Effect of wall-disruption on nutrient composition and in vitro digestion of camellia and lotus bee pollens

The nutrient digestion,absorption and biological activity of bee pollen may be limited due to the complex pollen wall.Here,the effect of superfine grinding technology on the release of nutrients from bee pollen were investigated,and their antioxidant activities and in vitro digestion were explored in this study.Results showed that the content of nutrients in bee pollen increased after wall disruption.Among them,fat content increased by 22.55%-8.31%,protein content increased by 0.54%-4.91%,starch content increased by 36.31%-48.64%,soluble sugar content increased by 20.57%-29.67%,total phenolic acid content increased by 11.73%-86.98%and total flavonoids content increased by 14.29%-24.79%.At the same time,the antioxidant activity increased by 14.84%-46.00%.Furthermore,the active components such as phenolic compounds in the wall-disruption bee pollen were more readily to be released during the in vitro digestion,and easier to be absorbed because of their higher bioaccessibility.Antioxidant activities during in vitro digestion were also improved in walldisruption bee pollen.These findings provide evidence that bee pollen wall disruption was suggested,thus,it is more conducive to exerting the value of bee pollen in functional foods.

Effect of different drying methods on the amino acids,α-dicarbonyls and volatile compounds of rape bee pollen

The significant demand for high quality food has motivated us to adopt appropriate processing methods to improve the food nutritional quality and flavors.In this study,the effects of five drying methods,namely,pulsed vacuum drying(PVD),freeze drying(FD),infrared drying(IRD),hot-air drying(HAD)and sun drying(SD)on free amino acids(FAAs),α-dicarbonyl compounds(α-DCs)and volatile compounds(VOCs)in rape bee pollen(RBP)were determined.The results showed that FD significantly released the essential amino acids(EAAs)compared with fresh samples while SD caused the highest loss.Glucosone was the dominantα-DCs in RBP and the highest loss was observed after PVD.Aldehydes were the dominant volatiles of RBP and SD samples contained more new volatile substances(especially aldehydes)than the other four drying methods.Comprehensively,FD and PVD would be potential methods to effectively reduce the quality deterioration of RBP in the drying process.

Allergen degradation of bee pollen by lactic acid bacteria fermentation and its alleviatory effects on allergic reactions in BALB/c mice

Food allergy as a global health problem threatens food industry.Bee pollen(BP)is a typical food with allergenic potentials,although it performs various nutritional/pharmacological functions to humans.In this study,lactic acid bacteria(LAB)were used to ferment Brassica napus BP for alleviating its allergenicity.Four novel allergens(glutaredoxin,oleosin-B2,catalase and lipase)were identified with significant decreases in LAB-fermented BP(FBP)than natural BP by proteomics.Meanwhile,metabolomics analysis showed significant increases of 28 characteristic oligopeptides and amino acids in FBP versus BP,indicating the degradation of LAB on allergens.Moreover,FBP showed alleviatory effects in BALB/c mice,which relieved pathological symptoms and lowered production of allergic mediators.Microbial high-throughput sequencing analysis showed that FBP could regulate gut microbiota and metabolism to strengthen immunity,which were closely correlated with the alleviation of allergic reactivity.These findings could contribute to the development and utilization of hypoallergenic BP products.

Effects of Addition of Bee Pollen on Water Holding Capacity of Pork

[ Objective] To explore the effects of different proportion of bee pollen on the water holding capacity of pork in Duroc Landrace x Yorkshire growing-finishing pigs in order to determine the optimal proportion. [ Method] A total of 80 Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire growing-finishing pigs, weighing （10.0 ± 1.0） kg, were randomly divided into five groups. The experimental period was 120 d including the 5-day pre-feecling period. The corn-soybean meal was not replaced during the whole period. All pigs had free access to feed and water. The pigs were fasting for 24 h but not prohibited from feed before the beginning. Group I was the control group reared with the diet not supplemented bee pollen. The pigs in group II, III ,IV and V were reared with the diet supplemented bee pollen at the concentration of 1%, 3%, 5% and 7%, respectively. After slaughtering, eye muscle was used for determination of water holding capacity through fast filter paper method, drip loss method, cooking loss method and Na- pole yield determination method. [ Resultl With the increase of the proportion of bee pollen, the water holding capacity of pork was first good and then poor. The addition of bee pollen at the concentration of 5% significantly reduced the drip loss of pork and the water holding capacity which was detected by fast filter paper method, but the cooking loss and Napole yield were not significantly influenced. [ Condmion] The bee pollen can effectively improve the water holding capacity of pork in Duroc x Landrace x Yorkshire growing-finishing pigs, and the optimal proportion is 5%.

