Penetration Depth of Torpedo Anchor in Two-Layered Cohesive Soil Bed by Free Fall

The penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was experimentally investigated. A total of 177 experimental data were obtained in laboratory by varying the undrained shear strength of the two-layered soil and the thickness of the top soil layer. The geometric parameters of the anchor and the soil properties(the liquid limit, plastic limit, specific gravity, undrained shear strength, density, and water content) were measured. Based on the energy analysis and present test data, an empirical formula to predict the penetration depth of torpedo anchor in two-layered soil bed was proposed. The proposed formula was extensively validated by laboratory and field data of previous researchers. The results were in good agreement with those obtained for two-layered and single-layered soil bed.Finally, a sensitivity analysis on the parameters in the formula was performed.

Theoretical analyses on bed topography responses in large depth-to-width ratio river bends with constant curvatures

Bed morphology is the result of a dynamic response to a complex meandering river system. It is an important factor for the further development of river. Based on the meandering river characterized by a large depth-to-width ratio, a theoretical model is established with the coupling of Navier-Stokes （N-S）~ sediment transport, and bed deformation equations. The flow characteristics and bed response of river are obtained with the perturbation method. The research results show that, under the effect of two- dimensional flow disturbance, the bars and pools present the regular response. For a given sinuousness, the amplitude of the bed response can be used as a criterion to judge the bedform stability. The effects of the Reynolds number, disturbance wavenumber, sinuousness, and bed morphology gradient on the bed response development are described.

Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms(a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation(a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored(HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a onedimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model,Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.

霍尔锚落锚贯入力峰值及相应深度的分析

针对霍尔锚在静水中的垂直落锚情况,通过理论分析和物理试验,分析锚质量、触地速度、海床土体强度,以及土体粒径等对霍尔锚贯入力峰值及相应贯入深度的影响。结果表明,贯入力峰值及其对应的贯入深度与锚质量和触地速度呈二次函数关系,与土体粒径呈指数函数关系,以此分别提出霍尔锚贯入力峰值及相应贯入深度的计算公式,为海底结构物强度的设计与防护提供技术支撑。

A pilot study on wastewater treatment by constructed wetlands with high dissolved oxygen vegetated submerged bed

It is necessary to treat wastewater in a more environment-friendly fashion.Vegetated submerge bed constructed wetlands (CWs) has become the focus of the research in this field. In this paper, the overall capacity of vertical subsurface flow CWs in the removal of pollutants from municipal wastewater effluent and the effects of the depth of vegetated submerged bed on the removal efficiency were studied. The results showed that the COD, NH+4-N and TN could be removed effectively in the vertical subsurface flow CWs and the best efficiency was obtained from the 10 cm run. However, the TP removal was not effective in all vertical CWs. A shallow depth of vegetated submerged bed may avoid the risk of substrate plugging effectively, and may keep a stable operation of CWs in long term. Decreasing the depth of vegetated submerged bed could create a sufficient aerobic circumstance in which the concentration of DO (dissolved oxygen) in bed was super saturation.

考虑劣化效应的顺层灰岩岸坡滑移-拉裂研究

三峡库区在高程145~175 m之间的周期性水位调控,促使库区巫峡段灰岩岸坡劣化损伤加剧,稳定性衰减。通过引入劣化深度L 0以及岩层滑移厚度H建立了滑移-拉裂计算模型,研究巫峡段顺层灰岩岸坡受侵蚀劣化脱空时的滑移-拉裂破坏。研究结果表明:当L 0不变时,随着H增加,岸坡易于失稳且失稳距离x明显增大;随着L 0变大,同一H岩层面滑移失稳距离x明显变大,可增加约3倍有余,岩层面参数的劣化衰减使顺层岸坡更易发生深厚层、大规模的失稳破坏;当L 0较小时,易沿坡肩后部“滑移-拉裂”破坏,随着L 0逐渐变大,破坏模式变为坡肩前后部同时发生滑移-拉裂失稳。针对岩层面易受库水损伤的顺层岸坡,治理方案建议为:坡肩及后缘滑移块锚索(杆)加固+坡肩前缘岩层出露面“挂网+喷浆+随机锚杆”组合方案,以达到“固头”以及隔绝“劣化损伤”通道的目的。研究成果可为库区内顺层灰岩岸坡岩体劣化稳定性分析以及工程治理提供一定技术参考。

