Non-capacity transport of non-uniform bed load sediment in alluvial rivers

Rivers often witness non-uniform bed load sedim ent transport. For a long tim e, non-uniform bed load transport has been assum ed to be at capacity regime determined exclusively by local flow. Yet whether the capacity assumption for non-uniform bed load transport is justified remains poorly understood. Here, the relative time scale of non-uniform bed load transport is evaluated and non-capacity and capacity models are compared for both aggradation and degradation cases with observed data. As characterized by its relative time scale, the adaptation of non-uniform bed load to capacity regime should be fulfilled quickly. However, changes in the flow and sedim ent inputs from upstream or tributaries hinder the adaptation. Also, the adaptation to capacity regime is size dependent, the finer the sediment size the slower the adaptation is, and vice versa. It is shown that the capacity model may entail considerable errors compared to the non-capacity model. For modelling of non-uniform bed load, non-capacity modelling is recommended, in which the temporal and spatial scales required for adaptation are explicitly appreciated.

Incipient Motion of Bed Load Sediment and Its Application in the Three Gorges Hydro Project

A formula for the calculation of critical shear stress of non-uniform sediment was developed by on river bed has been established while considering the relative degree expose of grains.The values of the Coeffi- cients in the formula have been obtained.The formula has been verified with prototype observation data, flumes data of both nature and lightweight sand.The computed results fully reflect the characteristics of thresh- old motion of non-uniform sediment.The result have been used in some physical mo...

Bed Load Transport Rate in Scouring and Armoring Process of Non-uniform Sediment River Bed

Flume experiments were carried out to study bed load transport rate during rive bed scouring and ar- moring.A theoretical differential equation linking the transport rate to the probability of incipient motion of non-uniform sediment is solved.The transport rate is shown to decrease exponentially with time,according to the theory,which is in good agreement with the experiment data.

Comparison of depth-averaged concentration and bed load flux sediment transport models of dam-break flow

This paper presents numerical simulations of dam-break flow over a movable bed. Two different mathematical models were compared: a fully coupled formulation of shallow water equations with erosion and deposition terms(a depth-averaged concentration flux model), and shallow water equations with a fully coupled Exner equation(a bed load flux model). Both models were discretized using the cell-centered finite volume method, and a second-order Godunov-type scheme was used to solve the equations. The numerical flux was calculated using a Harten, Lax, and van Leer approximate Riemann solver with the contact wave restored(HLLC). A novel slope source term treatment that considers the density change was introduced to the depth-averaged concentration flux model to obtain higher-order accuracy. A source term that accounts for the sediment flux was added to the bed load flux model to reflect the influence of sediment movement on the momentum of the water. In a onedimensional test case, a sensitivity study on different model parameters was carried out. For the depth-averaged concentration flux model,Manning's coefficient and sediment porosity values showed an almost linear relationship with the bottom change, and for the bed load flux model, the sediment porosity was identified as the most sensitive parameter. The capabilities and limitations of both model concepts are demonstrated in a benchmark experimental test case dealing with dam-break flow over variable bed topography.

The Bedload Movement in the Changjiang Estuary

Sandwaves in the Changjiang estuary were measured with a shallow sediment profiler and an echosounder from 1978 to 1988. The data, together with grain size and bedform of sediment indicates that the bedload movement by rolling and saltation is of great significance to sediment transport and is the principal factor responsible for sandwave and sandbody development in the estuary. The sandwaves were found well-developed, which is related to the tidal range and the velocity of ebb current. However, the further growth is restricted by strong flood current prevailing in the estuary. Because of the significant bedload, the sandbodies shift obviously and frequently, and sometimes the exchange of position occurs between the sandbodies and tidal channels. As a result, ships are regularly forced to change their navigation course.

Bed Forms and Sediment Characteristics along the Thalweg on the Tanana River near Nenana, Alaska, USA

Sediment sampling and longitudinal river-bottom surveys were conducted along the thalweg on the Tanana River near the city of Nenana, Alaska, USA, to provide basic information for the engineering design requirements of hydrokinetic devices to be deployed in the area. The study reach was located at approximately 64°33'50'N and 149°04'W. The Tanana is a large glacier-fed river, with open-water flow conditions from May to October. The river presents a single channel in the study area. Granulometric analyses of sediment moving near the riverbed reveals the coexistence of three distinctive types of sediment along the study reach: 1) nearly uniform fine sand;2) bimodal distributions containing fine sand and medium gravel;and 3) medium gravel. Preliminary relationships between sediment loads and discharge were developed. Dunes with small superimposed dunes were found along the reach. The basic geometric parameters (i.e., wavelength and height) of dunes were measured, and steepness was calculated. In general, dune wavelength increased with increasing discharge. Dune wavelengths ranged from 41 to 67 m, while small-dune wavelengths ranged from 13 to 16 m. Steepness increased slightly with increasing discharge.