Effect of fermented bee pollen on metabolic syndrome in high-fat diet-induced mice

Bee pollen has potential in preventing metabolic syndrome(MetS).The present study aimed to investigate the effect of yeast-fermented wall-broken bee pollen(YB)intervention on ICR mice with MetS induced with a high-fat(HF)diet.After YB intervention in mice for 16 weeks,the effect on alleviating MetS was evaluated based on MetS serum parameters,hepatic oxidant status markers and gut microbial populations.The results of animal experiment showed that YB intervention attenuated MetS.Based on multivariate statistical analysis results,YB treatment signifi cantly increased glutathione S-transferase(GST)and catalase(CAT)activities and decreased the malondialdehyde(MDA)level in the liver.Further investigation showed that YB restored the Nrf-2-Keap-1 pathway to alleviate oxidative stress.Additionally,gut microbial community analysis revealed that YB restored the increase in the Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes(F/B)ratio(6.94 for the HF group and 3.74 for HF+YB group)and improved Lactobacillus and Lactococcus abundance induced by the HF diet.Overall,YB improved function and prevented MetS by modulating the gut microbiota and alleviating oxidative stress.

Flavonoids in Georgian Bee Bread and Bee Pollen

The proposed work aims to study phenol components （flavonoids） of bee bread and pollen obtained in Georgia using the HPLC （high-performance liquid chromatography） method, and to determine the content of biologically active compounds in them. The samples were taken in lmereti region （west Georgia）. After extraction of samples, there were carried out spectral and HPLC analysis of compounds for the sake of qualitative and quantitative research of them. There are studied the flavonoid compounds of bee bread and pollen by using the HPLC methods, and naringin, rutin and quercetin are identified. Their amount counts about 20% of full content of flavonoids. The content of flavonols in bee bread and pollen has been established. It also has been determined that the amount of flavonoids during the storage period of products reduces to 6.17-5.03 g.kg-1.

Effects of Different Levels of Bee Pollen in Feed on Reproductive Performance of Xenocypris davidi Bleeker

Feeding growth test of Xenocypris davidi Bleeker was carried out in outdoor ponds for 8 weeks.Three experimental group feeds were made by adding bee pollen to the basic feed at the dosage of 1%,2%and 3%,with fish meal,soybean meal,cotton meal and vegetable meal as protein source,and soybean oil as fat source for basic feed.The results showed that the sexual maturation rates of the parent fish in the bee pollen group with the addition of 2%and 3%were signi ficantly higher than that in the control group and the bee pollen group with the addition of 1%(P<0.05).From the perspective of egg quality,egg diameter,fertilization rate,hatching rate and the length of membrane larvae in the control group were significantly lower than that in the bee pollen group(P<0.05).From the perspective of sperm quality,the addition of high proportion of bee pollen in the diet of parental fish can significantly improve the reproductive performance of male parental fish(P<0.05).Compared with the control group,the addition of 2%bee pollen increased sperm density by 45.3%,sperm motility by 12.7%and the rate of sperm malformation by 21.0%.All things considered,the best amount of yellowtail was 2%bee pollen.

Effect of Bee Pollen on Reproductive Performance of Broiler Breeders

[Objective]The paper was to verify whether chestnut bee pollen can be used as feed for breeding chickens and its appropriate addition proportion.[Method]A total of 92444-week-old Ross 308 broiler breeders of parent generation with a male to female ratio of 1∶10 were randomly divided into 4 groups,with 3 replicates in each group and 7 cocks and 70 hens in each replicate.The broiler breeders in the control group were fed with the basal diet,and those in experimental groups were fed with the diets supplemented with 0.5%,1.0%and 1.5%chestnut bee pollen.The feeding trial lasted 35 d.[Result]Addition of chestnut bee pollen at different proportions improved the laying rate of breeder hens in different degrees.The experimental group supplemented with 1.5%chestnut bee pollen increased the laying rate by 9.1%,reduced the rate of unqualified eggs(broken eggs,cracked eggs,thin shelled eggs and hard shelled eggs)by 71.4%,increased the fertilization rate of hatching eggs and healthy chick rate by 4.4%and 5.2%,and improved the concentrations of testosterone(T),follicle stimulating hormone(FSH)and luteinizing hormone(LH)in breeder cocks by 60.8%,32.3%and 61.4%,respectively.Statistical analysis showed that the results were significantly different.[Conclusion]Addition of chestnut bee pollen at certain concentration can improve the reproductive performance of breeder cocks and breeder hens,and improve the body immunity.

