Hydrophilic polyanionic hydrogel electrolyte for anti-freezing and bending resistant zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors

Zinc-ion hybrid supercapacitors(ZHSCs)have been widely considered as promising candidates for flexible electrochemical energy storage devices.The key challenge is to develop hydrogel electrolytes with high hydrophilicity,anti-freezing,bending resistance,and stable interface with electrodes.This study reported a hydrogel electrolyte system that can meet the above functions,in which the zincophilic and negatively charged SO3−,migratable Na+,abundant hydrophilic functional groups,gum xanthan,and porous architecture could effectively promote the electrochemical performance of ZHSCs.ZHSCs with such hydrogel electrolytes not only exhibited good low-temperature performance but also showed excellent bending resistance ability.A high specific capacitance could be kept after a long air-working lifespan over 10,000 cycles under a wide operation voltage of 1.85 V at−10℃.Furthermore,flexible ZHSCs could maintain the capacitance retention of 93.18%even after continuous 500 bends at an angle of 180°.The designed hydrogel electrolytes could be also used for other electrochemical energy storage devices with anti-freezing and bending resistance by changing electrolyte salt.

Bending Resistance Covalent Organic Framework Superlattice:“Nano‑Hourglass”‑Induced Charge Accumulation for Flexible In‑Plane Micro‑Supercapacitors

Covalent organic framework(COF)film with highly exposed active sites is considered as the promising flexible selfsupported electrode for in-plane microsupercapacitor(MSC).Superlattice configuration assembled alternately by different nanofilms based on van der Waals force can integrate the advantages of each isolated layer to exhibit unexpected performances as MSC film electrodes,which may be a novel option to ensure energy output.Herein,a mesoporous free-standing A-COF nanofilm(pore size is 3.9 nm,averaged thickness is 4.1 nm)with imine bond linkage and a microporous B-COF nanofilm(pore size is 1.5 nm,averaged thickness is 9.3 nm)withβ-keto-enamine-linkages are prepared,and for the first time,we assembly the two lattice matching films into sandwich-type superlattices via layer-by-layer transfer,in which ABA–COF superlattice stacking into a“nano-hourglass”steric configuration that can accelerate the dynamic charge transportation/accumulation and promote the sufficient redox reactions to energy storage.The fabricated flexible MSC–ABA–COF exhibits the highest intrinsic CV of 927.9 F cm^(−3) at 10 mV s^(−1) than reported two-dimensional alloy,graphite-like carbon and undoped COF-based MSC devices so far,and shows a bending-resistant energy density of 63.2 mWh cm^(−3) even after high-angle and repeat arbitrary bending from 0 to 180°.This work provides a feasible way to meet the demand for future miniaturization and wearable electronics.

Bending moment resistance of dowel corner joints in case-type furniture under diagonal compression load

We investigated bending moment resistance under diagonal compression load of comer doweled joints with plywood members. Joint members were made of ll-ply hardwood plywood of 19 mm thickness. Dowels were fabricated of Beech and Hornbeam species. Their diameters （6, 8 and 10 mm） and depths of penetration （9, 13 and 17 ram） in joint members were chosen variables in our experiment. By increasing the connector＇s diameter from 6 to 8 mm, the bending moment resistance under diagonal compressive load was increased, while it decreased when the diameter was increased from 8 to 10 mm. The bending moment re- sistance under diagonal compressive load was increased by increasing the dowel＇s depth of penetration. Joints made with dowels of Beech had higher resistance than dowels of Hornbeam. Highest resisting moment （45.18 N.m） was recorded for joints assembled with 8 mm Beech dowels penetrating 17 mm into joint members Lowest resisting moment （13.35 N.m） was recorded for joints assembled with 6 mm Hornbeam dowels and penetrating 9 mm into joint members.

Bending Resistance of Steel Plate-Reinforced Concrete Beam

The formulas for calculating bending-resistant capacity of a steel plate-reinforced concrete composite beam are derived. To validate the formulas, experiments of the composite beam under three-point bending are carried out. Calculated results based on the formulas are in good agreement with experimental results.

Bending moment resistance of corner joints constructed with spline under diagonal tension and compression

We determined the effects of the penetration depth and spline material and composite material type as well as joining method on bending moment resistance under diagonal compression and tension in common wood panel structures. Composite materials were laminated medium density fiberboard （MDF） and particleboard. Joining methods were butt and miter types. Spline materials were high density fiberboard （HDF）. The penetration depths of plywood, wood （Carpinus betolus） and spline were 8, 11 and 14 mm. The results showed that in both diagonal com- pression and tension, MDF joints are stronger than particleboard joints, and the bending moment resistance under compression is higher compared with that in tension. The highest bending moment resistance under tension was shown in MDF, butt joined using plywood spline with 8 mm penetration depth, whereas under compression bending moment resistance was seen in MDF, miter joined with the HDF spline of 14 mm penetration depth.

