High power impulse magnetron sputtering and its applications

High power impulse magnetron sputtering（HiPIMS） has attracted a great deal of attention because the sputtered material is highly ionized during the coating process,which has been demonstrated to be advantageous for better quality coating.Therefore,the mechanism of the HiPIMS technique has recently been investigated.In this paper,the current knowledge of HiPIMS is described.We focus on the mechanical properties of the deposited thin film in the latest applications,including hard coatings,adhesion enhancement,tribological performance,and corrosion protection layers.A description of the electrical,optical,photocatalytic,and functional coating applications are presented.The prospects for HiPIMS are also discussed in this work.

EXTENDING THE KNOWLEDGE BASE OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

The obvious current reversion to micro-scale investigations in basic chemicalengineering, combined with the need, of a quite different nature, in the rapid growth of highadded-value and small-lot functional materials, have been pointing to an area not yet sufficientlycovered by the unit operations, transport phenomena and chemical reaction engineering. Although itis difficult to define accurately this area, a cursory scan of the activities already in progresshas revealed a few common attributes: multi-phased (structured), multi-scaled, multi-disciplined,nonlinear, needs for resolution to reductionism-solvable subsystems, and pervasive in the processindustry. From these activities, the present paper drafts a tentative scheme for studying therelated problems: first to dissect a problem into various scales — spatial, temporal or otherwiseas best suits the case in hand — in order to identify pertinent parameters which are then organizedinto model formulations. Together with inter-scale model formulations, a zoom-in/zoom-out processis carried out between the scales, by trial-and-error and through reasoning, to arrive at a globalformulation of a quantitative solution, in order to derive, eventually, the general from theparticular.

Ethical and Moral Competences of Upper Secondary Students:A Comparative Study

Purpose:This article presents the theoretical framework,research design,methodology,and main findings of the comparative measurement of ethical-moral competences of 15-year-old upper secondary students in Shanghai,under the ETiK-International-Shanghai project.Design/Approach/Methods:By dividing the ethical-moral competences into the categories of basic ethical-moral knowledge,ethical-moral judgment competence,and competence in developing ethical-moral action plans,a survey of 2,036 students was conducted,using a reliable and valid testing instrument.Findings:In general,15-year-olds from homes with more educational resources perform higher in all three scales across all countries taken under consideration in our study.Furthermore,school practices,teaching,as well as quantity and quality of instruction play a very important role in the moral education process and especially in developing students’proficiency levels of ethical-moral knowledge,reasoning competence,as well as students’high abilities in developing moral action plans.When relevant educational background factors are held constant,Chinese students show lower average scores on basic ethical-moral knowledge and moral judgment competence.With exception of the tested Vienna students,all other European samples scored better than the Chinese students—also on the test for developing ethical-moral action plans.However,Chinese students are especially able to display outstanding empathy when dealing with suffering,misfortune,and sorrow,as well as in their willingness to help others.Originality/Value:The findings of this article can foster thinking about which topics should be further discussed to improve the ethical-moral knowledge and competences of Chinese students and highlight requirements for the further development of moral education in China at the levels of teaching,curriculum,teacher education,and research.