Bee pollen extract of Malaysian stingless bee enhances the effect of cisplatin on breast cancer cell lines

Objective: To evaluate the antioxidant and antiproliferative effect of methanolic bee pollen extract(BPE) of Malaysian stingless bee [Lepidotrigona terminata(L. terminata)]and its synergistic effect with cisplatin(a chemotherapeutic drug) on MCF-7 cancer cell line.Methods: The antioxidant activity of BPE from L. terminata was measured by using1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical(DPPH) assay. Antiproliferative activity at different concentrations of BPE and cisplatin was determined through using MTT assay on MCF-7 and L929 cell lines. An interaction effect(synergistic, additive and antagonistic) between BPE and cisplatin was determined by Compu Syn software based on MTT assay data.Results: The EC50(50% decrement of DPPH inhibition) of BPE was 0.5 mg/m L.L. terminata BPE exhibited antiproliferative activity on both cancer and normal cell lines.The IC50(concentration of drug that was required for 50% of cell inhibition in vitro) of BPE on MCF-7 was 15 mg/m L whereas in normal cell line L929 was 26 mg/m L. The IC50 for cisplatin on MCF-7 was 20 mmol/L. The combination effect of BPE and cisplatin on MCF-7 cells showed that BPE at 15 mg/m L was able to potentiate the inhibitory effect of cisplatin at all different concentrations(2.5–20.0 mg/m L). The average of cancer cells inhibition which was potentiated by BPE was around 50%. A combination index values of less than 1 reported in the Compu Syn software further proved the synergistic effect between BPE and cisplatin, suggesting that BPE was working synergistically with cisplatin.Conclusions: Our study therefore suggested that BPE of Malaysian stingless bee,L. terminata is a potential chemopreventive agent and can be used as a supplementary treatment for chemotherapy drugs. BPE might be able to be used to potentiate the effect of chemotherapy drugs with the possibility to reduce the required dose of the drugs. The molecular mechanisms of how the BPE exerts antiproliferative activity will be a much interesting area to look for in future studies.

Differentiation of bee pollen samples according to the apiary of origin and harvesting period based on their amino acid content

Bee pollen is currently one of the most widely consumed dietary supplements due to its high nutritional value and its potentially beneficial effects on health. Unfortunately, in recent years an increase in the fraudulent marketing of this product has been detected, mainly in terms of adulteration with pollen from other sources. This has made it necessary to seek new tools to ensure its authentication. Therefore, this study investigates the use of free amino acids as markers of the geographical origin and harvesting period of bee pollen. To demonstrate their potential as biomarkers, 72 samples from four apiaries (Pistacho, Tío Natalio, Monte and Fuentelahiguera), located in the same geographical area (Marchamalo, Guadalajara, Spain), were analyzed by liquid chromatography-fluorescence detection, with the data obtained undergoing canonical discriminant analysis. Variable amounts and numbers of free amino acids were found in the samples analyzed;proline predominated in all of them, in a concentration range of 298–569989 mg/kg. The differences observed in amino acid composition could be attributed to the flowering plants from which the bee pollen samples originated. In addition, it was possible to statistically assign over 75% of the samples to the corresponding apiary of origin, the best results being obtained for the Fuentelahiguera and Tío Natalio apiaries (100%);this classification was even superior in the case of the harvesting periods, as more than 90% of the samples were correctly assigned, and in one period (June) a 100% rate was obtained.

