体验等方面内容。

农田土壤健康评价体系构建的若干思考

健康土壤是保障粮食安全、耕地产能提升和农业高质量发展的基础。目前土壤健康评价已成为全球土壤学领域研究的焦点和热点,国内外学者对于土壤健康评价方法及指标的选择进行了系统总结,然而缺乏具体评价过程中的实操性建议。本文重点剖析了土壤健康的特点与多功能性、评价的通用原则、指标选择的n+X模式及评价方法的选择与落地实现,提出了土壤健康差与基准值、基础指标和约束性指标的选择及指标选择的制宜性,明确了土壤健康指标体系建立需要考虑土壤质地、作物类型、土地利用方式、气候条件等因素,建议土壤健康技术和模式落地实现需要与相关政策结合。未来需要继续开展土壤健康驱动机制和健康土壤培育机理研究;基于长期定位试验和耕地质量长期监测网点,构建基于土壤质地、作物类型、土地利用、管理目标和评价尺度的指标体系和阈值、数据库和决策支持系统;结合相关政策和区域环境的约束性,形成跨区域、跨国家的共识、公约和行动,推动全球土壤健康行动落地和农业可持续发展。

中央政策试验的差异化模式及其选择逻辑——基于两项社会政策的案例研究

政策试验是中国社会政策建立及发展的重要机制。政策试验具有多种类型,但中央政府准备开展政策试验时,如何对此前地方自主试验的政策进行评估并考量以何种方式在全国范围内进行试点推广,已有研究对此讨论不足。论文依据政策试验及政策学习理论建立分析框架,通过对城镇职工基本医疗保险和长期护理保险这两项社会政策试点过程的回顾,从“创制紧迫性”和“政策工具确定性”两个维度,分析中央政府在开展试点过程中如何进行政策试验的模式选择。在“创制紧迫性”和“政策工具确定性”都较高的情况下,政策试验项目会采用政策目标和政策工具均比较明确的“由点至面验证型”的“金字塔模式”,而在上述两者都较低的情况下,政策试验项目会采用政策工具比较模糊的“多点试验探索型”的“木桶模式”。论文阐释了中央政府进行试点方案的选择机制,细化了社会政策试验策略选择中的评议标准,展示了政府在社会政策学习中的多元学习源及学习渠道。论文通过论证梳理了中国政策试验中纵向政府间的复杂互动关系,进一步深化了对于中央政府在政策试验中行动逻辑的理解。

基本医疗保险参与增强居民家庭经济韧性了吗?

基于中国家庭追踪调查(CFPS)2014—2020年共4期数据,利用贫困陷阱理论和非线性动力学理论测度居民家庭经济韧性,厘清基本医疗保险参与增强居民家庭经济韧性的机理。研究发现,基本医疗保险参与能显著增强居民家庭经济韧性,并且这一结果具有稳健性。改善家庭成员健康状况和减轻家庭医疗负担是基本医疗保险参与增强居民家庭经济韧性的重要渠道。按照基本医疗保险发挥边际效果的特征,居民家庭可划分为高效型、低效型、无效型等类型,其中无效型和低效型家庭经济韧性较强、医疗负担较低。随着居民家庭经济韧性的增强,基本医疗保险参与的边际效果逐渐下降。低收入家庭基本医疗保险参与增强居民家庭经济韧性的效果最显著,高收入家庭则无显著效果。

Nurse Mentor Training Program to Improve Quality of Maternal and Newborn Care at Primary Health Centres: Process Evaluation