Maximum Force of Inclined Pullout of A Torpedo Anchor in Cohesive Beds

Torpedo anchors have been used in mooring systems for deep-water oil and gas projects owing to their prominent advantages, such as low cost and easy installation. The maximum force of torpedo anchors is crucial not only to the safety and stability of vessels and other marine facilities, but also for an economical design. It is necessary to develop reliable formula for fast predicting their maximum inclined force of a torpedo anchor in cohesive beds. In this study, the maximum inclined force of a torpedo anchor vertically embedded in cohesive beds was extensively investigated. 316 sets of inclined pullout laboratory tests were carried out for 9 differently shaped torpedo anchors which were vertically embedded in different cohesive beds. The loading curves were automatically acquisitioned and their characteristics were analyzed. The load angle relative to the horizontal varied from 20° to 90°. A new formula for fast calculating the maximum inclined force of the torpedo anchor vertically embedded in cohesive beds was obtained based on force analysis and a nonlinear regression on the data from the present and other studies. Effect aspects on the tests are discussed and further studies are highlighted.

重载铁路有砟道床捣固作业参数的合理取值

根据朔黄铁路(朔州—黄骅)大型养路机械捣固作业实际情况,建立捣镐群和有砟道床的耦合模型,模拟大型养路机械捣固作业,分析捣固参数(捣镐振动频率、插镐速度、插镐深度)对道床密实度、道砟配位数、道床垂向刚度的影响,进而确定捣固参数的合理取值。结果表明:与捣固前相比,捣固后道床状态参数有所增加,道床密实度增幅在11.34%~13.21%,道砟配位数增幅在0.72%~4.34%,道床垂向刚度增幅在6.56%~64.27%,说明在一定范围内改变捣固参数对道床密实度和道床垂向刚度的影响比较明显,而对道砟配位数的影响不大;捣镐振动频率、插镐速度、插镐深度均主要影响道床垂向刚度;朔黄铁路捣固作业参数的合理取值为捣镐振动频率35 Hz,插镐速度1.0 m/s,插镐深度25 mm。

新型海上风电基础地基冲刷深度试验研究及床面剪切力分析

海洋环境作用下海上风电基础周围海床会产生显著冲刷,冲刷深度过大会严重影响风电结构体系的安全。复合筒型基础是一种新型的浅基础,其对冲刷的敏感性更大。以新型的海上风电复合筒型基础为研究对象,开展了波流作用下基础周围地基冲刷特征的物理模型试验,探究了基础周围海床的冲刷变化规律及最大冲刷深度,基于波流-复合筒型基础-地基相互作用的数值模型分析了海床表面剪切力的分布特征,考察了最大冲刷深度与最大床面剪切力的关联性。研究结果表明:波流作用下复合筒型基础最大冲刷位置位于基础后方、毗邻基础的位置,最大冲刷深度随波高、周期、流速的减小而减小,基础周围海床最大冲刷深度与其最大床面剪切应力的分布有一定的相关关系。

基于Python的断面解释图目标层埋深数据提取程序开发

在电法勘探项目中,目标层埋深图是主要提交成果之一。这里结合反演电阻率推断解释断面图中常见的地质情况,分析总结了不同地质情况下的目标层埋深数据提取方式,并提出了圈定埋深数据边界的算法。利用Python语言及其第三方库的强大计算和绘图功能,实现了埋深数据的提取及其边界的圈定,为下一步数据成图提供借鉴。实践结果表明,该程序能有效地结合不同地质情况,借助图形进行交互操作,能快速、准确地提取目标层埋深数据,具有较强的实用性。

