Heat transfer enhanced inorganic phase change material compositing carbon nanotubes for battery thermal management and thermal runaway propagation mitigation

Developing technologies that can be applied simultaneously in battery thermal management(BTM)and thermal runaway(TR)mitigation is significant to improving the safety of lithium-ion battery systems.Inorganic phase change material(PCM)with nonflammability has the potential to achieve this dual function.This study proposed an encapsulated inorganic phase change material(EPCM)with a heat transfer enhancement for battery systems,where Na_(2)HPO_(4)·12H_(2)O was used as the core PCM encapsulated by silica and the additive of carbon nanotube(CNT)was applied to enhance the thermal conductivity.The microstructure and thermal properties of the EPCM/CNT were analyzed by a series of characterization tests.Two different incorporating methods of CNT were compared and the proper CNT adding amount was also studied.After preparation,the battery thermal management performance and TR propagation mitigation effects of EPCM/CNT were further investigated on the battery modules.The experimental results of thermal management tests showed that EPCM/CNT not only slowed down the temperature rising of the module but also improved the temperature uniformity during normal operation.The peak battery temperature decreased from 76℃to 61.2℃at 2 C discharge rate and the temperature difference was controlled below 3℃.Moreover,the results of TR propagation tests demonstrated that nonflammable EPCM/CNT with good heat absorption could work as a TR barrier,which exhibited effective mitigation on TR and TR propagation.The trigger time of three cells was successfully delayed by 129,474 and 551 s,respectively and the propagation intervals were greatly extended as well.

Adaptive battery thermal management systems in unsteady thermal application contexts

With the increasing attention paid to battery technology,the microscopic reaction mechanism and macroscopic heat transfer process of lithium-ion batteries have been further studied and understood from both academic and industrial perspectives.Temperature,as one of the key parameters in the physical fra mework of batteries,affects the performa nce of the multi-physical fields within the battery,a nd its effective control is crucial.Since the heat generation in the battery is determined by the real-time operating conditions,the battery temperature is essentially controlled by the real-time heat dissipation conditions provided by the battery thermal management system.Conventional battery thermal management systems have basic temperature control capabilities for most conventional application scenarios.However,with the current development of la rge-scale,integrated,and intelligent battery technology,the adva ncement of battery thermal management technology will pay more attention to the effective control of battery temperature under sophisticated situations,such as high power and widely varied operating conditions.In this context,this paper presents the latest advances and representative research related to battery thermal management system.Firstly,starting from battery thermal profile,the mechanism of battery heat generation is discussed in detail.Secondly,the static characteristics of the traditional battery thermal management system are summarized.Then,considering the dynamic requirements of battery heat dissipation under complex operating conditions,the concept of adaptive battery thermal management system is proposed based on specific research cases.Finally,the main challenges for battery thermal management system in practice are identified,and potential future developments to overcome these challenges are presented and discussed.

Functional thermal fluids and their applications in battery thermal management:A comprehensive review

With the increasing requirements for fast charging and discharging,higher requirements have been put forward for the thermal management of power batteries.Therefore,there is an urgent need to develop efficient heat transfer fluids.As a new type of heat transfer fluids,functional thermal fluids mainly includ-ing nanofluids(NFs)and phase change fluids(PCFs),have the advantages of high heat carrying density,high heat transfer rate,and broad operational temperature range.However,challenges that hinder their practical applications remain.In this paper,we firstly overview the classification,thermophysical prop-erties,drawbacks,and corresponding modifications of functional thermal fluids.For NFs,the high ther-mal conductivity and high convective heat transfer performance were mainly elaborated,while the stability and viscosity issues were also analyzed.And then for PCFs,the high heat carrying density was mainly elaborated,while the problems of supercooling,stability,and viscosity were also analyzed.On this basis,the composite fluids combined NFs and PCFs technology,has been summarized.Furthermore,the thermal properties of traditional fluids,NFs,PCFs,and composite fluids are compared,which proves that functional thermal fluids are a good choice to replace traditional fluids as coolants.Then,battery thermal management system(BTMS)based on functional thermal fluids is summarized in detail,and the thermal management effects and pump consumption are compared with that of water-based BTMS.Finally,the current technical challenges that parameters optimization of functional thermal fluids and structures optimization of BTMS systematically are presented.In the future,it is necessary to pay more attention to using machine learning to predict thermophysical properties of functional thermal fluids and their applications for BTMS under actual vehicle conditions.

