Dilemma and Solution for Relief in the Right to Equal Employment-From the Perspective of Rectifying Private Law with Social Law

At present,the legal remedies in terms of the right to equal employment in China are mainly related to private law,that is,laborers seek direct legal remedies for personality rights liability and infringement liability according to typical private law,supplemented by indirect remedies for labor contract liability under special private law.However,there are many challenges in private law remedies for the right to equal employment,which are manifested in the misunderstanding of the general tort identification of employment discrimination,the loopholes in the regulations on discriminatory employment,the imbalance in the burden of proof,and the limitation and alienation of the functions of civil liability and private law autonomy.The root of those problems lies in the fact that the nature of anti-employment discrimination law is not private law but social law.Equal employment involves both public and private interests,and it should be based on the public interest of society and adhere to the value orientation of prioritizing fairness while taking into account efficiency.Improving the legal relief mechanism for protecting the right to equal employment,with a focus on correcting private law with social law,is the solution to the dilemma.Specific measures include establishing the special tort liability system for equal employment,the legal mechanism against discriminatory labor contracts,the public-private integrated legal responsibility system,and an essentially fair system for the responsibility of adducing evidence.

Correlation analyses of covering and righting behaviors to fitness related traits of the sea urchin Glyptocidaris crenularis in different environmental conditions

Complex marine benthic environments shape a number of ecologically important behaviors in sea urchins, including covering and righting behaviors. The present study correlated covering and righting behaviors to a series of fi tness-related traits in sea urchins. Righting response time of Glyptocidaris crenularis was signifi cantly positively correlated with body size, but signifi cantly negatively correlated with food consumption. Covering behavior was not signifi cantly correlated with test diameter, test height or body weight, but covering response time was negatively correlated with body weight. A signifi cantly negative correlation was found between righting response time and covering response time. Glyptocidaris crenularis showed a signifi cantly positive correlation in covering response time with and without exposure to poured sand, but no signifi cance in covering ability(number of shells used to cover). The present study provides new insight into internal mechanisms and evolutionary drives of covering and righting behaviors of sea urchins.

Effects of UV-B radiation on fitness related behaviors of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius

Ozone depletion induced by anthropogenic gases has been increasing the transmission of solar ultraviolet-B radiation(UV-B, 280–315 nm) through the atmosphere, which may impact the fitness of marine invertebrates in intertidal and shallow waters. To our knowledge, however, the responses of fitness related behaviors to UV-B radiation at different intensities have been rarely studied in marine invertebrates. For the first time, the present study investigated the eff ects of exposure of one hour to UV-B radiation at different intensities on foraging behavior, Aristotle's lantern reflex and righting behavior of the sea urchin Strongylocentrotus intermedius. Exposure of one hour to UV-B radiation at 10 μW/cm^2 significantly reduced foraging behavior. An intensity dependent eff ect of exposure to UV-B radiation was found in the duration of the Aristotle's lantern reflex. Exposure to UV-B radiation at 20 μW/cm^2 for one hour significantly reduced the duration of the Aristotle's lantern reflex, but 10 μW/cm^2 did not. There was no significant diff erence of righting response time among sea urchins exposed to 0, 10 and 20 μW/cm^2 for one hour. To test potential carryover ef fects, the behavioral traits were re-measured three days later. We found significant carryover eff ects of UV-B radiation on foraging time and righting response time, but not on the duration of the Aristotle's lantern reflex. The present study indicates that a brief exposure of one hour to UV-B radiation can significantly aff ect the duration of Aristotle's lantern reflex, righting response time and foraging behavior of a sea urchin, although the immediate impacts and carryover eff ects were highly trait dependent. This study provides new information into the behavioral responses of marine invertebrates to exposure to UV-B radiation. Future studies should be carried out to investigate long-term carryover eff ects of UV-B radiation on behavioral and physiological fitness related traits.

Justification and System Arrangement of Virtual Property Rights——Comments on Article No. 127 of General Provisions of the Civil Law

In the process of formulating the General Provisions of the Civil Law of P. R. China, the attribute of virtual property rights has changed from real rights to non-real rights. Article No. 127 thereof does not clarify the nature of virtual property rights after all, and the place where virtual property is put in the "Civil Rights" chapter of General Provisions of the Civil Law makes the concept even more complex and confusing. The "relationships paradigm" protection of virtual property does not have a definite classification criterion, nor stands opposite to the "rights paradigm." There are two different ways to justify the "theory of virtual property as a real right" under the "rights paradigm" protection, namely, essentialism and consequentialism. The former resulted from utilizing features in a demonstration and identifying disposal rights with real rights, while the latter resulted from adherence to the dichotomy system of property rights comprising real rights and creditor's rights. From the perspective of larceny in Criminal Law and virtual property insurance in The Social Insurance Law, the attribute of virtual property rights is irrelevant to creditor's rights. The attribute of virtual property rights shall be defined as virtual property rights so that it can be included in the system of civil rights. The uniqueness of virtual property is enough to become an object of emerging civil rights; intangible property rights as a superordinate theoretical concept cannot reflect the essence of virtual property rights. The legislative frame of virtual property rights shall be comprised of the subject, object, exercise, publication and change of the rights.

