Finite element analysis of effect of soil displacement on bearing capacity of single friction pile

Effect of soil displacement on friction single pile in the cases of tunneling,surcharge load and uniform soil movement was discussed in details with finite element method.Lateral displacement of the pile caused by soil displacement reached about 90% of the total displacement,which means that P-Δ effect of axial load can be neglected.The maximum moment of pile decreased from 159 kN·m to 133 kN·m in the case of surcharge load when the axial load increased from 0 to the ultimate load.When deformation of pile caused by soil displacement is large,axial load applied on pile-head plays the role of reducing the maximum bending moment in concrete pile to some extent.When pile is on one side of the tunnel,soil displacements around the pile are all alike,which means that the soil pressures around the pile do not decrease during tunneling.Therefore,Q-s curve of the pile affected by tunneling is very close to that of pile in static loading test.Bearing capacities of piles influenced by surcharge load and uniform soil movement are 2480 kN and 2630 kN,respectively,which are a little greater than that of the pile in static loading test(2400 kN).Soil pressures along pile increase due to surcharge load and uniform soil movement,and so do the shaft resistances along pile,as a result,when rebars in concrete piles are enough,bearing capacity of pile affected by soil displacement increases compared with that of pile in static loading test.

Study of the Bearing Capacity at the Variable Cross-Section of A Riser- Surface Casing Composite Pile

Reducing the cost of offshore platform construction is an urgent issue for marginal oilfield development.The offshore oil well structure includes a riser and a surface casing.The riser,surface casing and oil well cement can be considered special variable cross-section piles.Replacing or partially replacing the steel pipe pile foundation with a variable cross-section pile to provide the required bearing capacity for an offshore oil platform can reduce the cost of foundation construction and improve the economic efficiency of production.In this paper,the finite element analysis method is used to investigate the variable cross-section bearing mode of composite piles composed of a riser and a surface casing in saturated clay under a vertical load.The calculation formula of the bearing capacity at the variable section is derived based on the theory of spherical cavity expansion,the influencing factors of the bearing capacity coefficient N_(c) are revealed,and the calculation method of N_(c) is proposed.By comparing the calculation results with the results of the centrifuge test,the accuracy and applicability of the calculation method are verified.The results show that the riser composite pile has a rigid core in the soil under the variable cross-section,which increases the bearing capacity at the variable cross-section.

Bearing capacity and mechanical behavior of CFG pile composite foundation

CFG pile (i.e., pile constructed by granular materials of cement, fly-ash and gravel) composite foundation is applied in subsoil treatment widely and successfully. In order to have a further study of this kind of subsoil treatment technology, the influencing factors and calculation methods of the vertical bearing capacity of single CFG pile and the CFG pile composite foundation were discussed respectively. And based on the obtained solutions, effects by the cushion and measurements to reduce negative friction area were analyzed. Moreover, the developing law of settlement and bearing capacity eigenvalue controlled by the material strength with the increase of load were given for the CFG composite foundation. The in-situ static load test was tested for CFG pile. The results of test show that the maximum test load or half of the ultimate load is used from all the points of test, the average bearing capacity eigenvalue of single pile is 390 kN, and slightly greater than the design value of bearing capacity. The bearing capacity eigenvalues of composite foundation for 3 piles are greater than 300 kPa, and the mechanical properties of CFG pile composite foundation are almost identical in the case of the same load and cushion thickness. The pile-soil stress ratio and the load-sharing ratio can be adjusted through setting up cushion thickness.

Application of PCC pile in soil improvement of highway

The construction process and load-bearing behaviors of Cast-in-place concrete thin-wall pipe piles are analyzed based on its application on Yantong Expressway Project. The low strain test, static load test and field excavation were also carried out, and the bearing capacity of the new pile can meet the requirements of design. With the increase of pile diameter, the bearing capacity is increased. The settlement of composite foundation is decreased, when the replacement ratio of pile is increased. The test results also show that the load carried by inner soils is neglectable. According to the tests and application, it can be concluded that the new type of pile is convenient to construction with high bearing capacity and reliable quality, which has great potential in practical engineering.

