The world has entered an era featured with fast transportations,instant communications,and prompt technological revolutions,the further advancement of which all relies fundamentally,yet,on the development of cost-effe...The world has entered an era featured with fast transportations,instant communications,and prompt technological revolutions,the further advancement of which all relies fundamentally,yet,on the development of cost-effective energy resources allowing for durable and high-rate energy supply.Current battery and fuel cell systems are challenged by a few issues characterized either by insufficient energy capacity or by operation instability and,thus,are not ideal for such highly-demanded applications as electrical vehicles and portable electronic devices.In this mini-review,we present,from materials perspectives,a few selected important breakthroughs in energy resources employed in these applications.Prospectives are then given to look towards future research activities for seeking viable materials solutions for addressing the capacity,durability,and cost shortcomings associated with current battery/fuel cell devices.展开更多
The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are fundamental processes in a range of energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. ORR and OER both hav...The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are fundamental processes in a range of energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. ORR and OER both have significant activation barriers, which severely limit the overall performance of energy conversion devices that utilize ORR/OER. Meanwhile, ORR is another very important electrochemical reaction involving oxygen that has been widely investigated. ORR occurs in aqueous solutions via two pathways: the direct 4-electron reduction or 2-electron reduction pathways from O_(2) to water(H_2O) or from O_(2) to hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_(2)). Noble metal electrocatalysts are often used to catalyze OER and ORR, despite the fact that noble metal electrocatalysts have certain intrinsic limitations, such as low storage. Thus, it is urgent to develop more active and stable low-cost electrocatalysts, especially for severe environments(e.g., acidic media). Theoretically, an ideal oxygen electrocatalyst should provide adequate binding to oxygen species. Transition metals not belonging to the platinum group metal-based oxides are a low-cost substance that could give a d orbital for oxygen species binding. As a result, transition metal oxides are regarded as a substitute for typical precious metal oxygen electrocatalysts. However, the development of oxide catalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions still faces significant challenges, e.g., catalytic activity, stability, cost, and reaction mechanism. We discuss the fundamental principles underlying the design of oxide catalysts, including the influence of crystal structure, and electronic structure on their performance. We also discuss the challenges associated with developing oxide catalysts and the potential strategies to overcome these challenges.展开更多
通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析和电化学方法考察制备路线对氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂Ag-MnOx/C物理性能及其催化活性的影响。结果表明:通过两步法制得的催化剂(Ag-MnOx/C-2)的表面Ag和Mn含量比一步法...通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析和电化学方法考察制备路线对氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂Ag-MnOx/C物理性能及其催化活性的影响。结果表明:通过两步法制得的催化剂(Ag-MnOx/C-2)的表面Ag和Mn含量比一步法制备样品(Ag-MnOx/C-1)的高,这使得Ag-MnOx/C-2具有更高的催化活性。Ag-MnOx/C-2表面ORR的电子转移数高于Ag-MnOx/C-1的电子转移数,且在-0.60 V(相对于Hg/HgO)处的比质量动力学电流为46 mA/μg,为Ag/C的23倍。以Ag-MnOx/C-2为阴极催化剂组装的锌-空气电池的最高能量密度高达117 m W/cm2。展开更多
文摘The world has entered an era featured with fast transportations,instant communications,and prompt technological revolutions,the further advancement of which all relies fundamentally,yet,on the development of cost-effective energy resources allowing for durable and high-rate energy supply.Current battery and fuel cell systems are challenged by a few issues characterized either by insufficient energy capacity or by operation instability and,thus,are not ideal for such highly-demanded applications as electrical vehicles and portable electronic devices.In this mini-review,we present,from materials perspectives,a few selected important breakthroughs in energy resources employed in these applications.Prospectives are then given to look towards future research activities for seeking viable materials solutions for addressing the capacity,durability,and cost shortcomings associated with current battery/fuel cell devices.
基金the Natural Science Foundation of China (22005250)National Key R D Program of China (2022YFB2502000)FWO (12ZV320N)。
文摘The electrochemical oxygen reduction reaction(ORR) and oxygen evolution reaction(OER) are fundamental processes in a range of energy conversion devices such as fuel cells and metal–air batteries. ORR and OER both have significant activation barriers, which severely limit the overall performance of energy conversion devices that utilize ORR/OER. Meanwhile, ORR is another very important electrochemical reaction involving oxygen that has been widely investigated. ORR occurs in aqueous solutions via two pathways: the direct 4-electron reduction or 2-electron reduction pathways from O_(2) to water(H_2O) or from O_(2) to hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_(2)). Noble metal electrocatalysts are often used to catalyze OER and ORR, despite the fact that noble metal electrocatalysts have certain intrinsic limitations, such as low storage. Thus, it is urgent to develop more active and stable low-cost electrocatalysts, especially for severe environments(e.g., acidic media). Theoretically, an ideal oxygen electrocatalyst should provide adequate binding to oxygen species. Transition metals not belonging to the platinum group metal-based oxides are a low-cost substance that could give a d orbital for oxygen species binding. As a result, transition metal oxides are regarded as a substitute for typical precious metal oxygen electrocatalysts. However, the development of oxide catalysts for oxygen reduction and oxygen evolution reactions still faces significant challenges, e.g., catalytic activity, stability, cost, and reaction mechanism. We discuss the fundamental principles underlying the design of oxide catalysts, including the influence of crystal structure, and electronic structure on their performance. We also discuss the challenges associated with developing oxide catalysts and the potential strategies to overcome these challenges.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(21276097,21567008,21263005)Special Funds of Guangdong Province Public Research and Ability Construction,China(2014A010106008)+1 种基金Guangdong Innovative and Entrepreneurial Research Team Program,China(2014ZT05N200)Program of Excellent Ph.D Thesis Authors of Guangdong Province,China~~
基金Project(21406273)supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China
文摘通过X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱、透射电镜、扫描电镜以及能谱分析和电化学方法考察制备路线对氧还原反应(ORR)电催化剂Ag-MnOx/C物理性能及其催化活性的影响。结果表明:通过两步法制得的催化剂(Ag-MnOx/C-2)的表面Ag和Mn含量比一步法制备样品(Ag-MnOx/C-1)的高,这使得Ag-MnOx/C-2具有更高的催化活性。Ag-MnOx/C-2表面ORR的电子转移数高于Ag-MnOx/C-1的电子转移数,且在-0.60 V(相对于Hg/HgO)处的比质量动力学电流为46 mA/μg,为Ag/C的23倍。以Ag-MnOx/C-2为阴极催化剂组装的锌-空气电池的最高能量密度高达117 m W/cm2。