Research on Performance Optimization of Liquid Cooling and Composite Phase Change Material Coupling Cooling Thermal Management System for Vehicle Power Battery

The serpentine tube liquid cooling and composite PCM coupled cooling thermal management system is designed for 18650 cylindrical power batteries,with the maximum temperature and temperature difference of the power pack within the optimal temperature operating range as the target.The initial analysis of the battery pack at a 5C discharge rate,the influence of the single cell to cooling tube distance,the number of cooling tubes,inlet coolant temperature,the coolant flow rate,and other factors on the heat dissipation performance of the battery pack,initially determined a reasonable value for each design parameter.A control strategy is used to regulate the inlet flow rate and coolant temperature of the liquid cooling system in order to make full use of the latent heat of the composite PCM and reduce the pump’s energy consumption.The simulation results show that the maximum battery pack temperature of 309.8 K and the temperature difference of 4.6 K between individual cells with the control strategy are in the optimal temperature operating range of the power battery,and the utilization rate of the composite PCM is up to 90%.

Reinforcement Learning-Based Electric Vehicles Energy Management Strategy with Battery Thermal Model

The promotion of electric vehicles(EVs)is restricted due to their short cruising range.It is desirable to design an effective energy management strategy to improve their energy efficiency.Most existing work concerning energy management strategies focused on hybrids rather than the EVs.The work focusing on the energy management strategy for EVs mainly uses the traditional optimization strategies,thereby limiting the advantages of energy economy.To this end,a novel energy management strategy that considered the impact of battery thermal effects was proposed with the help of reinforcement learning.The main idea was to first analyze the energy flow path of EVs,further formulize the energy management as an optimization problem,and finally propose an online strategy based on reinforcement learning to obtain the optimal strategy.Additionally,extensive simulation results have demonstrated that our strategy reduces energy consumption by at least 27.4%compared to the existing methods.

Experimental Investigation on Cooling/Heating Characteristics of Ultra-Thin Micro Heat Pipe for Electric Vehicle Battery Thermal Management

Due to the heat pipes’ transient conduction,phase change and fluid dynamics during cooling/heating with high frequency charging/discharging of batteries,it is crucial to investigate in depth the experimental dynamic thermal characteristics in such complex heat transfer processes for more accurate thermal analysis and design of a BTMS. In this paper,the use of ultra?thin micro heat pipe(UMHP) for thermal management of a lithium?ion battery pack in EVs is explored by experiments to reveal the cooling/heating characteristics of the UMHP pack. The cooling performance is evaluated under di erent constant discharging and transient heat inputs conditions. And the heating e ciency is assessed under several sub?zero temperatures through heating films with/without UMHPs. Results show that the pro?posed UMHP BTMS with forced convection can keep the maximum temperature of the pack below 40 °C under 1 ~ 3 C discharging,and e ectively reduced the instant temperature increases and minimize the temperature fluctuation of the pack during transient federal urban driving schedule(FUDS) road conditions. Experimental data also indicate that heating films stuck on the fins of UMHPs brought about adequate high heating e ciency comparing with that stuck on the surface of cells under the same heating power,but has more convenient maintenance and less cost for the BTMS. The experimental dynamic temperature characteristics of UMHP which is found to be a high?e cient and low?energy consumption cooling/heating method for BTMSs,can be performed to guide thermal analysis and optimiza?tion of heat pipe BTMSs.

Design and parametric optimization of thermal management of lithium-ion battery module with reciprocating air-flow

Single cell temperature difference of lithium-ion battery(LIB) module will significantly affect the safety and cycle life of the battery. The reciprocating air-flow module created by a periodic reversal of the air flow was investigated in an effort to mitigate the inherent temperature gradient problem of the conventional battery system with a unidirectional coolant flow with computational fluid dynamics(CFD). Orthogonal experiment and optimization design method based on computational fluid dynamics virtual experiments were developed. A set of optimized design factors for the cooling of reciprocating air flow of LIB thermal management was determined. The simulation experiments show that the reciprocating flow can achieve good heat dissipation, reduce the temperature difference, improve the temperature homogeneity and effectively lower the maximal temperature of the modular battery. The reciprocating flow improves the safety, long-term performance and life span of LIB.