余吾煤矿巷道围岩应力分布及封孔深度优化

以余吾煤矿N1100工作面为研究对象,结合FLAC^(3D)数值模拟和钻屑法实测分析了巷道围岩应力分布规律,并基于此确定了抽采钻孔合理封孔深度。结果表明:余吾煤矿N1100工作面巷道距巷帮深度0~10.5 m为卸压区,距巷帮14.5 m为应力峰值点,巷道塑性区深度为14.5 m。围岩应力分布是决定钻孔封孔深度的重要因素,钻孔瓦斯抽采浓度随封孔深度增大呈先减后增的规律。综合对比不同封孔深度条件下的钻孔瓦斯抽采浓度和抽采纯量,确定余吾煤矿N1100工作面的合理封孔深度为12~14 m。

循环流化床锅炉屏式过热器拉裂原因分析及预防

某电厂2台循环流化床锅炉短时间内集中出现屏式过热器管拉裂,电厂组织分析了管子拉裂的原因并进行相应整改。为彻底解决拉裂问题,通过对屏式过热器结构检查、与屏式再热器特性比对、锅炉运行工况及管屏交变应力作用分析等,全面梳理设备存在的问题,提出下一步的防范措施。从而指导电厂全方位做好屏式过热器拉裂治理,提高机组深度调峰适应能力。

顺层瓦斯抽采钻孔封孔深度数值模拟及现场应用研究

为提高顺层预抽钻孔瓦斯抽采效果,以红阳二矿12号煤层1202工作面为工程背景,开展了合理封孔深度研究。通过分析巷道开挖等因素,按照影响范围将其划为卸压区、塑性区及弹性区。采用理论分析、数值模拟等方法,确定了合理的封孔深度为15 m。基于此,在1202工作面回风顺槽以8 m、12 m、15 m、18 m、20 m的封孔长度布置了40个顺层瓦斯预抽钻孔,开展了5组不同封孔深度条件下的现场试验,研究结果表明:随着封孔深度的增加,瓦斯抽采浓度及纯量亦随之上升,但当封孔长度超过15 m时,提升效果不显著,因此综合考虑技术经济等因素,该工作面顺层钻孔合理的封孔长度应为15 m。

平地无风条件下红松针叶床层林火蔓延的影响因子分析及模拟

以红松(Pinus koraiensis)人工林的针叶为材料,在实验室内,根据黑龙江省帽儿山地区同类可燃物的野外条件,构建了不同载量、高度和含水率的可燃物床层,共进行了100次的平地无风条件下的点烧试验,结果表明,平地无风条件下红松针叶床层的林火蔓延速率不超过0.4 m.min-1。红松针叶含水率、床层高度和压缩比对林火蔓延速率具有显著的影响。其中,含水率对林火蔓延速率的影响与可燃物床层的高度、载量等无显著关系,而可燃物床层高度和压缩比对林火蔓延的影响可能受可燃物床层特征的影响,需进一步研究确定。床层载量对红松针叶床层的林火蔓延速率影响不大。以可燃物含水率和床层高度为预测因子的林火蔓延速率线性预测模型,能够解释85%的林火蔓延速率变差,模型的平均绝对误差为0.03 m.min-1,平均相对误差不超过13%。

滤层厚度对慢滤池深度处理污水的性能影响

将慢滤池用于污水二级出水的深度处理,并利用小试装置研究了滤层厚度对慢滤池性能的影响。选取浊度、COD和色度三个指标,在滤层不同深度处多次取样,分析各指标沿滤层厚度的变化。结果表明,采用粒径为0.4～0.6mm,滤层厚度为800mm的石英砂做滤床时,慢滤池对二级出水具有较好的净化效果:当进水浊度、COD和色度分别为1.3～6.9NTU、30.4～70.0mg·L-1和20.6°～57.6°时,平均去除率分别达到86.5%、45.0%和46.3%。从试验结果可以看出,慢滤池类似一个微缩的污水二级处理系统,滤层表面的粘性滤膜起到类似初沉池的作用,可以对各指标实现较好的去除,58.6%的浊度、52.7%的COD和45.7%的色度是在滤层上部去除的;慢滤池中部起到类似曝气池的作用,下部起到类似二沉池的作用,对水质指标也能实现一定的去除。