成都中海天府新区超高层项目基础设计

成都中海天府新区超高层项目建筑高度488.9m,为西南地区已建和在建的最高建筑。采用考虑桩土协同作用的桩筏基础。根据岩土试验,采用规范方法确定地基承载力参数。采用基于上部结构-基础-地基协同作用分析的方法,确定了地基变形参数。基础筏板设计通过分别折减桩轴向线刚度及综合基床系数进行包络。巨柱对筏板冲切验算考虑了巨型框架-核心筒结构竖向变形差效应导致的巨柱内力增大和翼墙偏心布置产生的不平衡弯矩。通过核心筒周边增设24根桩,提高核心筒下地基刚度,减小核心筒对基础筏板冲切力,较直接增加筏板厚度经济效益更加明显。基于桩筏有限元计算结果,对核心筒下筏板抗剪验算的最不利剪切面的规范取值方式进行了合理修正,可供类似巨柱框架-核心筒结构筏板基础设计参考。

倾斜桩水平承载变形特性现场试验研究

倾斜桩因具有良好的承载性能逐渐应用于桩基工程与基坑支护工程之中,但目前缺乏运用工程试验系统性研究倾斜桩水平受荷在桩身不同位置处产生变形的案例。为此,进行了软土地区现场倾斜桩水平承载试验,对桩身范围内进行了深层水平位移的量测,并结合ABAQUS有限元模拟结果,研究了倾斜桩在水平荷载下的承载变形及桩间协同变形特性。研究结果表明:负斜桩组合承载性能优于正斜桩组合及双排桩,夹角相同的不同倾斜桩组合在受到相同荷载时承载性能不同;倾斜桩桩身变形与竖直桩相似,不同之处在于倾斜桩桩身下部易产生反弯现象,且荷载越大反弯现象越明显,20d(d为桩径)深度内桩身水平位移易受荷载因素影响;实际工程中可将桩距控制在4d以上,此时桩身受荷对邻近桩变形的影响几乎可以忽略。

深厚火山灰堆积区大直径灌注桩水平静载试验研究

富含火山灰土层具有特殊的物理力学性质和工程特性,其水平抗力系数的比例系数m的取值不清,途径该地区的高速铁路桩基水平承载特性不明。为此开展了火山灰堆积地区高速铁路桥梁单桩的水平静载试验,分析了该地区桩基的水平承载变形特性,综合分析了不同行业规范对m值折减系数的具体要求,开展了富含火山灰土层m值的取值研究。研究结果表明:富含火山灰土层m值随水平荷载的增大呈非线性衰减,随水平位移的增大而近似呈幂函数形式衰减。获得了单桩水平临界荷载和极限水平承载力,并提出了考虑工作折减系数后的火山灰粉质黏土m的取值建议。研究成果可为我国富含火山灰土层m的合理取值和该地区高铁桥梁桩基水平承载力计算、安全评估提供重要参考。

CFG桩在软土地基深层处理中的应用

软土层存在含水量高、孔隙比较大、承载力不足、稳定性较差等问题,若不进行处理容易引发地基差异沉降,导致建筑物失稳发生坍塌等安全事故,因此对深层软土地基进行治理十分关键。文章首先阐述了CFG桩的特点,然后选取某建设工程作为研究对象,分析了CFG桩地基的设计要求,并对深层软土地基CFG桩施工关键技术进行了研究,总结了CFG桩施工质量控制措施,为相关研究人员提供了借鉴参考。

GEP废弃泥固化桩复合地基在软土地基整治中的应用

软土地基加固一直是工程施工的关键需求,针对传统水泥土搅拌桩的承载力不足、质量不均匀等问题提出一种新型的筋箍预应力(GEP)废弃泥固化桩技术,将流态废弃泥浆进行固化处理,并注入地下形成GEP废弃泥固化桩,旨在解决软土地基整治难题并提升桩身质量,提高软土地基的承载力与稳定性。通过室内试验,确定了GEP桩的设计方案和施工工艺,并通过COMSOL软件对复合地基进行数值模拟,结合现场工程试验,评估其承载力及沉降特性。结果表明,GEP废弃泥固化桩在不同荷载下均展现出优于传统水泥土桩的承载力和沉降控制能力,最大沉降减少了16.87%。此外,GEP技术通过土工格栅的周向约束,显著提高桩体的刚度和承载力。研究结果表明,GEP废弃泥固化桩技术具有良好的应用前景,为软土地基加固和废弃泥资源化利用提供了有效的解决方案。