Development of All-Weather and Real-Time Bottom-Mounted Monitor of Bed Load Quantity

Quantity of bed load is an important physical parameter in sediment transport research. Aiming at the difficulties in the bed load measurement, this paper develops a bottom-mounted monitor to measure the bed load transport rate by adopting the sedimentation pit method and resolving such key problems as weighing and desilting, which can achieve long-time, all-weather and real-time telemeasurement of the bed load transport rate of plain rivers, estuaries and coasts. Both laboratory and field tests show that this monitor is reasonable in design, stable in properties and convenient in measurement, and it can be used to monitor the bed load transport rate in practical projects.

ANALYSIS OF SALTATION CHARACTERISTICS OF BED-LOAD TRANSPORT IN FLOWING WATER

The study of bed-load transport is of great significance both in theory and in practice.This paper discusses the saltation of bed-load solid grains in flowing water.Experiments and theoretic analysis have been made by means of high-speed photographing and advanced data processing technique with a combined method based on mechanical and statistical theories.It indicates that the saltation is the main form of the bed-load transport under ordinary flowing conditions.In the meantime,taking suecessive saltation as the mod- el of bed-load transport,systematic analysis has been made with regard to the kinematic properties and mechanism of saltation.The statistical analysis shows that the probability density functions of the relative height and length of saltation are in conformity with Γ-type distribution,while the probability density func- tions of the relative velocities of saltation are in conformity with the Gaussian distribution.

Evaluation and Improvement of Bed Load Formula Using Tapi River Data, India

The effect of non uniformity of bed material on the sediment transport has been studied by various investi-gators in the past. In the present paper the bed load transport rate has been estimated for non uniform bed material considering the various variables like discharge, hydraulic mean depth, flow velocity, bed slope, average diameter of particle etc. by collecting field data of Tapi River. The majority of the bed load formulae represent a functional relationship between bed load discharge and shear stress. This study focuses on evalu-ating the bed load using Einstein’s formulae. The bed load of pre monsoon season is estimated using various field parameters. The mathematical model has been developed using effective shear stress and bed load dis-charge. The statistical analysis, multiple regression and curve fitting (by nonlinear square fitter) is carried out using allometric function of Micro cal Origin 7.5. The proposed model has been tested using five years field data of Tapi River other than that used for the development of model. The value of rmse is close to zero in-dicates a perfect fit between measured and predicted values. The inequality coefficient is close to 0.50 sug-gest moderate relationship between estimated and computed bed load.

An Investigation of Stochastic Nature of Bed Load Motion in Chuanjiang River

Bed Load Motion and its transport rate is one of the basic issues in river dynamics.In this paper, the authors discussed the stochastic nature of bed load motion in Chuanjiang River in details.Chungjiang lies in the upstream reach of Yangtze River.Its stochastic nature is shown in the following four aspects.Firstly, even though all the conditions are the same,due to the fluctuation of the flow,the bed load discharge and the location and width of sediment transport belts are different.Secondly,during the ...

SUSBED－1动床恒定非均匀全沙模型

本文介绍近期发展的一维恒定非均匀全沙（推移质、悬移质）ＳＵＳＢＥＤ—１数学模型，在前期和前人研究的基础上，同时嵌入了平衡和不平衡输沙两种计算模式，是一个可用于模拟水库及河道冲淤变形的通用模型，模型操作简便，易于掌握，计算速度快，所给出的计算信息既可进行基本问题的理论研究，又能够用于回答解决工程问题．

典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式适用性比较

基于等中值粒径的“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙试验以及“驼峰”输沙率试验数据,选择Einstein、吴伟明、Wilcock和吴保生等4种典型非均匀推移质输沙率公式计算“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙率,将两种级配的输沙率比值及曲线形态与试验成果对比分析。结果表明:吴伟明公式在反映“单、双峰型级配”推移质输沙差异上表现最好,这4种公式均无法反映“驼峰”输沙率现象。基于多参数考虑的Patel公式较这4种公式能更好地反映上述两种现象。充分考虑床沙级配对分组沙起动切应力和输沙有效Shields数的影响,是提高非均匀推移质输沙率公式精度和适用性的关键。