Thermal Management of Air-Cooling Lithium-Ion Battery Pack

Lithium-ion battery packs are made by many batteries, and the difficulty in heat transfer can cause many safety issues. It is important to evaluate thermal performance of a battery pack in designing process. Here, a multiscale method combining a pseudo-two-dimensional model of individual battery and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics is employed to describe heat generation and transfer in a battery pack. The effect of battery arrangement on the thermal performance of battery packs is investigated. We discuss the air-cooling effect of the pack with four battery arrangements which include one square arrangement, one stagger arrangement and two trapezoid arrangements. In addition, the air-cooling strategy is studied by observing temperature distribution of the battery pack. It is found that the square arrangement is the structure with the best air-cooling effect, and the cooling effect is best when the cold air inlet is at the top of the battery pack. We hope that this work can provide theoretical guidance for thermal management of lithium-ion battery packs.

A Numerical Investigation of the Thermal Performances of an Array of Heat Pipes for Battery Thermal Management

A comparative numerical study has been conducted on the thermal performance of a heat pipe cooling system considering several influential factors such as the coolant flow rate,the coolant inlet temperature,and the input power.A comparison between numerical data and results available in the literature has demonstrated that our numerical procedure could successfully predict the heat transfer performance of the considered heat pipe cooling system for a battery.Specific indicators such as temperature,heat flux,and pressure loss were extracted to describe the characteristics of such a system.On the basis of the distributions of the temperature ratio of the battery surface,together with the heat flux and the streamlines around the heat pipe condenser,we conclude that the low disturbance of the coolant is the cause of the temperature gradient along the fluid flow direction.

Analysis of Air-Cooling Battery Thermal Management System for Formula Student Car

Designing a good energy storage system represents the most important challenge for spreading over a large scale of electric mobility. Proper thermal management is critical and guarantees optimum working temperature in a battery pack. In the various battery thermal management technologies, air cooling is one of the most used solutions. The following work analyzes the cooling performance of the air-cooling thermal management system by choosing appropriate system parameters and analyzes using CFD simulations for accurate thermal modeling. These parameters include the influence of airflow rate and cell spacing on the configuration. The outcome of the simulations is compared using parameters like maximum temperature, and temperature distribution in the battery module to obtain optimum results for further applications. Finally, the simulations of the optimal solution will be compared to experimental results for validation.

Bifunctional Liquid Metals Allow Electrical Insulating Phase Change Materials to Dual-Mode Thermal Manage the Li-Ion Batteries

Phase change materials(PCMs)are expected to achieve dual-mode thermal management for heating and cooling Li-ion batteries(LIBs)according to real-time thermal conditions,guaranteeing the reliable operation of LIBs in both cold and hot environments.Herein,we report a liquid metal(LM)modified polyethylene glycol/LM/boron nitride PCM,capable of dual-mode thermal managing the LIBs through photothermal effect and passive thermal conduction.Its geometrical conformation and thermal pathways fabricated through ice-template strategy are conformable to the LIB’s structure and heat-conduction characteristic.Typically,soft and deformable LMs are modified on the boron nitride surface,serving as thermal bridges to reduce the contact thermal resistance among adjacent fillers to realize high thermal conductivity of 8.8 and 7.6 W m^(−1) K^(−1) in the vertical and in-plane directions,respectively.In addition,LM with excellent photothermal performance provides the PCM with efficient battery heating capability if employing a controllable lighting system.As a proof-of-concept,this PCM is manifested to heat battery to an appropriate temperature range in a cold environment and lower the working temperature of the LIBs by more than 10℃ at high charging/discharging rate,opening opportunities for LIBs with durable working performance and evitable risk of thermal runaway.

