Quality index of bedded and joint-bearing rock mass and its applications

Based on the theory of Fuzzy Mathematics and Expert System, this paper presents the quantitative expression method of bedded and joint bearing rock mass quality "Stratum Quality Index"(SQI for short), and also introduces the successful application of the method in estimating stratum movement parameters.

Assessment of Rock Mass Quality and Support Estimation along Headrace Tunnel of a Small Hydropower in District Mansehra, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan

The main purpose of this study is to classify the rock mass quality by using rock mass quality (Q) and Rock Mass Rating (RMR) systems along headrace tunnel of small hydropower in Mansehra District, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Geological field work was carried out to determine the orientation, spacing, aperture, roughness and alteration of discontinuities of rock mass. The quality of rock mass along the tunnel route is classified as good to very poor quality by Q system, while very good to very poor by RMR classification system. The relatively good rock conditions are acquired via RMR values that are attributed to ground water conditions, joint spacing, RQD and favorable orientation of discontinuities with respect to the tunnel drive. The petrographic studies revealed that study area is mainly comprised of five major geological rock units namely quartz mica schist (QMS), garnet mica schist (GMS), garnet bearing quartz mica schist (G-QMS), calcareous schist (CS), marble (M). The collected samples of quartz mica schist, marble and garnet bearing quartz mica schist are fine to medium grained, compact and are cross cut by few discontinuities having greater spacing. Therefore, these rocks have greater average RQD, Q values, RMR ratings as compared to garnet mica schist and calcareous schist.

A novel approach to structural anisotropy classification for jointed rock masses using theoretical rock quality designation formulation adjusted to joint spacing

Rock quality designation(RQD)has been considered as a one-dimensional jointing degree property since it should be determined by measuring the core lengths obtained from drilling.Anisotropy index of jointing degree(AI_(jd))was formulated by Zheng et al.(2018)by considering maximum and minimum values of RQD for a jointed rock medium in three-dimensional space.In accordance with spacing terminology by ISRM(1981),defining the jointing degree for the rock masses composed of extremely closely spaced joints as well as for the rock masses including widely to extremely widely spaced joints is practically impossible because of the use of 10 cm as a threshold value in the conventional form of RQD.To overcome this limitation,theoretical RQD(TRQD_(t))introduced by Priest and Hudson(1976)can be taken into consideration only when the statistical distribution of discontinuity spacing has a negative exponential distribution.Anisotropy index of the jointing degree was improved using TRQD_(t) which was adjusted to wider joint spacing by considering Priest(1993)’s recommendation on the use of variable threshold value(t)in TRQD_(t) formulation.After applications of the improved anisotropy index of a jointing degree(AI'_(jd))to hypothetical jointed rock mass cases,the effect of persistency of joints on structural anisotropy of rock mass was introduced to the improved AI'_(jd) formulation by considering the ratings of persistency of joints as proposed by Bieniawski(1989)’s rock mass rating(RMR)classification.Two real cases were assessed in the stratified marl and the columnar basalt using the weighted anisotropy index of jointing degree(W_AI'_(jd)).A structural anisotropy classification was developed using the RQD classification proposed by Deere(1963).The proposed methodology is capable of defining the structural anisotropy of a rock mass including joint pattern from extremely closely to extremely widely spaced joints.

A-BQ,a classification system for anisotropic rock mass based on China National Standard

The rock mass in nature is in most cases anisotropic,while the existing classifications are mostly developed with the assumption of isotropic conditions that not always meet the engineering requirements.In this study,an anisotropic system based on China National Standard of BQ,named as A-BQ,is developed to address the classification of anisotropic rock mass incorporating the anisotropy degree as well as the quality of rock mass.Two series of basic rating factors are incorporated including inherent anisotropy and structure anisotropy.The anisotropy degree of rock mass is characterized by the ratio of maximum to minimum quality score and adjusted by the confining stress.The quality score of rock mass is determined by the key factors of anisotropic structure occurrence and the correction factors of stress state and groundwater condition.The quality of rock mass is characterized by a quality score and classified in five grades.The assessment of stability status and probable failure modes are also suggested for tunnel and slope engineering for different quality grades.Finally,two cases of tunnel and slope are presented to illustrate the application of the developed classification system into the rock masses under varied stress state.