七一冰川融水径流中悬移质与推移质动态输沙特征

[目的]冰川融水输沙不仅可以反映冰川侵蚀速率,而且是下游河流泥沙的重要来源之一,因此,认识青藏高原地区冰川融水径流中悬移质和推移质动态输沙特征对于冰川地貌演化预测和下游防灾减灾工作具有十分重要的意义。[方法]基于2023年8月11-24日七一冰川下游河道的水文泥沙实测数据,分别构建流量-水位、悬移质含沙量-流量和单宽推移质输沙率-水流剪切应力之间的相关关系,进而重建整个研究时段的流量、悬移质和推移质动态输沙过程。[结果]七一冰川融水径流中悬移质含沙量和推移质输沙率受径流变化控制,日变化十分剧烈。悬移质含沙量每日最小值一般出现在10:00,最大值出现在16:00,中值粒径约为0.3 mm。推移质输沙过程与悬移质含沙量的日变化趋势基本相同,但推移质中值粒径远大于悬移质,约12 mm,而且在每日05:00-09:00时段,由于水流搬运能力的限制,没有推移质输沙。就输沙量而言,七一冰川融水输沙以悬移质泥沙为主,推移质日输沙量远小于悬移质日输沙量,约占悬移质日输沙量的1.73%~2.81%。冰面气温是影响冰川融水径流量、悬移质含沙量和推移质输沙率的关键因素,随着冰面气温的增加,径流量和悬移质含沙量均呈线性增加趋势而推移质输沙率呈指数函数增加趋势。[结论]在未来气候变化情景下冰川融水径流增加时,七一冰川融水径流中悬移质和推移质输沙均将变得更加显著,值得更加重视。

Numerical simulation of sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents

Prediction of coastal sediment transport is of particularly importance for analyzing coast erosion accurately and solving the corresponding coast protection engineering problems.The present study provided a numerical scheme for sediment transport in coastal waves and wave-induced currents.In the scheme,the sand transport model was implemented with wave refraction-diffraction model and near-shore current model.Coastal water wave was simulated by using the parabolic mild-slope equation in which wave refraction,diffraction and breaking effects are considered.Wave-induced current was simulated by using the nonlinear shallow water equations in which wave provides radiation stresses for driving current.Then,sediment transport in waves and wave-induced currents was simulated by using the two-dimensional suspended sediment transport equations for suspended sediment and the bed-load transport equation for bed load.The numerical scheme was validated by experiment results from the Large-scale Sediment Transport Facility at the US Army Corps of Engineer Research and Development Center in Vicksburg.The numerical results showed that the present scheme is an effective tool for modeling coastal sediment transport in waves and near-shore currents.

Sedimentation Processes at the Navigation Channel of the Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) Port, Nile Delta, Egypt

Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) port is located at Abu Qir Bay on the northwestern coast of the Nile delta, Egypt. The port was constructed in 2004 to export liquefied natural gas worldwide. The offshore basins of this port including the turning and berthing areas (15-m depth) are connected to the deep water by a 15-m depth dredged channel that extends 4 km offshore. However, the navigation channel and its contiguous basins have experienced problematic shoaling that might affect the navigation activities of gas tankers. Sedimentation processes have been investigated by analyses of waves, currents, bathymetry, grain size of seabed and channel dimensions. Sedimentation rates are estimated using a developed numerical model. Sedimentation rate fluctuates between 0.048 × 106 m3/month and 0.388 × 106 m3/month, with an annual sedimentation rate of 1.977 × 106 m3/yr. The variance in the sedimentation rates between winter and summer resulted in increasing of current speed and direction flowing towards offshore. The sedimentation process is influenced by the temporal variability in the direction and intensity of the predominant waves, currents, orientation of navigation channel, basin breakwaters, seafloor morphology and sediment sources. Due to the geographic location of LNG port it lays within a sediment sink for sediments supplied from different alternating directions by several pathways, flowing towards the N-W, S-W, N-E, and S-E quadrants. Most of these currents components are substantially effective in transporting fine-grained sediment towards the navigation channel axis and contiguous basins. Together with these currents, the predominant NW and SE waves acting to agitate and stirrup sediments in the vicinity of the port, and thereby accelerating sedimentation rates.