Performance Study of the MPC based on BPNN Prediction Model in Thermal Management System of Battery Electric Vehicles

In this paper,a model predictive control(MPC)based on back propagation neural network(BPNN)prediction model was proposed for compressor speed control of air conditioning system(ACS)and battery thermal management system(BTMS)coupling system of battery electric vehicle(BEV).In order to solve the problem of high cooling energy consumption and inferior thermal comfort in the cabin of the battery electric vehicle thermal management system(BEVTMS)during summer time,this paper combines the respective superiorities of artificial neural network(ANN)predictive modeling and MPC,and creatively combines the two methods and uses them in the control of BEVTMS.Firstly,based on ANN and heat transfer theory,BPNN prediction model,ACS and BTMS coupling system were established and verified.Secondly,a mathematical method of MPC was established to control the speed of the compressor.Then,the state parameters of the coupled system were predicted using a BPNN prediction model,and the predicted values were passed to the MPC,thus achieving accurate control of the compressor speed using the MPC.Finally,the effects of PID control and MPC based on BPNN prediction model on thermal comfort of cabin and compressor energy consumption at different ambient temperatures were compared in simulation under New European Driving Cycle(NEDC)conditions.The results showed for the constructed BPNN prediction model predicted and tested values of the selected parameters the mean squared error(MSE)ranged from 2.498%to 8.969%,mean absolute percentage error(MAPE)ranged from 4.197%to 8.986%,and mean absolute error(MAE)ranged from 3.202%to 8.476%.At ambient temperatures of 25℃,35℃ and 45℃,the MPC based on the BPNN prediction model reduced the cumulative discomfort time in the cabin by 100 s,39 s and 19 s,respectively,compared with the PID control.Under three NEDC conditions,the energy consumption is reduced by 1.82%,2.35%and 3.48%,respectively.When the ambient temperature was 35℃,the MPC based on BPNN prediction model can make the ACS and BTMS coupling system have better thermal comfort,and the energy saving effect of the compressor was more obvious with the temperature.

Comparative study of the thermal insulation performance of steel and aluminum battery packs in high-and low-temperature environments

As the only power source of pure electric vehicles,the performance of battery packs is easily affected by the temperature,and too high or too low temperature will make the performance of battery packs decline.In this study,the thermal analysis finite element modeling of a cast aluminum battery pack and steel battery pack of a pure electric vehicle is established to compare the thermal insulation performance of two kinds of battery packs under high-and low-temperature conditions.The simulation results show that the thermal insulation performance of the two kinds of battery packs meets the design requirements under high-and low-temperature conditions.The external environment of the cell and battery pack mainly transmits heat through heat conduction.Aiming at the problem that the uniform temperature performance of the steel battery pack is lower than that of the cast aluminum battery pack,several optimization solutions are put forward for the insulation design of the steel battery pack,and the optimal solution is obtained by comparing the simulation results.

储能锂电池系统综合管理研究进展

锂电池系统是新型储能系统的重要组成部分,电池管理技术对确保电池系统的安全、高效运行和延长使用寿命具有重要意义。从电池系统的模型、状态、故障、一致性、热管理等层面出发,综述了锂电池管理的研究进展。在电池模型方面,分析总结了电池在电、热、力等特性的建模及高效计算方法。对于电池的状态估计,总结了基于模型、数据驱动以及两者相结合的状态估计方法以及各自的优缺点,分析了构建数据驱动与电池领域知识融合框架的未来发展前景。在电池故障方面,分析了电池系统不同故障特征、类型、触发机制和诊断方法,对电池系统在早期故障预警、故障检测灵敏度提升等方面进行了展望。对于电池系统的一致性,总结分析了在均衡拓扑和均衡策略两个方面的研究现状,并对电池重构在均衡、快充、能量利用提升、故障隔离等方面的应用进行了分析。在电池热管理方面,分析了高温冷却以及低温加热的方法,并对热管理系统的优化设计和控制策略进行了总结,对开发高效换热、轻量化以及低能耗的先进热管理系统进行了探讨。此外,对电池管理系统的新技术和应用场景进行了概述,分析了数字孪生技术以及储能综合管理在电池系统上的应用,为未来电池管理的发展提供了参考。

电动汽车电池组冷媒直冷系统工作特性的试验

针对一种利用电动汽车空调制冷剂直接冷却电池组的锂离子电池热管理系统,设计了基于口琴管式冷板的电池模组.进行了直冷和液冷的比较,研究了环境温度、压缩机转速、阀门开度及放电倍率对制冷剂流量和蒸发温度的影响,以及对电池组散热特性的影响.结果表明:采用直冷方式在控制电池组平均温度上比液冷具有更好的冷却效果;压缩机转速增加对电池组有明显的控温效果,在3500 r/min的转速下即使是2.0 C的高倍率放电也能控制温度在40.00℃以下;阀门开度增大有利于电池组平均温度的下降,但不利于电池组温差的降低;在电池组温差较大的情况下,单体电池温差能占到电池组温差的88%.