Investigation of the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen

OBJECTIVE： This study was designed to investigate the nutraceutical potential of monofloral Indian mustard bee pollen （MIMBP）. METHODS： The nutritional value of MIMBP was examined in terms of proteins, fats, carbohydrates, and energy value. Its chemical composition in terms of total polyphenol and flavonoid content was determined. MIMBP was screened for free flavonoid aglycones by developing and validating a high-performance liquid chromatography-photo diode array （HPLC-PDA） method. MIMBP was analyzed for in vitro antioxidant effect in terms of 2,2-diphenyl-l-picrylhydrazyl （DPPH） radical-scavenging activity. RESULTS： MIMBP was found to be comprised of proteins （（182.2±5.9） g/kg）, fats （（137.7±6.8） g/kg） and carbohydrates （（560.6±17.4） g/kg）, which result in its high energy value （（17 616.7±78.6） kJ/kg）. MIMBP was found to contain polyphenols （（18 286.1±374.0） mg gallic acid equivalent/kg） and flavonoids （（1 223.5±53.1） mg quercetin equivalent/kg）. The HPLC-PDA analysis revealed the presence of kaempferol （（65.4±0.5） mg/kg） and quercefin （（51.4±0.4） mg/kg） in MIMBP, which can be used as markers for determining the quality of bee pollen. The MIMBP extract showed DPPH free radical-scavenging activity with a half maximal inhibitory concentration of 54.79 μg/mL. CONCLUSION： The MIMBP was found to be a rich source of nutrients providing high caloric value, which makes it a candidate for a potential nutraceutical agent. The study also illustrated the high antioxidant content of MIMBP, especially in the principle polyphenols and flavonoids, which suggests its potential role in the prevention of free radical-implicated diseases. The DPPH-scavenging effect of MIMBP further confirmed its antioxidant potential. Additionally, we developed a simple, specific and accurate HPLC-PDA method for the identification and quantification of free flavonoid aglycones. This can be applied in future screenings of the quality of pollen collected by honeybees.

Waste-to-wealth:Functional biomass carbon dots based on bee pollen waste and application

Waste utilization is not only the protection of the environment and the practice of green chemistry,but also one of the ways to develop new materials.Herein,we report two biomass carbon dots which prepared from bee pollen waste by one-step hydrothermal method.The new two carbon dots were used in sensing,cell imaging and plant growth regulation.The differences in the structure and properties of the two carbon dots were evaluated by TEM,XPS,TG and various spectroscopic methods.Both two carbon dots contain abundant functional groups,polyatomic doping,excellent water solubility and stable photoluminescence.Due to these good properties,we have demonstrated its versatile applications in Fe3+sensing,cell imaging and plant growth regulation.It shows sensitive and specific Fe^(3+) responsiveness and good biocompatibility.This research provides a green and simple method for the recycling and reuse of bee pollen waste,and also provides a reference for the application of biomass carbon dots.

Flavonoids from rape bee pollen on the clinical effects of antioxidant activity

Background Flavonoids from fruits, vegetables and plants have been widely studied on their improving lipidemia, anti-inflammation, anti-platelet aggregation and anti-oxidative activities. However, t know if flavonoids from rape bee pollen have the same effects in patients with dyslipidemia （DL）, effects of we don＇ type 2 diabetes mellitus（T2DM）, and cerebral infarction（CI）. Methods The study involved with patients selected and divided into 4 groups, 30 cases of DL, of T2DM, of CI and health control （HC） for each. Forty mg flavonoids from rape bee pollen administrated orally twice a day for two months. Blood sugar （BG）, total cholesterol （TC）, triglyceride （TG）, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol （HDL-C）, low white blood-cell counts （WBC）, platelet counts （PLT）, high-sens malondialdehyde （MDA） were analyzed in four groups before and after density lipoprotein-cholesterol （LDL-C）, itivity C-reactive protein （hsCRP） and taking flavonoids for two months. Results （1） Basic levels of TC, BG, WBC, PLT and hsCRP in groups of T2DM, CI, and TG and MDA in groups of DL, PLT, T2DM and CI were significantly higher than those in HC （P 〈 0.05-0.001）. （2） The levels of hsCRP and MDA were significantly decreased, flavonoids for two months （P 〈 0.05-0.001） in group of while HDL-C was remarkably increased DL, T2MD, and CL These indexes were not the group of HC after taking flavonoids （P 〉 0.05）. Conclusions The results could indieat disturbance, inflammation, and high oxidative stress in patients with dyslipidemisa, type 2 diabet TG, WBC, after taking different in e metabolic es mellitus, and cerebral infarction. The flavonoids from rape bee pollen may have effects of antioxidant activity, improving lipids, and anti-inflammation on these patients.