数据资源持有权的法律解释

在大数据和人工智能技术的推动下,数据资源从单纯的信息载体转变为独立的价值来源,开始出现财产属性。但其所具有的非排他性、技术依附性等特征使得传统的信息权益与权利保护范式难以适用。数据资源的价值源于对数据的控制状态,这并非实体权利。数据资源持有权在法律上应解释为“持有主体合法控制数据资源并免受非法干扰和攻击的利益”。持有利益受侵害所造成的损失属于纯粹经济损失,应采用行为主义保护模式,通过侵权法一般条款进行救济。持有主体则应根据具体数据类型遵守相应的行为标准。此外,个人信息数据的相关规则是基于风险防范的考量,对数据所携带信息采取保护措施,个人信息主体属于数据来源者而非数据资源持有主体。

企业数据的知识产权保护

企业数据和知识产权的客体之间存有共性。二者的保护基础理论相互融通,并且企业数据权利与知识产权权利结构相近似,这为企业数据的知识产权保护奠定了基础。检视现有知识产权制度框架下保护模式的有限性以识别现有制度与企业数据保护问题之间真正无法重合的地带。构建和完善企业数据保护规则须对企业数据进行类型化结构,基于类型化区分和场景化差异探寻不同保护路径。从解释论角度而言,对于无法纳入既有法定权利范畴的企业数据权益,适用《反不正当竞争法》一般条款规制未被类型化权益,关键在于客观审查数据使用行为是否违反商业道德。从立法论角度而言,可参照知识产权的行为规制赋权化路径,将规制焦点建立在对企业数据的利用行为上,对利用行为进行类型化提炼,建构一种以禁止权和报酬权为核心的不完满的控制权和有限度的排他权。

两相位信号交叉口右转车辆礼让行人特征分析

为了提高两相位信号交叉口右转车辆与过街行人的通行安全,构建了基于多元有序Logistic模型的礼让意向模型以寻找影响右转车辆礼让行人意向的因素。在现有研究因素是否对右转车辆礼让行为产生影响的基础上,将右转车辆的礼让方式进一步细分为“软礼让”和“硬礼让”,以“不礼让、硬礼让、软礼让”3种礼让程度作为因变量,选取12个因素作为自变量构建礼让意向模型。为分析不同因素对右转车辆礼让行人意向影响的差异性,构建自变量在礼让模型中的优势比k。结果表明:右转车辆车速、人行横道长度、行人过街规模等因素k值大于1,表明这些因素增加了右转车辆对行人主动实施礼让的意向;行人行走在11~20 m长度的人行横道上会在最大程度上促使右转车辆停车礼让行人。

破解体育赛事数据法律保护困境:赛事数据使用权益模式

大数据时代体育赛事数据的商业和技术价值不言而喻,为保障赛事组织者的赛事数据权益,理论界提出“确权”保护模式,即依托现有的法律规范或通过立新法进行确权的形式,赋予赛事组织者以赛事数据的相关权利。但由于赛事数据权益主体多、客体类型复杂,以“确权”模式保护体育赛事数据存在着权利内容不明晰、隐私数据保护难的法律困境。因此,可尝试转变对赛事数据权益的保护思路,搁置确权,促进流通,实现收益。构建赛事数据“使用权益”模式,以营利与否决定赛事数据“使用许可”的程度,保障赛事组织者利益;对赛事数据进行分类分级,规范采集、使用标准,加强对运动员隐私数据的保护。从而在赛事数据采集、使用、收益、隐私保护之间达到平衡,实现数据权益。