New Method for Prediction Pile Capacity Executed by Continuous Flight Auger (CFA)

A study of piles is quit complex and the estimation of carrying capacity is calculated from theoretical formula and load test results. The design resistance may be calculated using conventional static pile design theory. The pile founding depths should be predetermined before installation from a site geotechnical investigation. To ascertain the field performance and estimate load carrying capacities of piles, in-situ pile load tests should be conducted. In this study, field pile load test data is analyzed to estimate the ultimate load for end bearing piles. The investigated site is about 100 × 110 m located in Alexandria, Egypt. Geotechnical investigations at the site are carried out to a maximum depth of 45 m. Four borings have been done in field. The tests are conducted at the site for two skelton structure buildings to be constructed on raft foundation rested on piles executed by continuous flight auger. Four pile load tests are performed on 600 mmdiameters and 27 mlengths. Ultimate capacities of piles are determined according to different methods. It is concluded that the percentage of friction load carried by the shaft along the pile length is about 46% of total load while the percentage of load carried by the end bearing is 54% of total load. A new proposed method by the author is presented to calculate the ultimate capacity of pile from pile load test. The proposed method depends on the settlement of pile without taken into consideration the elastic deformation. An empirical formula is presented from the relationship between stress and settlement of pile due to friction and end bearing only after deducting the elastic deformation. However, the obtained results for the ultimate capacity of end bearing piles are considered to be more accurate than other methods. The proposed method appears to give bitter results that agrees well with the theoretical predictions. The proposed method is easier, quicker and more reliable.

The Effect of Jet Grouting on Enhancing the Lateral Behavior of Piled Raft Foundation in Soft Clay(Numerical Investigation)

Soft clay soils cannot usually support large lateral loads,so clay soils must be improved to increase lateral resistance.The jet grouting method is one of the methods used to improve weak soils.In this paper,a series of 3D finite element studies were conducted using Plaxis 3D software to investigate the lateral behavior of piled rafts in improved soft clay utilizing the jet grouting method.Parametric models were analyzed to explore the influence of the width,depth,and location of the grouted clay on the lateral resistance.Additionally,the effect of vertical loads on the lateral behavior of piled rafts in grouted clay was also investigated.The numerical results indicate that the lateral resistance increases by increasing the dimensions of the jet grouting beneath and around the piled raft.Typical increases in lateral resistance are 11.2%,65%,177%,and 35%for applying jet grouting beside the raft,below the raft,below and around the raft,and grouted strips parallel to lateral loads,respectively.It was also found that increasing the depth of grouted clay enhances lateral resistance up to a certain depth,about 6 to 10 times the pile diameter(6 to 10D).In contrast,the improvement ratio is limited beyond 10D.Furthermore,the results demonstrate that the presence of vertical loads has a significant impact on sideward resistance.

上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础V-H承载特性

海上风机基础不仅受自重等竖向力V作用,也因水流、波浪和风等影响而承受水平荷载H。为探讨上砂下黏地层中一种由单桩和吸力筒组成的新型海上风机桩-筒复合基础受V-H组合作用时的承载特性,自主设计完成了一系列室内桩-筒复合基础V-H组合加载模型试验,获得不同组合参数下桩-筒复合基础的荷载-位移曲线和桩身弯矩分布曲线,并绘制出V-H承载力包络线。在此基础上,采用ABAQUS建立了上砂下黏地层中桩-筒复合基础三维数值分析模型,经模型验证与参数分析,进一步讨论了砂土厚度、筒径、筒高以及加载高度等参数对桩-筒复合基础承载特性的影响曲线,并拟合出桩-筒复合基础承载力简化计算公式,分析结果表明:桩-筒复合基础能显著提高桩身水平承载力,增幅达30%~90%,且增加筒径比增加筒高更有利于提高基础水平承载力;上部砂土层较厚时,桩-筒复合基础存在一个使复合基础水平承载力达到最大的预加竖向荷载最佳值,其值随不同载荷工况在(0.4~0.7)Vult范围内变化。