特种车辆电池热管理设计与实验研究

为确保消防特种车辆能在高温环境下正常工作,该文设计了一种新型的电池热管理系统。提出在电池外围布置隔热结构进行热防护,电池放电过程中产生的热量则通过相变材料进行吸收。此外在相变材料中布置液冷管道,待消防特种车辆撤离火场后利用液体换热实现相变材料的再生。该文重点关注相变材料对电池组的温度控制情况,对电池放电温升的仿真结果显示,电池组温度始终处在正常范围内,初步验证了设计的可行性。在此基础上进行了实验验证,恒流放电的过程中电池组工作正常,在相变材料的作用下电池组温度得到了有效控制。为进一步优化设计,通过仿真模型研究了相变材料相变点、相变潜热等因素对热管理冷却性能的影响。

动力电池温度集成控制系统设计与研究

本文以非公路机械动力锂电池为研究对象,围绕动力电池低温加热与高温散热两大关键环节,开展动力电池温度集成控制系统设计与研究。鉴于温度对电池性能及寿命的影响,本文采用挤压成型的铝制型材液冷板,长圆形冷却液道截面,并行布置于模组底部与侧面的方式,实现电池模组的多方向冷却。同时,在电池模组两侧加装电阻式加热片,可使低温下的电池快速升温至适宜温度,确保动力电池发挥良好的充放电性能。动力电池温度集成控制系统能够有效解决电池模组单体电芯温差过大等问题,为动力电池安全高效工作提供强有力保障。

商用电动车电池模组热管理研究

文章在已有的研究成果基础上,提出搭建特定模型分析电池模组产热情况的研究思路,并结合有限元仿真计算方法,进一步探究基于不同环境温度条件,电池在不同恒流倍率工况下的热流特性。研究结果表明,根据仿真分析结果所提出的电池模块风道改进方案,可以有效降低电池模组最高温度,同时解决内部温度分布不均匀问题,能为后续优化商用电动车电池设计提供参考。

BMS电路板多模块协同热-力耦合建模及仿真分析

针对现有电动汽车电池管理系统(BMS)电路板研究仅仅考虑单一功能模块的温度场及其散热效果,缺乏考虑BMS多个功能模块在温度场和力场下的相互影响及协同效应的研究的情况,以某商用BMS电路板为研究对象,采用ANSYS构建了表征BMS多模块协同作用下的热-力耦合数值仿真分析模型并验证了其有效性.在此基础上,针对BMS电路板各功能模块温度场及热变形行为开展了数值仿真研究.结果表明:BMS电路板温度分布不均,最大温差达20.5℃.均衡模块存在积热,温度高达54.4℃.高温导致电路板组件发生热膨胀变形,同时电路板约束诱发均衡模块及供电模块边缘的贴片电阻出现热应力集中,两者共同作用致使BMS均衡模块、供电模块产生凸起翘曲变形,且Z轴热变形量随着温度升高而增大,最大变形量达9.5μm,应针对BMS电路板上积热模块开展散热优化设计.

混动汽车整车热管理系统冷却优化

为了使整车能量控制与利用更加具有合理性与有效性,从而提高整车的性能,以某混动汽车为研究对象,基于某仿真软件搭建空调系统模型和电池电机冷却系统模型,进而拟合成协调配合的热管理系统模型。通过对热管理系统模型结构优化,使得电池组可由风冷和液冷两种方式共同冷却。提出将空调系统与电池组冷却系统进行热量传递和转换的控制方案,并在NEDC工况下对比空调座舱独立热管理系统冷却方案和空调座舱与电池组协同热管理系统冷却方案的差异。研究结果表明,在保证座舱舒适性的前提下,采用空调座舱与电池组协同热管理系统的冷却方案更加节能,有助于整车剩余电量与行驶里程的提高。