Quality of maternal and newborn care could be improved if health care providers’ knowledge and competencies as well as system level constraints are addressed. However, due to several barriers staff nurses who form the frontline of health care workforce have limited access to enhancing their clinical knowledge and competencies. To address this gap, a new cadre of nurse mentors (NMs) for the public health system were trained by specialists from a teaching hospital in a special 5-week training course. This included 54 hours of theory and 110 hours of practical in clinical obstetric and newborn care, apart from mentoring, quality improvement and health systems issues. The nurse mentors were assigned to support staff nurses in the primary health care centres (PHCs) in eight northern Karnataka districts. Each NM covered 6-8 PHCs monthly for 2 - 3 days and thus a total of 385 PHCs were reached. They received support in the field through supportive supervision visits done by the specialists who had trained them, as well as by refresher training and clinical postings to the district hospitals. This paper presents impact of the training program on change in immediate and long term knowledge and competency scores of nurse mentors. Their baseline knowledge scores changed from 44.3 ± 12.7 to 72.1 ± 13.8 immediately after the training in obstetric and from 18.2 ± 19.1 to 66.4 ± 14.9 in newborn (p p p > 0.05). Skills score soon after training increased from 62.2 ± 13.2 to 69.6 ± 12.5 in obstetric after a 1 year period and from 52.6 ± 9.3;63.5 ± 14.4 in newborn (p < 0.001) content areas respectively. These findings have implications for those interested in improving quality of maternal and child care through nurse-dependent health delivery systems.

职工医保门诊共济改革:依据、内容以及福利调整

门诊共济是我国职工基本医疗保险制度的又一重大变革,对强化统账结合模式下职工基本医疗保险制度的互助共济功能具有重要意义。梳理和阐释职工医保个人账户的发展历程、改革原理和福利调整,有利于加深公众对改革的理解,同时应合理引导公众舆论、加快完善门诊保障待遇、探索个人账户与商业健康保险结合模式、做好门诊共济改革的政策衔接工作,促进职工医保门诊共济改革的落地和发展。

海南省居民对国家基本公共卫生服务项目知晓率与满意度网络调查分析

[目的]了解海南省居民对国家基本公共卫生服务项目的知晓率和满意度情况。[方法]采用方便抽样方法,对海南省31507名居民进行网络问卷调查,运用卡方检验、二分类Logistic回归和Spearman相关分析进行统计分析。[结果]海南居民对基本公共卫生服务项目的总体知晓率为85.8%,知晓率的主要影响因素为性别、民族、居住地区、年龄、文化程度、职业、人群类型和家庭平均月收入。居民总体满意度为93.8%,满意度的主要影响因素为年龄、文化程度、居住地区和职业。知晓率与满意度之间呈正相关(r s=0.330,P<0.001)。[结论]海南省居民对国家基本公共卫生服务项目知晓率和满意度较高,应进一步加大宣传力度,提高服务质量,进而提高居民的获得感。

Characteristics of Geriatric Health Service Facilities Designated as Sites of Death

There are many deaths occurring among the aged population in Japan. Geriatric Health Service Facilities (GHSFs) are highlighted as some of the chosen facilities designated as sites of death. The aim of our study was to clarify the characteristics and related factors, including physical signs first noticed by staff at the end-of-life period, in GHSFs designated as sites of death, using a nationwide survey in Japan. We administered a questionnaire to 3971 GHSFs in Japan. Eligible responses for the study were obtained from 854 GHSFs. We found that GHSFs designated as sites of death were more likely to have basic policies and documented preferences regarding end-of-life care. We also found that staff members in GHSFs designated as sites of death were less likely to first notice physical signs of pain. We found that GHSFs designated as sites of death tended to identify earlier symptoms, such as reduced oral intake and less vigor. Our results would enable elderly persons, their families, and staff in GHSFs to prepare for the elderly’s death more efficiently though earlier identification of the end-of-life period. We hope that GHSFs have an important role to play in end-of-life care provision to elderly persons in Japan, through the strengthening of these intermediate facilities.

关于医学伦理学的基本原则

医学伦理学与生命伦理学既有相同之处也有诸多差异,它的基本原则和生命伦理学应有所不同。将病人利益置于首位、自主、不伤害、公正、友善五原则可视为医学伦理学的基本原则。病人利益主要是指病人生命和健康利益,是由医生根据医学科学允许度、医生的经验和病人实情决定的;将病人利益置于首位原则的落实,首先需要医生和医院对此有真切的认识,同时也需要有制度的保障和国家的财政支持;将目前实际上已经被倒置的医患利益关系纠正过来,是既艰难又十分迫切的,需要做多方面的工作。假以时日,这一目标是应当而且能够实现的。