寒区冻土桩基承载特性研究现状与展望

冻土地区季节性的温度变化、大气升温以及人类工程活动加剧,常引起桩基冻胀融沉、倾斜、混凝土开裂等灾害,造成桩基的承载力降低,给寒区冻土桩基带来新的更大挑战。通过回顾国内外相关文献,对冻土桩基的承载性能目前的研究现状进行了总结。从特殊的冻土性质出发,描述了冻土桩基体系主要的受力形式及其作用特征;从桩–冻土界面力学特性试验及荷载传递机制两个方面,阐述了冻土区桩–土界面力学特性变化机制;从试验研究、理论分析以及数值模拟三个方面,阐明了冻土桩基承载性能变化规律及分析、预测方法;归纳了冻土区桩–土体系温度、水分、应力应变等方面的监测技术。对寒区冻土桩基承载特性未来的研究提出了展望。

多元荷载作用下软基深水高桩码头结构承载特性研究

软基深水高桩码头结构受到恶劣外海环境荷载及复杂工作荷载等多元荷载的共同作用。研究表明,船舶撞击荷载是该结构水平向控制荷载,但波浪长期循环荷载作用会引起桩周土体软化,进而导致码头结构在其它荷载作用下承载特性的劣化。鉴于此,首先基于ABAQUS有限元软件建立了深水高桩码头结构-地基土体相互作用的三维弹塑性有限元模型;然后,借助USDFLD子程序实现了同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减的模拟,进而开展了未考虑土体软化、仅考虑土体强度弱化、仅考虑土体刚度衰减以及同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减对码头结构承载特性影响的对比分析。研究结果表明,与未考虑土体软化时撞击荷载作用下码头结构安全系数相比,仅考虑土体强度弱化时其值降低14.72%,仅考虑土体刚度衰减时其值降低15.28%,同时考虑土体强度弱化和刚度衰减时其值降低19.44%,且考虑土体软化后桩周土体的塑性应变范围明显增大,极限状态时桩身应力值减小,结构稳定性显著降低。

考虑桩土变形协调的复合地基设计方法

目前在复合地基的设计中,由于采用桩体压缩模量计算得到的复合压缩模量偏大,造成复合地基加固区沉降被低估;另外桩和桩间土承载力发挥系数取值主观性较强,导致复合地基承载力计算结果偏大。针对上述两个问题,从复合地基形成机理出发,指出桩及桩间土共同直接承担荷载时必须保证桩土变形协调。桩土变形协调的条件是:(1)桩刺入垫层的深度不能超过垫层厚度;(2)桩宜设置为摩擦桩。在此前提下,分别计算桩及桩间土的沉降,利用桩土变形协调方法得到了桩土应力比和承载力发挥系数理论值,进而得到加固区的沉降计算方法。工程算例证实,从保证复合地基有效设计和工程安全的角度出发,应该根据桩土变形协调来进行复合地基设计计算。

桩网结构路基动静承载性状分析

为研究桩网结构路基在静动荷载作用下的承载性状,采用有限元分析方法对桩网结构路基在静动两种荷载下的承载特性、荷载传递机理、土拱形成及发展规律进行了数值计算。通过分析静动两种工况下桩土应力、桩周土压力分布、桩土应力比及土拱效应,并与试验结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:静载作用下基桩轴向应力约为400 kPa,最大土压力出现在路基中部,且沿路基横向向外逐渐减小;动载作用下沿路基横向布置的桩体的动应力在埋深方向呈先增大后减小趋势,其竖向应力最大值约为静载下的160%;动载下路基内部土拱效应较静载有大幅削弱,其中削弱最大的为四桩中心处的空间土拱效应,其桩土应力比约为静载的29.3%。