新时代增强生育政策包容性的实践逻辑研究

为了破解我国现阶段人口发展形势和家庭发展趋势下劳动力结构变化与经济社会发展需要之间的矛盾,必须调整政策设计理念和政策操作逻辑,增强生育政策包容性。人口发展形势变迁、生育图景多元化、生育问题切身性和生育政策实施逻辑的转变,是新时代增强生育政策包容性的前提和基础。在当前阶段,增强生育政策包容性的工作重心和突破方向主要集中在单身女性生育、残疾人生育、辅助生殖技术应用和非婚同居生育等方面。新时代增强生育政策包容性的实现路径包括:丰富增强生育政策包容性的认知维度,探索增强生育政策包容性的实施策略,提高增强生育政策包容性的践行意识。

数字经济反垄断中消费者福利标准的反思与适用

数字经济背景下消费者福利损害范围的规模性和不特定性、损害方式的个性化、损害结果的难以计量性要求反垄断法介入保护,数字经济非价格因素和动态竞争的特征使得传统消费者福利标准适用失灵,而实践中消费者福利标准往往会成为案件分析中的修饰性表达,导致反垄断法规范目标偏移。数字经济高度集中化的趋势,要求消费者福利保护由重视经济效率向重视市场结构和竞争过程转变,反垄断法作为行为规制法对消费者福利进行保护,防止消费者福利庸俗化。为避免科技巨头经济垄断权力蔓延至政治中心,新布兰代斯学派反对以消费者福利作为唯一诉求,主张通过反垄断法分析范式转型保障消费者选择权,实现经济民主和反垄断法多元目标。消费者福利保护是反垄断法的间接目标,应被作为判断竞争损害的参考要素。对于数字经济反垄断中消费者选择权损害的分析,应遵循合理原则,综合权衡经营者行为的竞争损害效果和消费者福利增进效果。同时,从实体标准和程序制度层面细化和完善消费者福利标准在垄断协议、滥用市场支配地位和经营者集中行为规制中的具体适用。

竞争关系反思与数据确权路径再思考

围绕数据权益保护,有权利保护模式和行为规制模式之分。但两种模式是否截然二分,以反不正当竞争法为代表的行为规制模式是否存在数据赋权的可能性,都值得再思考。司法实践中,竞争关系认定已经趋于泛化,其不适宜再被定位为实体要件或起诉条件。对不正当竞争行为的判定重心应由“竞争关系”转向“竞争秩序”,由此竞争法上数据权益便获得了一定程度的对世性。权利和利益的分野并不在其采取的保护模式,而在其是否契合权益区分的法教义学标准。只要归属效能和排除效能清晰到获得社会典型公开性的程度,行为规制模式亦可实现权利化。鉴于当今司法实践主要通过反不正当竞争法保护数据权益,凝聚两种模式的共识,以行为规制权利化路径落地数据产权结构性分置,或许是为一条可行路径。

人格权禁令的适用程序研究

当前我国民法典独立规定的人格权禁令制度的程序有待进一步探索,在互联网时代不断发展的趋势下,社会网络暴力、网络谣言等侵害发生后有无限放大效应,造成后果不可估量;如何有效遏制防范网络侵害并使其有对应的程序保障成为一个亟待解决的问题。人格权禁令制度的正式建立为人格权提供了新的救济途径,但其也衍生出一系列的程序问题。首先对人格权禁令的基础内涵进行界定;并从人格权禁令自身性质出发从人格权禁令的申请标准界定角度、人格权禁令的审查方式及期限角度、人格权禁令的执行程序角度及救济程序角度提出其适用标准与程序规则选择。

NFT数字藏品铸造行为著作权问题探讨

【目的】分析NFT数字藏品铸造过程中的法律问题,探索其形成过程中的财产价值。【方法】运用文献研究法和案例研究法,分析NFT数字藏品铸造行为的法律属性。【结果】铸造行为的结果是产出NFT数字藏品。NFT具备作品的实质要件“独创性”,其是一件独立作品,而非原作品的复制品。NFT代币化背后的数字作品复制品没有“稀缺性”,不具有价值,而锻造行为也并未给NFT增值,NFT数字藏品本身不具有价值。【结论】NFT数字藏品的价值性主要来自铸造行为之外的版权授权或者是“更傻者理论”。

组织行为学视角下高校学生会队伍建设研究

为了推动高校学生会队伍的建设与发展,该文通过分析组织行为学对高校学生会队伍建设的重要影响,并且以形成明确的学生会组织结构,权责分配协调、建立有效的沟通渠道和信息流动模式、促进团队合作和组内成员协调能力的培养、发展积极的学生会队伍文化和共同价值观念、建立有效的决策和问题解决机制等角度探究组织行为学视角下高校学生会队伍建设的关键要素,针对性地提出相关实践策略,以期为相关领域研究学者提供理论参考。