含油污水滤床过滤性能试验研究

在油田污水处理系统中,过滤装置性能的好坏对整个污水处理工艺的效果有直接影响。对含油污水滤床过滤特性进行了试验研究,考察了滤料种类以及滤速等因素对污水过滤效果和压降的影响。研究结果表明,在石英砂、无烟煤和核桃壳3种滤料中,核桃壳对污水中原油的过滤效果较好,核桃壳和石英砂对污水中固体悬浮物的过滤效果较好;颗粒粒径较大的无烟煤滤层压降较小,核桃壳和石英砂滤层压降较大。不管何种滤料,污水在滤层中的压降随滤速的增加均单调增加。对污水中原油的去除效果来说,无烟煤和核桃壳随滤速的增加过滤效果变差,但对于石英砂滤料,在试验滤速范围内随着滤速的增加,污水的过滤效果却变好。

不同厚度和不同部位烧结矿质量指标变化规律

通过对700mm、850 mm、1 000 mm三个料层厚度进行相应的石英杯烧结试验,研究得出:随着料层厚度增加,烧结成品率逐渐增加,烧结矿转鼓指数升高,成品烧结矿的粒度组成逐渐变好,烧结固体燃耗降低;但垂直烧结速度显著变慢,烧结利用系数降低。对三个料层厚度进行上、中、下三层的解剖研究结果表明,对于同一解剖层的烧结矿,三个料层厚度下的烧结成品率和转鼓指数大小顺序均为700mm<850 mm<1 000 mm,同一料层厚度的烧结矿转鼓强度指标是上层<下层<中层,平均粒度大小是上层<中层<下层。通过矿相分析得出:同一料层厚度赤铁矿和铁酸钙含量上层<中层<下层,而磁铁矿含量是上层>中层>下层,三个料层厚度的赤铁矿和铁酸钙含量依次是700 mm<850 mm<1 000 mm。

淮南煤田潘一井田13-1煤层瓦斯含量特征

通过对淮南煤田潘一井田13-1煤层92个实测瓦斯含量值与井田地质条件的综合分析,建立了瓦斯含量变化的3个数学模型。结果表明:对煤层瓦斯含量的分析必须以瓦斯地质单元为区块;瓦斯含量变化与煤层距基岩面深度(而不是地面深度)有较好的线性相关性,但同一煤层的不同区块显示出不同的相关性。

2MW加压喷动流化床煤部分气化特性的研究

在热输入2MW的中试规模加压喷动流化床部分气化试验装置上,采用徐州煤烟进行了连续12h的加压部分气化试验研究,研究了在深床条件下煤部分气化特性,以及汽煤比的变化对部分气化的影响。研究结果表明:在合适的喷动风和流化风配比下,可实现深床气化,使气化反应基本达到化学平衡;在其它条件不变的前提下,汽煤比增加,气化炉温度下降,煤气中H2含量有较大幅度的提高,煤气热值也有所增加。文章的最后将试验的主要指标与国内外类似规模装置上获得的数据进行了比较。

黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度研究

沟床冲刷深度是泥石流灾害防治工程设计最重要的参数之一,但到目前为止,关于黏性泥石流沟床冲刷的研究较少,沟床冲刷深度还没有权威可信的计算方法,是泥石流防治工程设计急需解决的技术问题。详细分析了黏性泥石流及可能冲刷沟床运动过程中受力情况,推导出黏性泥石流沟床最大冲刷深度计算公式。公式表明黏性泥石流沟床冲刷深度随泥石流泥深、泥石流重度和沟床纵比降及沟床堆积土体黏性的增大而增大,随沟床堆积土体内摩擦角的增大而减小。与现有计算方法相比,公式基于严格理论推导,计算结果更为精确,可用于计算已发生泥石流地区的不同频率的泥石流的冲刷深度,并举例说明了计算公式的实用价值,其结果为泥石流防治工程设计提供技术支撑。