Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility Status of Gram-Negative and Gram-Positive Bacteria on Handheld Shopping Trolleys and Baskets in Supermarkets in Ndola, Zambia

Background: Supermarkets are a place visited by individuals with different health conditions daily where microbiological contaminants through touch onto fomites such as trolleys and baskets can be passed on to other people hence potentially spreading infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate the presence of Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria on handheld shopping trolleys and baskets and their antimicrobial susceptibility status against commonly used antibiotics in Zambia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted. Trolleys and basket handles were swabbed and standard microbiological methods were used to identify the bacteria and disc diffusion to determine their antimicrobial susceptibility status. Data was collected from December 2021 to April 2022. Data was analysed using IBM Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 22. Results: Twenty-eight percent of the 200 total samples were found to be culture-positive and predominant isolates were Staphylococcus aureus (17.3%), Pseudomonas species (4.5%), Escherichia coli (2%), Corynebacterium species (2%), Staphylococcus species (1.5%) and Enterobacter aerogenes (0.5%). Staphylococcus aureus showed the most resistance to azithromycin (17%) followed by ciprofloxacin (2.8%), nitrofurantoin (2.8%) and chloramphenicol (2.8%). Escherichia coli showed 100% resistance to amoxicillin, cloxacillin and ampicillin, 75% resistance to ciprofloxacin and the least resistance to azithromycin (25%) while it was susceptible to nitrofurantoin. Staphylococcus species, Corynebacterium species, Enterobacter aerogenes and Pseudomonas species showed no resistance to any antibiotics. Conclusion: The study showed the presence of microorganisms with considerable antimicrobial resistance to antibiotics in Zambia on trolley and basket handles indicating the need for more initiatives to address proper hygiene in public environmental sites for better infection prevention and control.

A Survey on Methods and Applications of Intelligent Market Basket Analysis Based on Association Rule

The market trends rapidly changed over the last two decades.The primary reason is the newly created opportunities and the increased number of competitors competing to grasp market share using business analysis techniques.Market Basket Analysis has a tangible effect in facilitating current change in the market.Market Basket Analysis is one of the famous fields that deal with Big Data and Data Mining applications.MBA initially uses Association Rule Learning(ARL)as a mean for realization.ARL has a beneficial effect in providing a plenty benefit in analyzing the market data and understanding customers’behavior.An important motive of using such techniques is maximizing the business profit as well as matching the exact customer needs as closely as possible.In this survey paper,we discussed several applications and methods of MBA based on ARL.Also,we reviewed some association rule learning measurements including trust,lift,leverage,and others.Furthermore,we discuss some open issues and future topics in the area of market basket analysis and association rule learning.

Comparison of brush and basket cytology in differential diagnosis of bile duct stricture at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography

BACKGROUND： A previous report has identified a significantly higher sensitivity of cancer detection for dedicated grasping basket than brushing at endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreato- graphy （ERCP）. This study aimed to compare the diagnostic accuracy of Geenen brush and Dormia basket cytology in the differential diagnosis of bile duct stricture. METHOD： The current study enrolled one hundred and fourteen patients who underwent ERCP with both Geenen brush and Dormia basket cytology for the differential diagnosis of bile duct stricture at our institution between January 2008 and December 2012. RESULTS： We adopted sequential performances of cytologic samplings by using initial Geenen brush and subsequent Dormia basket cytology in 59 patients and initial Dormia basket and subsequent Geenen brush cytology in 55 patients. Presampling balloon dilatations and biliary stentings for the stricture were performed in 17 （14.9%） and 107 patients （93.9%）, respectively. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and accuracy of Geenen brush cytology for the diagnosis of malignant bile duct stricture were 75.0%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 66.7% and 83.3%, respectively, and those of Dormia basket cytology were 64.5%, 100.0%, 100.0%, 58.5% and 76.3%, respectively （P=0.347 and 0.827 for sensitivity and accuracy, respectively）. The good and excellent cellular yields （≥grade 2） were obtained by Geenen brush and Dormia basket cytology in 88 （77.2%） and 79 （69.3%） patients, respectively.CONCLUSION： The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of biliary sampling with a Dormia basket are comparable to those with conventional Geenen brush cytology in the detection of malignant bile duct stricture.