Zea mays L. Pollen： An Approach to Its Quality Control

Zea mays L. is one of the biggest cropping systems among the sustainable development agronomy. Pollen from this crop source is unexplored and apiculture can be a good partner adding value to the product and creating new jobs helping to solve some social issues as unemployment. However, food safety is crucial, thus the aim of this study was to explore the flavonoid/phenolic profiles from Z. mays L. pollen as a fingerprint for this plant identification and also to demonstrate how the method of bee pollen samples （honeybee collected pollen） is applied. For this purpose, several sources ofZ. mays L. pollen were analyzed, including corn hybrids and genetic modified samples collected at the breeding fields. For this work, samples were taken at several years from 2000 to 2012 and collected from different countries and locations, such as Portugal, Mexico and Brazil. Results showed, for the first time, that the fingerprint （flavonoid/phenolic profile） for Z. mays L. pollen does not change over the time of sampling neither with the region of harvesting. The high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detector （HPLC/DAD） fingerprints of phenolic/flavonoid extract from Z. mays remain unchanged for all samples analyzed from different countries, hybrids and/or genetic modified plants. This is also the first study reporting these phenolic compounds not only in pollen collected directly from hybrid plants, but also in Z. mays bee pollen. The described fingerprinting method is easy, fast and accurate for the characterization of Z. mays L. pollen samples and complete microscopic analysis because it is species-specific.

The difference in pollen harvest between Apis mellifera and Apis cerana in a Tibetan alpine meadow

To explore the difference in pollen harvest between the western honey bee Apis mellifera and a native eastern honey bee A.cerana in the Zoige alpine meadows in the northeastern part of the QinghaiTibetan Plateau,we investigated species diversity of the harvested pollen and the amount of harvested pollen per bee for both species,and calculated the niche overlap(in terms of similarity in harvested pollen)between the two bee species during the flowering season from June to August 2016.Results showed that the species diversity of the harvested pollen was indistinguishable between the two bee species.Nevertheless,A.mellifera carried more(although not significant)pollens per bee than A.cerana.Moreover,pollen composition differed between the two bee species:A.mellifera mainly foraged on Anemone rivularis,Saussurea nigrescens and Anemone trullifolia,while A.cerana foraged on Anemone rivularis,Stellera chamaejasme,and Pedicularis longiflora.Consistently,the niche overlap between the two honeybee species was particularly small in several observations.Our results indicate a niche separation in pollen resource between the two honeybee species in a Tibetan alpine meadow.

荞麦蜂花粉多糖的纯化、表征及其在体外消化过程中抗氧化活性的变化

本论文旨在研究荞麦蜂花粉多糖(BWPP)在模拟体外胃肠消化过程中的抗氧化活性。采用DEAE-52纤维素柱对粗多糖进行分级纯化,经体外模拟胃、肠消化研究其在体外消化过程中的抗氧化活性的变化规律。结果表明经DEAE-52纤维素柱层析洗脱纯化后得到总糖含量最高组分BWPP-1,其主要由Glc、Xyl、Ara等组成,且红外光谱显示BWPP-1具有明显的多糖特征吸收峰。BWPP和BWPP-1在进行体外模拟胃肠消化时,模拟胃液消化60 min时,BWPP和BWPP-1的ABTS^(+)·清除率均达到最大值,分别为86.39%±1.28%、90.38%±2.78%,与其他消化时间的存在显著差异(P<0.05);60 min时对DPPH·清除率达到最大值,分别为86.86%±0.11%、89.58%±1.67%,且二者差异不显著(P>0.05);模拟肠液消化时,BWPP和BWPP-1对ABTS^(+)·清除率在60 min时达到最大值为88.67%±0.40%和91.82%±2.77%,且二者差异不显著(P>0.05);对DPPH·清除率在240 min时达到最大值57.11%±0.06%和65.67%±3.67%,二者差异显著(P<0.05);而在消化过程中,对铁离子还原能力均较弱。由此可得,BWPP和BWPP-1具有较好的ABTS^(+)·和DPPH·清除能力,且胃液消化时DPPH·清除能力略高于肠液消化,而肠液消化时的ABTS^(+)·清除能力略高于胃液消化。本研究为以荞麦蜂花粉为基料的功能性产品的开发提供理论依据。

A Comprehensive Review of Design and Technological Advancements across Various Types of Solar Dryers

This analysis investigates the widespread use of solar drying methods and designs in developing countries,particularly for agricultural products like fruits,vegetables,and bee pollen.Traditional techniques like hot air oven drying and open sun drying have drawbacks,including nutrient loss and exposure to harmful particles.Solar and thermal drying are viewed as sustainable solutions because they rely on renewable resources.The article highlights the advantages of solar drying,including waste reduction,increased productivity,and improved pricing.It is also cost-effective and energy-efficient.The review study provides an overview of different solar drying systems and technologies used in poor nations,aiming to identify the most effective and efficient designs.The focus is on comparing current models of solar dryers for optimal performance.The review underscores the importance of solar drying as a long-term,eco-friendly approach to drying food in developing countries.This review aims to evaluate how using solar-powered drying techniques can enhance food preservation,minimize waste,and enhance the quality and marketability of agricultural goods.The paper will specifically focus on examining the efficacy of these methods for drying bee pollen and pinpointing where enhancements can be made in their advancement.