Classification and rating of disintegrated dolomite strata for slope stability analysis

Although disintegrated dolomite,widely distributed across the globe,has conventionally been a focus of research in underground engineering,the issue of slope stability issues in disintegrated dolomite strata is gaining increasing prominence.This is primarily due to their unique properties,including low strength and loose structure.Current methods for evaluating slope stability,such as basic quality(BQ)and slope stability probability classification(SSPC),do not adequately account for the poor integrity and structural fragmentation characteristic of disintegrated dolomite.To address this challenge,an analysis of the applicability of the limit equilibrium method(LEM),BQ,and SSPC methods was conducted on eight disintegrated dolomite slopes located in Baoshan,Southwest China.However,conflicting results were obtained.Therefore,this paper introduces a novel method,SMRDDS,to provide rapid and accurate assessment of disintegrated dolomite slope stability.This method incorporates parameters such as disintegrated grade,joint state,groundwater conditions,and excavation methods.The findings reveal that six slopes exhibit stability,while two are considered partially unstable.Notably,the proposed method demonstrates a closer match with the actual conditions and is more time-efficient compared with the BQ and SSPC methods.However,due to the limited research on disintegrated dolomite slopes,the results of the SMRDDS method tend to be conservative as a safety precaution.In conclusion,the SMRDDS method can quickly evaluate the current situation of disintegrated dolomite slopes in the field.This contributes significantly to disaster risk reduction for disintegrated dolomite slopes.

Stability evaluation method of large cross-section tunnel considering modification of thickness-span ratio in mechanized operation

Purpose-This study aims to research the large cross-section tunnel stability evaluation method corrected after considering the thickness-span ratio.Design/methodology/approach-First,taking the Liuyuan Tunnel of Huanggang-Huangmei High-Speed Railway as an example and taking deflection of the third principal stress of the surrounding rock at a vault after tunnel excavation as the criterion,the critical buried depth of the large section tunnel was determined.Then,the strength reduction method was employed to calculate the tunnel safety factor under different rock classes and thickness-span ratios,and mathematical statistics was conducted to identify the relationships of the tunnel safety factor with the thickness-span ratio and the basic quality(BQ)index of the rock for different rock classes.Finally,the influences of thickness-span ratio,groundwater,initial stress of rock and structural attitude factors were considered to obtain the corrected BQ,based on which the stability of a large cross-section tunnel with a depth of more than 100 m during mechanized operation was analyzed.This evaluation method was then applied to Liuyuan Tunnel and Cimushan No.2 Tunnel of Chongqing Urban Expressway for verification.Findings-This study shows that under different rock classes,the tunnel safety factor is a strict power function of the thickness-span ratio,while a linear function of the BQ to some extent.It is more suitable to use the corrected BQ as a quantitative index to evaluate tunnel stability according to the actual conditions of the site.Originality/value-The existing industry standards do not consider the influence of buried depth and span in the evaluation of tunnel stability.The stability evaluation method of large section tunnel considering the correction of overburden span ratio proposed in this paper achieves higher accuracy for the stability evaluation of surrounding rock in a full or large-section mechanized excavation of double line high-speed railway tunnels.

岩体基本质量指标BQ与岩石坚固性系数f之间的关系研究

为了建立岩石坚固性系数f与岩体基本质量指标BQ、岩体各力学参数指标之间的关系,采用下列方法进行研究:(1)已知岩石单轴抗压强度R_C和BQ、f都存在相关关系,以R_C作为中间量,建立BQ与f的关系式;(2)已知岩体体积节理数J_V和岩石质量指标D_(RQD)、完整性指数K_V都存在相关关系,以J_V作为中间量,建立D_(RQD)与K_V的关系式,再经推导可得出BQ、f、D_(RQD)之间的关系式;(3)根据BQ、f、D_(RQD)之间的关系式,建立岩体各力学参数与f之间的关系方程;(4)将得到的研究结果用于吉尔吉斯斯坦南北路隧道工程的岩体分级及岩体各力学参数估计,据此确定施工方案,沉降变形监测结果表明,该工程施工效果良好。

隧道岩质围岩亚级分级可靠度分析方法及其工程应用

在隧道工程岩体分级中,由于岩土体参数本身的不确定性,加之各定性、定量评定指标在获取过程中由仪器误差、人为操作等产生的离散性及随机性,往往是应用同一评价体系及分级标准,却得出不同的评判等级,尤其是在围岩亚级分级中,评定结果鲁棒性差,甚至出现跳级,这就决定了围岩类别的可靠性的存在。据此,基于《工程岩体分级标准》,通过分析岩石强度及岩体完整程度等评价指标的概率分布规律,引入体系可靠度分析理论,构建不同围岩等级的功能函数,经Monte Carlo法计算围岩隶属于各评定等级的可靠概率,进而提出了基于国标BQ法的围岩亚级分级可靠度分析方法。该方法充分利用了分类系统本身蕴含的信息,考虑了评价指标的不确定性及离散性,所计算可靠性指标可更为直观地对围岩等级作出稳健评估,且可靠概率在一定程度上综合考虑了包括局部破碎带、软弱夹层等掌子面围岩信息的离散程度。研究成果应用于济南绕城高速老虎山超大断面隧道的围岩亚级分级中,所评价结果与实际围岩等级完全吻合,且各等级可靠指标的延续性可对隧道施工过程中地质属性的变化情况进行定量表征,有助于工程地质人员据此对围岩质量的渐变过程进行动态评估,为合理确定工法转换区间,优化支护参数提供数据支撑。研究成果对类似超大断面隧道的围岩亚级分级有一定参考价值。

