This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of beehive extract and developed topical antimicrobial gel. The beehives were extracted with three different solvents： distilled water, 50% ethanol and 95% eth...This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of beehive extract and developed topical antimicrobial gel. The beehives were extracted with three different solvents： distilled water, 50% ethanol and 95% ethanol, then each filtrate was evaporated by vacuum rotary evaporator to obtain crude extracts： water extract （W）, water-ethanol extract （WE） and ethanol extract （E）. These extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains： Escherichia coli （ATCC 25922）, Psuedomonas aeuruginosa （ATCC 27853）, Staphylococcus aureus （ATCC 25923）, Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） and β-hemolytic Streptococcus group A （GAS）, then they were evaluated for their MIC and MBC values. The results revealed that the yield of the W, WE and E extracts amounted to 16.25%, 14.42% and 6.67%, respectively. Whereas, all of the samples were found to be effective against P. aeuruginosa, S. aureus, MRSA and GAS, but they were ineffective against E. coli. The W extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 31.25-62.50 mg/mL and MBC values of 62.50 mg/mL. Then the gel bases using different gelling agents such as carbopol, hydroxyethylcellulose （HEC） and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose （HPMC） were formulated and evaluated for their physical properties： appearance, texture, pH, spread ability and stability. The formula which contained HEC was selected to incorporate with the W extract due to its smooth texture, good spreadability on the skin and good stability. The W gel exhibited a promising antimicrobial activity in both before and after stability test and also expressed no skin irritation.展开更多
Arsi zone is one of the Oromia regional state’s zones with high potential of honey and bees wax production and where there was dissemination of modern beehives. This research was initiated with objectives of quantify...Arsi zone is one of the Oromia regional state’s zones with high potential of honey and bees wax production and where there was dissemination of modern beehives. This research was initiated with objectives of quantifying adoption rate of modern beehives and its determinant factors and drawing policy implication for further extension of the technology. The study was conducted in seven districts of Arsi zone and 251 rural beekeepers were interviewed. The average productivity of the modern beehives and local beehives was found to be 19.77 kg/hive and 5.13 kg/hive. The total number of local bee hives possessed by interviewed beekeepers was found to be 1201 while that of modern beehives was found to be 279 hives which shows that the adoption rate is low and if we increase the adoption rate by 50%, the amount of honey harvest will increases by 11,862 kg which is about 5700 kg more than the total honey beekeepers can get from keeping the whole 1201 local hives. Chemical application (herbicides and pesticides), bee predators, lack of knowledge and skill on modern beehives, lack of modern beehive accessories, lack of bee forage and lack of capital were major beekeeping bottlenecks. The result of binary Logit model revealed that the main determinants of adoption are farmyard size, number of local hives beekeepers possessed, training provided, participation on demonstration, wealth status of beekeepers, and participation of beekeepers on nonfarm income sources. Provision of different information towards increasing or improving the saving capacity or culture of beekeepers, provision of adequate and relevant agricultural extension services (such as training on modern beekeeping technologies and experience sharing among beekeepers), provision of credit services to widen the financial bases of poor beekeepers and facilitating access to modern beehives and its accessories especially honey extractor and wax stumper which can increase beehives productivity were the recommendation that was drawn from the output of this research.展开更多
By summarizing the history,human achievements in lunar exploration,the vision and prospect of the con-strucion of a lunar base for the further development in lunar exploration is proposed.The idea of building a"b...By summarizing the history,human achievements in lunar exploration,the vision and prospect of the con-strucion of a lunar base for the further development in lunar exploration is proposed.The idea of building a"beehive"lunar vllage is proposed,and the promotion of future lunar exploration along with the impact on the development of science,technology and the economy is analyzed in this paper。展开更多
文摘This study aimed to determine the antimicrobial activity of beehive extract and developed topical antimicrobial gel. The beehives were extracted with three different solvents： distilled water, 50% ethanol and 95% ethanol, then each filtrate was evaporated by vacuum rotary evaporator to obtain crude extracts： water extract （W）, water-ethanol extract （WE） and ethanol extract （E）. These extracts were tested for their antimicrobial activity against five bacterial strains： Escherichia coli （ATCC 25922）, Psuedomonas aeuruginosa （ATCC 27853）, Staphylococcus aureus （ATCC 25923）, Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus （MRSA） and β-hemolytic Streptococcus group A （GAS）, then they were evaluated for their MIC and MBC values. The results revealed that the yield of the W, WE and E extracts amounted to 16.25%, 14.42% and 6.67%, respectively. Whereas, all of the samples were found to be effective against P. aeuruginosa, S. aureus, MRSA and GAS, but they were ineffective against E. coli. The W extract exhibited the highest antimicrobial activity with MIC values of 31.25-62.50 mg/mL and MBC values of 62.50 mg/mL. Then the gel bases using different gelling agents such as carbopol, hydroxyethylcellulose （HEC） and hydroxypropyl methylcellulose （HPMC） were formulated and evaluated for their physical properties： appearance, texture, pH, spread ability and stability. The formula which contained HEC was selected to incorporate with the W extract due to its smooth texture, good spreadability on the skin and good stability. The W gel exhibited a promising antimicrobial activity in both before and after stability test and also expressed no skin irritation.
文摘Arsi zone is one of the Oromia regional state’s zones with high potential of honey and bees wax production and where there was dissemination of modern beehives. This research was initiated with objectives of quantifying adoption rate of modern beehives and its determinant factors and drawing policy implication for further extension of the technology. The study was conducted in seven districts of Arsi zone and 251 rural beekeepers were interviewed. The average productivity of the modern beehives and local beehives was found to be 19.77 kg/hive and 5.13 kg/hive. The total number of local bee hives possessed by interviewed beekeepers was found to be 1201 while that of modern beehives was found to be 279 hives which shows that the adoption rate is low and if we increase the adoption rate by 50%, the amount of honey harvest will increases by 11,862 kg which is about 5700 kg more than the total honey beekeepers can get from keeping the whole 1201 local hives. Chemical application (herbicides and pesticides), bee predators, lack of knowledge and skill on modern beehives, lack of modern beehive accessories, lack of bee forage and lack of capital were major beekeeping bottlenecks. The result of binary Logit model revealed that the main determinants of adoption are farmyard size, number of local hives beekeepers possessed, training provided, participation on demonstration, wealth status of beekeepers, and participation of beekeepers on nonfarm income sources. Provision of different information towards increasing or improving the saving capacity or culture of beekeepers, provision of adequate and relevant agricultural extension services (such as training on modern beekeeping technologies and experience sharing among beekeepers), provision of credit services to widen the financial bases of poor beekeepers and facilitating access to modern beehives and its accessories especially honey extractor and wax stumper which can increase beehives productivity were the recommendation that was drawn from the output of this research.
文摘By summarizing the history,human achievements in lunar exploration,the vision and prospect of the con-strucion of a lunar base for the further development in lunar exploration is proposed.The idea of building a"beehive"lunar vllage is proposed,and the promotion of future lunar exploration along with the impact on the development of science,technology and the economy is analyzed in this paper。