不同代花粉饲料对蜂群采食量、群势及工蜂生理指标的影响

文章旨在研究不同代花粉饲料对蜂群采食量、群势及工蜂生理指标的影响。试验将16群蜂王繁殖力和工蜂数量相近的中华蜜蜂随机分为4组,每组4群。各组蜂群分别采用茶花粉(T0组)、玉米蛋白粉(T1组)、菜籽饼(T2组)、啤酒酵母(T3组)作为饲料原料。试验从春季繁殖期开始,共计60 d。结果表明:(1)4组蜂群的总采食量分别为1671.84、1972.84、1428.63、2298.47 g。其中,与T0组相比,T1组、T3组蜂群的总采食量显著提高了18.00%、37.48%(P<0.05)。(2)试验第20天,T3组蜂群群势显著高于T0组、T1组、T2组(P<0.05);试验第40天,T3组蜂群群势显著高于T0组、T2组(P<0.05);试验第60天,T1组、T3组蜂群群势显著高于T0组、T2组(P<0.05)。(3)4组蜂群工蜂初重分别为0.11、0.12、0.09、0.11 g。其中,与T2组相比,T0组、T1组、T3组工蜂初重显著提高了22.22%、33.33%、22.22%(P<0.05)。T1组成年工蜂头部蛋白质含量显著高于T0组和T2组(P<0.05)。由此可见,用玉米蛋白粉、啤酒酵母作为饲料原料,能增加蜂群采食量,促进蜂群群势增长,改善工蜂生理指标;用菜籽饼作为饲料原料会降低工蜂初重。

酶法破壁提取蜂花粉功能成分的工艺优化及抗氧化活性分析

目的探索酶解结合超声和碱解从而高效破壁和提取蜂花粉中的活性成分。方法采用扫描电镜对蜂花粉微观结构进行分析,并使用高效液相色谱法分析酚类物质的组成和含量变化。结果经12.5%碱性蛋白酶酶解1 h后,蜂花粉酶解上清液的总酚含量、总黄酮含量和2,2’-联氮-二(3-乙基-苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)二铵盐[2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)ammonium salt,ABTS]阳离子自由基清除能力最高,分别为(14.14±0.23)mg GAE/(g·dw),(2.34±0.04)mg RE/(g·dw)和(167.06±1.39)μmol TE/(g·dw)。将酶解辅以超声协同0.3 mol/L NaOH处理后,总酚、总黄酮、ABTS阳离子自由基清除能力及铁离子还原能力相比未处理花粉分别提高了191%、39%、69%和162%。扫描电镜结果显示,碱处理酶解后花粉细胞壁破碎程度显著增加,花粉内含物质从裂口处向外溢出,与理化指标趋势一致。最佳工艺条件为0.3mol/LNaOH超声-碱处理1h,调节pH至7,12.5%的碱性蛋白酶于50℃下酶解1 h。结论超声碱处理可辅助酶解实现蜂花粉的高效破壁,同时小肽、多酚、黄酮等营养成分也进一步溶出,促进了蜂花粉的高值化利用。

蜂花粉质量标准提升

目的提升蜂花粉质量标准。方法观察药材性状,并对其粉末进行显微鉴别。参照2020年版《中国药典》方法测定水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、重金属元素(Pb、Cd、As、Hg、Cu)、浸出物含量,对TLC鉴别方法进行改进,凯氏定氮法测定总含氮量,HPLC法测定山柰酚含量。结果蜂花粉大多为扁椭圆形,随花粉本身颜色不同花粉团颜色也有所差异;花粉粒呈圆球形、椭圆形或三角形,并可见少量不规则碎片,有的具有萌发孔。山柰酚TLC斑点清晰,分离度良好,不同来源药材中其含量差异较大。13批样品中水分、总灰分、酸不溶性灰分、浸出物平均含量分别为7.0%、2.8%、0.16%、52.2%,重金属含量均未超标,平均含氮量为3.5%。结论建议蜂花粉质量标准中增加以山柰酚为对照的TLC鉴别项,并且水分不得超过15.0%,总灰分不得超过5.0%,酸不溶性灰分不得超过1.0%,浸出物不得少于44.0%,含氮量不得少于2.5%。