环境侵权禁止令的理论阐释与程序建构

法院以行为保全的形式发布环境侵权禁止令的做法得到了司法解释的肯认,却难以真正实现禁止令的功能目标。明确禁止令程序属性的理论前提是厘清环境权的运行逻辑。禁止令的实践困境在一定程度上反映出其制度效能不高,原因在于行为保全与禁止令的混淆忽略了二者的本质区别,不能满足生态环境预防性保护的现实需求。环境侵权禁止令的程序路径是略式程序,遵循环境权预防性保护的底层逻辑,省略法官实质审理的环节,迅速作出执行名义,最终目的在于实现紧急情况下生态环境的预防性保护。环境侵权行为大多损害社会公共利益,禁止令程序规则的建构应符合公共利益保护的要求,同时赋予被申请人最低限度的程序保障。

人工智能生成物在著作权法中的定位——以ChatGPT为例

ChatGPT等人工智能生成物的著作权归属问题首先需要明确的是ChatGPT是否拥有法律主体资格;其次,ChatGPT本身是著作权的客体,ChatGPT生成物不能获得著作权保护,因为其不存在“创作”行为;最后,虽然ChatGPT生成物不具有可著作权性,但在其使用过程中存在侵犯原始数据权利人利益和扰乱社会竞争秩序的可能,为避免该生成物成为“无主物”,造成权利体系的混乱,应将其在著作权法中定位为ChatGPT著作权的附随物,该附随物上的权利不同于完整的作品权利,只有权利归属的宣示作用。

平台差异化定价行为的法律规制

在数字经济背景下,一些平台经营者利用大数据优势和信息不对称情况,通过算法技术对不同类型的消费者施以无关乎成本的差别化定价,平台定价行为对新老顾客的区别定价增加了特定对象的额外交易成本,不仅侵害了消费者的知情等权利,也损害了市场交易秩序,破坏了正常的商业竞争结构和消费架构。现行法律对该现象均有一定的涉及,但其适用或规制方面都还有待改进,存在较大的立法空白。文章对此进行研究,以更好地保障消费者权益,维护良好健康的消费环境。

企业数据权益保护路径研究

目前,数据已成为推动数字经济发展的核心生产要素,但企业间不正当数据竞争行为却日益增多,进而引发了企业数据法律保护难题。然而,以著作权法、合同法反不正当竞争法的一般条款和商业秘密条款在保护企业数据方面均存在现实困境。从司法实践来看,法院判决依据存在较大差异,致使同案不同判情形时有发生,且无法完全应对复杂多变的企业数据纠纷。从企业数据权益保护的角度来看,现行法的不适配导致权益保护存在真空。文章通过分析现行确权保护模式和行为规制模式,结合企业数据权益发展及保护的需要,认为未来企业数据权益保护应以数据类型化为起点,实行数据分类保护,对不同类型的企业数据采取差异化的保护路径。

Model and application of bidirectional pedestrian flows at signalized crosswalks

This research of bidirectional pedestrian flows at signalized crosswalks is divided into two parts： model and applica- tion. In the model part, a mixed survey including the questionnaire investigation and tracking investigation is conducted to gain the basic data about walking tendentiousness of a pedestrian crossing. Then, the forward, right-hand, outstripping, and influential coefficients are outlined to quantize walking tendentiousness of pedestrian crossing and estimate transition probabilities of pedestrians. At last, an improved cellular automation model is proposed to describe walking tendentious- ness and crossing behaviors of pedestrians. In the application part, channelization research of bidirectional pedestrian flows is presented for real signalized crosswalk. In this process, the effects of right-side-walking and conformity behaviors on the efficiency of pedestrian crossing are thoroughly analyzed based on simulations and experiments to obtain a final channelization method to raise the efficiency of a pedestrian crossing at the crosswalk.

数据产权的解码与构建——以控制与管理定位

自进入大数据时代以来,数据的价值不断凸显且已经成为不可或缺的新型生产要素。就数据保护而言,司法实践中,主要存在产权规制法与行为规制法。产权规制法与行为规制法所规制的对象其实是以数据为载体、通过数字化手段进行加工处理的著作、专利与商业秘密。产权规制法并不是对数据及数据产权进行保护,而是对既有权利及经过数字化与数据化后的客体进行保护。与产权规制法相比,行为规制法具有一定的灵活性,但是在数据权利不清且数据主体不明的情况下仍然存在行为规制困境。通过将产权规制法与行为规制法进行必要结合,从控制与管理的视角构建以行为规制为主导兼具产权基本框架的数据产权,以此来促进数据的开发利用并提升数据经济的高质量发展。