岩体块度指数及其工程意义

根据《水利水电工程地质勘察规范》中对岩体结构的分类标准 ,提出了岩体块度指数的概念 ,将实测岩芯长度按 3～ 10cm、 10～ 30cm、 30～ 5 0cm、 5 0～ 10 0cm和大于 10 0cm等 5级岩芯长度 ,获得率进行加权平均 ,综合表征岩体块度特征及结构类型 .通过大量实测资料证明岩体块度指数在一定程度上能反映岩体的完整性与相应力学性质的变化特点 .比岩石质量指标更能准确地反映岩体块度及其结构特征 ,其工程意义更为显著 .

岩体与锚固体间粘结强度的确定

在预应力锚索设计参数的确定中,岩体与锚固体间粘结强度的确定是其十分重要的环节。现有的确定方法大多基于经验与现场试验的结合,费时费工,故有必要根据已有的试验资料确定一种定量方法。通过对国内30余例工程的统计分析表明,岩体与锚固体的粘结强度不仅与岩石单轴抗压强度有关,还与内锚固段裂隙的分布与性质有关。通过室内外试验进一步建立了适合国内岩体质量指标确定的粘结强度经验公式与内锚段长度设计系数的图系,同时,也可为岩锚加固数值仿真提供经验判据。实例计算表明,所提供的确定方法与岩锚试验结果较为吻合。

花岗岩风化壳分带与岩体基本质量分级关系探讨

风化壳分带和岩体质量分级对浅埋隧道设计和施工很重要,需对这两套系统定性和定量指标做平行判别。中国东部花岗岩分布区,强风化带(IV)和全风化带(V)、岩体质量III和IV级界限划分上常存在较大分歧。据此,对此问题开展探讨,并通过大亚湾隧道工程实例予以说明。研究表明,浅埋条件下风化壳分带同岩体质量级别空间上有交叉现象,前者是宏观的,后者是细观的,前者控制后者;风化带IV,V和III,IV级岩体涉及到岩土过渡、岩体节理密度、裂隙水和孔隙水等多个指标和因素的复杂变化;岩体质量级别比风化壳带号大致高1.5。

地下工程围岩潜在岩爆问题评估方法

潜在岩爆评估是工程前期或可研阶段预估工程施工风险、建设成本和规划工程布置中的重要课题,现有单独采用岩爆倾向性或应力与强度之比的评价方法存在不足。文中建议了一种地下工程潜在岩爆问题评估方法,综合考虑了岩石力学特性、围岩质量和地应力三方面的内外在因素,归纳了岩爆对应的地质条件,总结认为岩爆主要发生在II、I类围岩。以体积应变反弯点为卸载控制点,改进了岩爆倾向性指数的试验方法。综合考虑岩石弹性能指数、应力强度比和主应力比3个因素,提出了潜在岩爆指数新指标,并给出了相应界限值,可为工程可研阶段岩爆风险预估提供了一种操作简单、逻辑科学的评估方法。

基于岩体不连续面三维分形维岩体质量评价研究

岩体内部不连续面分布具有随机性、不规则性,但又具有统计自相似性。基于三维随机不连续面网络模拟技术,对岩体结构统计均质区内的不连续面进行计算机模拟,并应用分形理论计算岩体不连续面分布的分形维数。岩体不连续面分布分维数具有尺寸效应,随着岩体尺寸增大分维数减小,到一定程度趋于稳定。这一稳定的分维值称之为表征分维数,用此值描述不连续面分布特征。将岩体不连续面分布的表征分维数与按传统岩体分类标准所得岩体质量等级进行对比,提出以岩体不连续面分布表征分维数为指标的岩体质量分类方法。在岩体分类基础上,提出基于表征分维数的岩体等效抗剪强度指标的折减计算。

爆破对岩石的损伤影响及损伤控制研究

从理论上分析了爆破对岩体基本质量指标BQ的影响。介绍了几种降低损伤作用的爆破方法,同时通过计算爆破对岩体基本质量指标、岩石完整性指数和爆破影响岩体完整性指标等参数分析了不同爆破方法对岩石的损伤作用,并得出了令人满意的结果。