CO2 capture over molecular basket sorbents:Effects of SiO2 supports and PEG additive

The objective of this work is to study the influences of silica supports and PEG additive on the sorption performance of molecular basket sorbent（MBS） for COcapture consisting of polyethylenimine and one of the following supports: SBA-15（2-D structure）, TUD-1（3-D sponge-like structure） and fumed silica HS-5（3-D disordered structure）. Effects of the supports regarding pore structures and pore properties, the PEI loading amount as well as the sorption temperature were examined. Furthermore, polyethylene glycol（PEG） was introduced as an additive into the sorbents and its effect was investigated at different PEI loadings and sorption temperatures. The results suggest that the pore properties of MBS（after PEI loading） play a more important role in the COsorption capacity, rather than those of the supports alone.MBS with 3D pore structure exhibits higher COsorption capacity and amine efficiency than those with 2D-structured support. Among the sorbents studied, fumed silica（HS-5） based MBS showed the highest COsorption capacity in the temperature range of 30-95 °C, probably due to its unique interstitial pores formed by the aggregation of polymer-loaded SiOparticles. It was found that the temperature dependence is directly related to the PEI surface coverage layers. The more PEI surface coverage layers, the higher diffusion barrier for COand the stronger temperature dependence of COcapacity. 3D MBS exceeds 2D MBS at the same PEI coverage layers due to lower diffusion barrier. Adding PEG can significantly enhance the COsorption capacity and improve amine efficiency of all MBS, most likely by alleviating the diffusion barrier within PEI bulk layers through the inter-molecular interaction between PEI and PEG.

Giant choledocholithiasis treated by mechanical lithotripsy using a gastric bezoar basket

Mechanical lithotripsy （ML） is usually considered as a standard treatment option for large bile duct stones. However, it is impossible to retrieve oversized stones because the conventional lithotripsy basket may not be able to grasp the stone. However, there is no es- tablished endoscopic extraction method for such gi- ant stone removal. We describe a case of successful extraction of a 4-cm large stone using a gastric bezoar basket. A 78-year-old woman had suffered from upper abdominal pain for 20 d. Contrast-enhanced computed tomogram revealed a 4-cm single stone in the distal common bile duct （CBD）. Endoscopic stone retraction was decided upon and endoscopic papillary balloon dilation was performed using a large balloon. An at- tempt to capture the stone using a standard lithotripsy basket failed due to the large stone size. Subsequently, we used a gastric bezoar basket to successfully capturethe stone. The stone was fragmented into small pieces and extracted. The stone was completely removed after two sessions of endoscopic retrograde cholangio- pancreatography; each of which took 30 rain. No com- plications occurred during or after the procedure. The patient was fully recovered and discharged on day 11 of hospitalization. ML using a gastric bezoar basket is a safe and effective retrieval method in select cases, and is considered as an alternative nonoperative option for the management of difficult CBD stones.

Impaction of a lithotripsy basket during endoscopic lithotomy of a common bile duct stone

The treatments for common bile duct (CBD) stones are being continually developed. Impaction of the lithotripsy basket during endoscopic removal of CBD stones was seen in 5.9% patients. We report the case of a 66-yearold woman who underwent surgery for the removal of an impacted biliary basket. She was admitted to our hospital with a complaint of right upper abdominal pain. Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography revealed a CBD stone (20 mm × 15 mm). We diagnosed her with choledocholithiasis and performed endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography to remove the stone. However, unfortunately, the retrievable basket around the stone became impacted. An endotriptor along with forceps could not be used owing to the entrapment of the basket, and thus we performed urgent surgery. The basket containing the stone was removed through a longitudinal choledochotomy. The wires leading to the basket were cut, and the basket containing the stone was removed via the incision. A T-tube was inserted,and the choledochotomy was closed. The postoperative course was uneventful. In conclusion, if the diameter of a CBD stone is more than 20 mm, then the risk of basket impaction increases, and surgery may be necessary as the initial treatment of the CBD stone.