恒定流作用下珊瑚砂输运特性试验研究

【目的】针对现有对珊瑚砂起动和输运研究的不足,基于室内水槽试验,研究了恒定流作用下珊瑚砂的起动规律和输运特性。【方法】利用电子显微镜对珊瑚砂颗粒进行观测,确定了珊瑚砂中轴长度与筛分粒径之间的关系;利用现代化测量技术测得了珊瑚砂起动流速和输沙率。【结果】与经典的石英砂起动流速及输沙率计算公式进行了比较分析,并修正了经验公式,使其适用于珊瑚砂起动流速的计算。【结论】由于珊瑚砂的形状极不规则,相比筛分粒径相同的石英砂,珊瑚砂的起动流速更小,珊瑚砂单宽推移质输沙率随水深的增加而显著减小。研究成果丰富了泥沙输运理论。

粗化床面发展过程中非均匀沙起动试验研究

非均匀沙在水流作用下会形成表层粒径大于底层的床面粗化现象,同时表层粗颗粒还会形成聚集结构体。已有非均匀沙起动研究仅考虑粒径差异,对多颗粒组成的粗化结构体及其影响问题考虑不足。在水槽中开展了非均匀沙床面粗化发展过程试验,分析了粗化床面条件下的起动条件及起动判别标准。结果表明,粗化床面发展可分为中粗颗粒出露、中颗粒结构体形成、粗颗粒结构体形成等3个阶段,粗化结构体对泥沙颗粒的起动和输移造成较大影响。粗化床面条件下非均匀沙起动临界希尔兹参数为0.015 5~0.023 5,小于均匀沙床面。USACE输沙率标准不适用于非均匀沙粗化床面,而Parker标准与韩其为标准均可在一定程度上反映非均匀沙粗化对泥沙起动的影响,其中韩其为标准与实测值更接近。

Application of 2-D sediment model to fluctuating backwater area of Yangtze River

Based on the characteristics of backflow, a two-dimensional mathematical model of sediment movement was established. The complexity of the watercourse boundary at the confluence of the main stream and the tributary was dealt with using a boundary-fitting orthogonal coordinate system. The basic equation of the two-dimensional total sediment load model, the numerical calculation format, and key problems associated with using the orthogonal curvilinear coordinate system were discussed. Water and sediment flow in the Chongqing reach of the Yangtze River were simulated. The calculated water level, flow velocity distribution, amount of silting and scouring, and alluvial distribution are found to be in agreement with the measured data, which indicates that the numerical model and calculation method are reasonable. The model can be used for calculation of flow in a relatively complicated river network.

基于高速摄像技术的推移质运动速度试验研究

采用高速摄像技术研究推移质运动速度及推移质跃移比例,通过对推移质运动图片的分析,实现了推移质滚动过程与跃移过程的划分,获取了推移质运动速度试验数据。试验结果表明,无量纲推移质平均跃移速度、无量纲推移质平均滚动速度和推移质跃移比例均随着Shields数的增大而增大。基于实测数据,建立了推移质平均跃移速度公式、平均滚动速度公式和跃移比例公式,在此基础上,推导了推移质平均运动速度公式。跃移比例公式计算结果表明,当Shields数等于0.069时,推移质跃移比例与滚动比例相等;当Shields数大于0.069时,跃移成为推移质运动的主要形式。推移质运动速度公式计算值与实测值的比较结果表明,当Shields数介于0.030~0.080时,公式具有较好的适用性。

水沙变化情势下金沙江下游卵石推移质输移规律

基于三堆子水文站历年水文泥沙和卵石推移质实测资料,分析了金沙江下游水沙情势的变化及卵石推移质输移规律。分析结果表明,金沙江上中游梯级水电站运行后造成了下游径流及泥沙年内过程的重新分配,水库拦洪削峰导致较大流量出现的概率减小,径流量变化不大,输沙量显著减少。金沙江下游卵石推移质输沙率与流量的高次方成正比,水沙变化情势下卵石推移质输沙量显著减少,不同流量的卵石推移质输沙率减小。卵石推移质级配随着流量的增大而变粗,水沙变化条件下卵石推移质级配发生了明显粗化。