大直径水平受荷单桩的抗力组分分析及其应用

现有海上风机单桩设计方法的改进主要从修正p-y曲线入手,较少涉及单桩抗力组分的研究。文章将大直径水平受荷单桩的桩-土相互作用分解为桩-土水平抗力p、侧壁摩阻力τz、基底水平摩阻力Fs、基底竖向抗力Fbot,建立含4类抗力弹簧的简化梁单元分析模型,通过三维有限元分析对工程试桩验算,提取各抗力弹簧的组分,明确大直径单桩的抗力组成和变化规律。结果表明,小长径比单桩的水平承载力主要由水平抗力(p-y抗力)控制,但侧壁摩阻力τz、基底水平摩阻力Fs不可忽略;大直径单桩变形模式由桩土相对刚度控制,长径比是影响单桩水平承载力组分变化的重要因素。在此基础上提出了p-y抗力组分曲线,并通过案例分析展示了修正单桩水平承载力的步骤和结果。

开口管桩循环打入过程及竖向承载特性大比尺模型试验研究

深入认识桩打入过程的桩-土作用机制对准确计算打入桩的竖向承载力十分重要。为探究砂土中开口管桩在循环打入时桩-土作用机制及打桩结束后的竖向承载特性,开展了直径为0.273 m的开口钢管桩静压循环打入过程的大比例尺(1:10)模型试验,砂土的相对密实度约为40%,通过采用光纤光栅(fiber Bragg grating,简称FBG)应变传感器和薄膜压力传感器等先进监测手段,研究循环打桩过程中土塞高度、桩身应变、轴力和侧摩阻力以及桩-土界面应力变化规律。打桩结束后,进行了休止时间分别为10d和30d竖向受压静载试验。随后,将基于静力触探试验CPT的ICP-05法和UWA-05法预测桩竖向承载力与静载试验测量的承载力进行对比分析。结果表明:开口管桩在静压循环打入过程中土塞效应逐渐增强,贯入结束后土塞呈部分闭塞状态;随着贯入深度的增加,靠近桩尖的应变会出现“反点”,即由贯入最后阶段的压应变转为静止稳定阶段的拉应变,而桩尖处的应变在两个阶段均为拉应变;桩身径向应力在桩尖处最大,随着h/R(h为传感器距桩尖的高度,R为桩半径)的增加而逐渐减小,具有明显的h/R效应;休止时间为10 d和30 d的极限承载力分别为289 kN和323 kN,承载力提高约12%,桩承载力具有明显的时间效应;采用ICP-05法和UWA-05法预测桩尖附近的侧摩阻力被低估,而桩尖以上侧摩阻力与实测值吻合较好,ICP-05法和UWA-05法预测桩基承载力偏保守,UWA-05法更接近实测值。

成层土中长桩竖向承载激发规律研究

针对成层土中长桩承载问题,结合试桩数据建立了成层土中长桩-土相互作用特性分析模型,基于分析模型研究了上砂下黏和上黏下砂中砂-黏占比对长桩竖向荷载-位移曲线的影响,分析了成层土中长桩侧阻和端阻承载分担比,揭示了达到极限承载力时成层土中桩基侧阻、端阻激发规律,即黏土层侧阻可完全激发、砂土层侧阻未完全激发,桩底端阻完全激发,为实际工程中长桩承载力计算选取合理参数提供依据。

考虑桩-土共同作用的减沉桩设计方法适用性分析

针对复杂地层中减沉桩基础适用性的问题,基于大量实际工程探讨场地地基与建筑类型、最大沉降控制标准与桩土刚度分布等因素对减沉桩基设计结果的影响,提出以节约用桩量为优化目标的减沉桩基础应用准则和设计方法,并通过工程案例验证了方法的合理性。结果表明:减沉桩基础对多种场地和建筑物类型具有较好的适应性,基础重要性等级、天然地基承载力和桩土刚度分布是决定其应用的关键因素;从节约用桩量和保证基础整体安全性出发,建议软土和硬土地区建筑物所在场地的天然地基承载力满足率不低于0.5和0.65;从保证筏板承载力贡献率考虑,Gibson地基和分层地基的无量纲影响系数建议不低于2.3和1.5;满足上述各项要求可作为判定减沉桩基础适用的基本前提。