Results of the open surgery after endoscopic basket impaction during ERCP procedure

AIM:To report the results of open surgery for patients with basket impaction during endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography(ERCP) procedure.METHODS: Basket impaction of either classical Dormia basket or mechanical lithotripter basket with an entrapped stone occurred in six patients.These patients were immediately operated for removal of stone(s) and impacted basket.The postoperative course,length of hospital stay,diameter of the stone,complication and the surgical procedure of the patients were reported retrospectively.RESULTS: Six patients(M/F,0/6) were operated due to impacted basket during ERCP procedure.The mean age of the patients was 64.33 ± 14.41 years.In all cases the surgery was performed immediately after the failed ERCP procedure by making a rightsubcostal incision.The baskets containing the stone were removed through longitudinal choledochotomy with the stone.The choledochotomy incisions were closed by primary closure in four patients and T tube placement in two patients.All patients were also performed cholecystectomy additionally since they had cholelithiasis.In patients with T-tube placement it was removed on the 13 th day after a normal T-tube cholangiogram.The patients remained stable at postoperative period and discharged without any complication at median 7 d.CONCLUSION: Open surgical procedures can be applied in patients with basket impaction during ERCP procedure in selected cases.

Separation of Salbutamol by Nano-baskets of Calix[4]arene Bearing Sulfonyl-carboxamides in Partial-cone Conformation

Salbutamol,which increases the muscle mass and decreases the adipose tissue,is misused as nutrient repartitioning agent in the livestock.The novelty of this work is the determination of salbutamol in the livestock meat via new bonded-phases bearing eight derivatives of p-tert-calix[4]arene in partial-cone conformation.The new synthesized bonded-phases were characterized and optimized.The bonding interactions of solute and stationary-phases were examined and the main interactions were reported.The salbutamol levels in six samples of livestock meat were analyzed and the results reveal that for the best bonded-phases,the limit of detection（LOD） and limit of quantitation（LOQ） were 0.02 and 0.06 μg/mL,respectively.

Basketing a basket:A novel emergency rescue technique

Fracture of the central lead wire of an impacted basket during a mechanical lithotripsy for large common bile duct(CBD) stones poses a special challenge.Different maneuvers have been described to resolve this problem.Most techniques require equipment or facilities which may not be readily available in small community hospitals.We present here a similar situation in a patient with a large stone at the level of the cystic duct.Through the duodenoscope,a smaller Dormia basket was introduced into the CBD along the side of the impacted broken basket.The tip of the impacted basket was grasped and,by pulling downwards,the basket was disengaged from the stone.The two baskets were then removed successfully.We suggest this simple technique should be tried initially,before resorting to more advanced procedures.

Thiacrown Molecular Basket with High Extracting Selectivity towards Ag^+

By bridging 1,3：4,6-bis（3,6-dihydroxy-1,2-xylylene）tetrahydro-3a,6a-diphenyl imidazo- [4,5]-imidazole-2,5（IH,3H）-dione I with S（CH2CH2OCOCHECl）2, thiacrown molecular basket 2c was prepared for the first time. It was found that the compound exhibited very poor affinity towards alkali metal ions but high extracting selectivity towards silver ion.

IN SITU OBSERVATION ON FORMATION OF BASKET DURING BAINITIC TRANSFORMATION

By means of riM-190 hot-stage microscopy,the in situ observation of α-β transformation in 12Cr2MoWVTiB steel has been carried out.The sequence of the growth of ferritic needles composing bainitic basket has also been determined.According to the crystallographic analy- sis a multislip system transform model concerning the formation of basket has been proposed.

Integral Representations for the Price of Vanilla Put Options on a Basket of Two-Dividend Paying Stocks

This paper presents integral representations for the price of vanilla put options, namely, European and American put options on a basket of two-dividend paying stocks using integral method based on the double Mellin transform. We show that by the decomposition of the integral equation for the price of American basket put option, the integral equation for the price of European basket put option can be obtained directly.

Price Paradox and Strategic Choice of "Vegetable Basket" in China

By using the analysis method of game theory,this paper analyzes the phenomenon of price paradox of "vegetable basket" in China and its reason as follows:the price paradox of "vegetable basket" in China is that if the vegetable is cheap,it will harm farmers,and if the vegetable is expensive,it will harm people;high-cost logistics,low negotiation status of vegetable growers and cooperation predicament are responsible for price paradox.Based on the theoretical basis of strategic choice-theory of intermediaries,it indicates that the intermediaries can realize effective transaction and save transaction cost.The strategic choice of solving price paradox of "vegetable basket" is put forward as follows:support vegetable growers' cooperatives,reduce transaction cost and raise the negotiation status of vegetable growers;develop the model of connection of agricultural products and supermarkets,and reduce the cost of transport and distribution;innovate upon intermediaries and develop the third-party logistics.