Pull-out tests and slope stability analyses of nailing systems comprising single and multi rebars with grouted cement

The pull-out capacities for soil nailing systems comprising of one single 29 mm diameter(type A) and four 16 mm diameter(type B) rebars with grouted cement were examined.A field test and numerical analysis for the type A and type B systems were carried out to investigate the pull-out capacities and the slope stability reinforcement efficiency in soil and rock slopes.The results of the pull-out tests show the mobilized shear force and load transfer characteristics with respect to soil depth.The load-displacement relationship was examined for both type A and type B systems.Slope stability analyses were carried out to study the relationships between soil and nail reinforcement and bending stiffness as well as combined axial tension and shear forces.Factors of safety were calculated in relation to the number of nails and their outside diameters.Both soil and rock slopes were included in this evaluation.

Effects of SiO_2 and TiO_2 on resistance stabilities of flexible indium-tin-oxide films prepared by ion assisted deposition

Inorganic buffer layers such as SiO2 or TiO2 and transparent conductive indium-tin-oxide （ITO） films were prepared on polyethylene terephthalate （PET） substrates by ion assisted deposition （IAD） at room temperature, and the effects of SiO2 and TiOzon the bending resistance performance of flexible ITO films were investigated. The results show that ITO films with SiO2 or TiO2 buffer layer have better resistance stabilities compared to ones without the buffer layer when the ITO films are inwards bent at a bending radius more than 1.2 cm and when the ITO films are outwards bent at a bending radius from 0.8 cm to 1.2 cm. 1TO films with SiO2 buffer layer have better resistance sta- bilities compared to ones with TiO2 buffer layer after the ITO fdms are bent several hundreds of cycles at the same bending radius, for the adhesion of SiO2 is stronger than that of TiO2. The compressive stress resulted from inward bending leads to the formation of more defects in the ITO films compared with the tensile stress arising from outward bending. SiO2 and TiO2 buffer layers can effectively improve the crystallinity of ITO films in （400）, （440） directions.

FLEXURAL CAPACITY OF RC BEAM STRENGTHENED WITH PRESTRESSED C/AFRP SHEETS

A method for strengthening concrete structures by prestressed intraply hybrid C/AFRP sheets(composed of aramid fiber and carbon fiber)is proposed,aiming at overcoming shortages of some current strengthening methods.The bending capacity of beams strengthened by prestressed intraply hybrid C/AFRP sheets is analysed.The result shows that the bending resistance,the extending performance and the economical efficiency of intraply hybrid fiber sheets are better than those of interlaminar hybrid fiber sheets and single-fiber sheets.Moreover,prestressed intraply hybrid C/AFRP sheets can improve the performance of the strengthened beam,effectively inhibit the expansion of the cracks,and reduce distortion and risk of early failure.

Road Performances of Mesoporous Nano-silica Modified Asphalt Binders

The objective of this paper was to find new modifier to improve the aging resistance and low temperature cracking resistance of asphalt. To investigate the aging resistance of modified asphalt binders, mesoporous nano-silica（doping Ti^（4＋）） was used as a asphalt modifier. Some physical properties including penetration, ductility, and softening point of asphalt were analyzed with RTFO（Rotating thin film oven） aging and ultraviolet aging. Moreover, the performances of high and low temperature of modified asphalt binders with pressure aging were tested by dynamic shear rheometer（DSR） test and bending beam rheometer（BBR） test. These results showed that the penetration decreased, low temperature ductility, and softening point increased when adding mesoporous nano-silica to base asphalt. After ultraviolet radiation aging, the penetration loss and ductility loss of modified asphalt decreased than that of original asphalt, the increase of softening point was also significantly reduced than that of base asphalt. Furthermore, The test results of DSR and BBR showed that the G＊sinδ and creep modulus‘s＇ of pressure aged asphalt decreased, but the creep rate ‘m＇ increased. It can be concluded that the aging resistance and cracking resistance of modified asphalt are improved by adding mesoporous nano-silica, especially the doping of Ti^（4＋） could improve the aging resistance obviously.

Bending Resistance and Anisotropy of Basalt Fibers Laminate Composite with Bionic Helical Structure

The appendages of mantis shrimp often bear bending loads from different directions during the in the process of preying on prey with its grazing limb.Hence,it has excellent bending resistance and isotropy to confront complex and changeable external load.The outstanding performance owes to the helical Bouligand structure with a certain interlayer corner,which is also widely found in other natural materials.Hence,the bio-inspired materials with basalt fiber are fabricated with outstanding bending resistance,isotropy and toughness.The research shows laminates with 18°interlayer corners exhibit relatively excellent bending resistance and isotropy,and the laminate with 11.25°interlayer corner has best toughness.Compared with traditional composites,average bending strength along different loading direction of bio-inspired materials increased by 28%,and anisotropy decreased by 86%.Besides,the maximum toughness of laminates can increase to 1.7 times of the original.Following the introduction of interlayer corners,the bio-inspired composite tends to be isotropic.To explore the reason for the change of the isotropic performance caused by diverse interlayer corners,the Finite Element Analysis based on classical laminate theory and Tsai–Wu and Tsai–Hill failure criterion.Besides,further experiments and observations are conducted to explore possible reasons.In conclusion,following the introduction of interlayer corners,the bio-inspired composites tend to be isotropic.This bio-inspired composites are expected to be applied to various complex modern engineering fields,such as vehicle,rail transit and aerospace.