基于SURPAC软件构建罗卜岭铜钼矿岩体基本质量的空间分布

矿山无岩体揭露工程时,由于无法直接测得与岩体基本质量相关的参数,从而不能判定岩体的稳定性级别。本文以钻孔岩芯为研究对象,对岩芯进行了点荷载强度的测定和岩石质量指标RQD的统计。基于岩石点荷载强度和单轴抗压强度之间的关系,以及岩石质量指标RQD和岩体完整性指数之间的关系,得到了每个钻孔在空间上连续分布的岩体基本质量。将获得的岩体基本质量作为数据源,借助SURPAC块体模型并采用距离幂次反比法估值了整个矿体的岩体基本质量,构建了矿体的岩体基本质量空间分布。研究结果为确定岩体基本质量以及判定岩体稳定性级别提供了方法,为采矿方法的选择以及开拓、采准工程布置提供了依据。

澜沧江某电站岩体质量分类中的力学参数选取探讨

本文以澜沧江上游某大型拟建水电站坝区岩体质量分类中的力学参数选取为研究实例，对岩体质量分类的本质含义，尤其是如何选取岩体力学参数以及建立它们之间的关系作了探讨。

基于Hoek-Brown准则确定核电工程场地岩体力学参数

岩体与岩石的力学强度之间既有内在联系又存在明显的差异,场地岩石力学指标对于评价场地岩体的力学特性至关重要。以三门核电场地为研究对象,在室内岩石力学试验的基础上,结合野外地质调查,综合考虑岩体结构特征和应力分布状态等因素的影响,引入定量描述岩体结构特征和风化程度的地质强度指标(GSI),采用Hoek-Brown强度准则估计岩体力学参数,同时与岩体地质力学分类法(RMR)计算得到的岩体力学参数进行对比分析。基于GSI的Hoek-Brown法得到的中等风化凝灰质砂岩、微风化凝灰质砂岩和微风化安山玄武岩岩体的c值分别为4.03、6.20、6.10 MPa,φ值分别为31.96°、34.37°和33.87°。基于RMR评分的Hoek-Brown法得到的c值分别为4.42、6.44、7.24 MPa,φ值分别为28.92°、32.43°和34.51°。研究结果表明,采用Hoek-Brown准则确定的核电场地岩体力学强度指标比较合理,得到的岩体力学指标可以作为核电站基础设计的重要依据。

基于BQ系统的阿拉善巴彦诺日公NRG01号钻孔岩体质量评价

高放废物深部地质处置目前受到世界各国的高度重视,处置库围岩岩体质量评价是高放废物处置库选址的关键问题之一。文章基于BQ系统对我国高放废物地质处置库阿拉善预选区巴彦诺日公NRG01号钻孔进行了岩体质量评价。NRG01号孔钻孔资料丰富,采用岩芯编录、波速测井、水压致裂地应力测量及岩石波速测试、单轴压缩试验等多种方法手段相结合的方式获取了BQ评价系统中的各个参数。评价过程中,综合考虑了岩体坚硬程度、完整程度及地下水、软弱结构面、初始地应力等因素对围岩稳定的影响。根据计算的[BQ]值对岩体质量进行评价并与RQD评价结果进行对比。评价结果表明,NRG01号孔岩体质量较好,Ⅰ级和Ⅱ级岩体占90%,410~500 m的岩体范围可作为处置库建设的目标岩体。[BQ]值与RQD值所得的岩体质量评价结果一致性良好,但由于BQ系统考虑的影响因素更为全面,评价结果更为精细。本次评价可为巴彦诺日公地段高放废物地质处置库场址比选及处置库目标岩体选择提供依据。

预应力锚索内锚段粘结强度及长度的确定

通过对国内 30余例锚固工程试验资料的统计分析 ,在讨论影响岩体与锚固体间粘结强度因素的基础上 ,提出了确定预应力锚索内锚固段与岩体间粘结强度的经验公式 .为便于设计人员确定内锚段长度 ,建立了内锚段长度设计系数图 .实例计算表明 ,所提供的确定方法与岩锚试验结果较为吻合 .

岩块卸荷效应与工程岩体质量评价

工程岩体质量评价是地下洞室工程选址、设计必须回答的主要工程地质问题,在许多常用的岩体质量评价方法中,岩体的完整性指数是一个重要评价指标,而由于岩芯卸荷效应和室内、原位波速测试的频率差异方面的原因导致岩体完整性指数不能够准确的表示岩体的完整程度,有时甚至会产生岩体完整性指数大于1的不合理的现象。论文针对以上问题开展岩块波速应力关系相关的试验,研究岩块的波速应力关系,提出岩块卸荷指标和频率修正系数2个因子对岩体完整性指数计算公式进行修正,进而对国标BQ岩体质量分级法进行改进。最后将改进的BQ岩体质量分级法在黄岛地下水封石油洞库工程中进行应用,评价结果表明场区绝大部分岩体质量都为I级或II级。