Measurement of Stone Diameter with Three Sizes of Automatically Fixating Stone Baskets

Background: Complications after endoscopic retrieval of kidney and ureter stones are obviously related to the size of the stones as well as the experience of the surgeon and other factors. During the procedure it is sometimes difficult for surgeons to estimate stone size and therefore give prognostic advises. The visual perception of the stone size depends on the shape, colour, distance to the renoscope and dilatation of the ureter. This is the so-called binding problem, because shape, color and direction of motion are processed separately by different population of optical neurons. In order to establish a better prognostic rational especially for less experienced surgeons, we established an intra operative semi-quantitative measurement of the stone size supported by a stone basket. Materials and Methods: We modified the tipped, nitinol stone baskets from the company Urotech with diameters of 2.5, 3.0 and 4 FR. The handle of this basket has a spring mechanism, which automatically closes the basket and provides a predefined fixation force of the stones within the basket. On the handle we established a non-linear scale in mm by grabbing standardized balls or standardized screws. Result: The scales are nonlinear because of the nonlinear relation between the diameter of the stone and the distance of the slider. Also the scales differ in between the basket size, because of the different strain conditions due to the different wire sizes and materials or the spring and basket. Conclusion: This scale could be an important orientation for a surgeon during endourological procedures to estimate stone sizes. After further clinical experience a semi-quantitative visualization like green, yellow and red colors could help to predict potential complications due to large stone sizes. Finally it could bevery interesting for other disciplines like gastroenterology.

Determination of Vanadyl Porphyrins by Liquid-liquid Microextraction and Nano-baskets of p-tert-Calix[4]arene Bearing Di-[N-(X)sulfonye Carboxamide] and Di-(1-propoxy) in Ortho-cone Conformation

Dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction technique was introducd to remove the centrifuging step and conduct inclusion microextraction of charged porphyrins by nano-baskets. For nano-baskets of p-tert-calix[4]arene bearing di-[N-（X）sulfonyl carboxamide] and di-（1-propoxy） in ortho-cone conformation was synthesized and used. The related parameters including ligand concentration, the volume of water disperser, salt effect, and extraction time were optimized. The linear range, detection limit（S/N=3） and precision（RSD, n=6） were determined to be 0.2―50, 0.07 μg/L and 5.3%, respectively. The results reveal that the new approach is competitive analytical tool and an alternative of the traditional methods in the crude oil and related systems.

Bamboo Baskets From Eastern Zhejiang

Among Chinese woven products, bamboo baskets have the widest of uses. They are light and durable and graceful. Bamboo baskets have been indispensable for hundreds of years in South China. there are large varieties of bamboo baskets in China, but the best are those made by the local people in eastern Zhejiang Province, especially in Shengxian and Dongyang. These places have a long history in bamboo basket making and work is well-known nationwide. The baskets from there

BASKETBALL

Many people like to play basketball.It’s a fun game to play and to watch.People play basketball on a court.There is a basket at each end of the court.Two teams play each other on the court.There are five players on each team.Players try to shoot the ball into the other team's basket.If a player makes the shot,his or her team gets two points.If a player makes a basket behind the 3-point line,they get three points.

Basel支架成本效益试验(BASKET)指导支架的临床使用

目的:目前尚不确定,哪些患者能从药物洗脱支架(DES)治疗[较之裸金属支架(BMS)]获得长期临床预后方面的最大益处。方法和结果:纳入连续826例行血管成形术治疗的患者,患者以2∶1比例随机分组接受DES和BMS,随访18个月,观察心脏性死亡/心肌梗死(MI)和非MI相关性靶血管血运重建(TVR)。对患者资料进行分析,确定支架类型与患者/血管特征在预测终点事件方面的相互作用。

Analysis of Key Technologies in the Design of Small and Medium Span Basket Type Steel Box Tied Arch Bridge

In order to ensure the construction quality and safety of small and medium span basket type steel box tied arch bridge,this paper takes a practical project as an example to analyze the key technologies in its design process.It is hoped that this analysis can provide corresponding reference for the design and construction of this kind of arch bridge.

Filling Up One's Shopping Basket

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