Energy Saving and Emission Reduction Estimations of Electrified Railways in China

Based on the annual production data collected by the Statistic Center of the Ministry of Railways of the People＇s Republic of China, we calculated the energy saving and direct emission reductions of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm of electrified railways, and analyzed their dynamic characteristics during the period of 1975 2007. The results show that during this period, the annual mean values of energy saving is 1.23×10^6 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 4.267×10^6 t, 20.5×10^3 t, 3.0×10^3 t, 9.6×10^3 t, 67.9×10^3 t, and 6.9×10^3 t per year, respectively. The annual average increasing rates of energy saving is 139×10^3 tce, and direct emission reduction of CO2, soot, SO2, CO, NOx and CnHm are 483×10^3 t, 2.3×10^3 t, 0.34×10^3 t, 1.1×10^3 t, 7.7 ×10^3 t and 0.78×10^3 t per year, respectively. The electrified railways have played an important role in decreasing the energy consumption and air pollutant emissions of China＇s railway system. The results of this study could provide some reference knowledge for future reductions of energy consumption and waste gas emission in China＇s railway transportation.

Utilization of Livestock's Dejection as Biogas Origin in Building New Countryside in Heilongjiang Province--Developing Utilization of Biogas and Promoting Energy-saving and Emission Reduction

With the startup and execution of new socialistic countryside construction in Heilongjiang Province,the transition from castoff to resource is strengthened in the countryside,aiming at neat appearance of the countryside,clean production and saving energy.People produce biogas and provide the countryside with new energy by means of turning livestock＇s dejection into resources,composting of the plant and animal＇s leavings in the courtyard and even in the factory.It is helpful for the countryside to conserve the energy and reduce emission of the waste.And it also plays an important role in protecting the eco-environment,beautifying homestead and developing the ecological agriculture and so on.The liquid and solid residue in the biogas production can be reused as fertilizer for crops or food for animals after pretreatment,which is propitious to accelerate the development of the circular economy in Heilongjiang Province.

The development of slag processing technology and its impact on energy-saving and emission reduction in the metallurgical industry

This study provides an overview of the production and classification of metallurgical slag and its impact on energy-saving and emission reduction in the metallurgical industry and an analysis of the impact of key factors on slag processing technology, including a brief account of blast furnace（BF） slag processing and applications with a focus on the steel slag disposal processes and the features of some typical processes. In view of the characteristics of the basic oxygen furnace （BOF） slag and the technical difficulties faced by the traditional processes,it describes the principle,features and technical advantages of the Baosteel short-flow （BSSF） steel slag treatment process developed by Baosteel. The thinking and outlook on the direction of the development of the metallurgical slag processing process are stated.

A research of green taxation policy for promoting energy saving and emission reduction

It's been proved by theory and practice that taxation policy is one of the important means of realizing energy saving and emission reduction. The green taxation system in the Western countries has got better effects in energy saving and environmental protection. In the recent years, China has in succession released some taxation policies promoting energy saving and emission reduction, but still has a huge gap to meet the real needs of energy saving and emission reduction. By analyzing China's status quo of the polices of energy saving and emission reduction and drawing upon experiences of the developed countries about green taxation, this paper presents how to perfect ideas of China's energy saving and emission reduction taxation policies: adjusting taxes relevant to green taxation in the current taxation system, such as resource tax, consumer tax, and so on; collecting new environmental tax; perfecting the preferential taxation policies for the energy saving and environmental protection industries.

The Five-Year Plan: A new tool for energy saving and emissions reduction in China

China has achieved economic growth while great carbon emissions reduction in recent years. Amid China＇s effort to reduce emissions, the Five-Year Plans have guided and motivated local and foreign forces from the government, industries, and society to work together. This paper showed that a mediumehigh economic growth gate, industry structure adjustment, and energy structure adjustment, which are guaranteed under the Five-Year Plan, all contribute to energy saving in China. The economy entered a stable growing phase during the 12 th Five-Year Plan, while the economic growth rate declined to 7.8% from 11.2% in the 11 th Five-Year Plan. Simultaneously, the CO2 emissions growth rate declined from8.32%（2009-2012 mean） to 1.82%（2012-2014 mean）. Industrial structure adjustment canceled out nearly one-third of the CO2 emissions caused by economic growth. Under the 13 th Five-Year Plan, China will continue its energy saving efforts on the green development path, with greener quotas, a stricter implementation process, and more key projects.

Energy savings and CO_2 emission reduction by using geothermal heat pumps

The renewable energy will play significant role in the world primary energy consumption in the future. Geothermal energy is immense with 5 000 EJ/a of technical potential, and geothermal heat pumps (GHPs) are one of the fastest growing applications of renewable energy in the world with annual increases of 10 % and much faster in China. With high coefficient of performance (COP) up to 6, GHPs make efficiency of primary energy more than 240 % with assumed a 40 % of electricity generation efficiency, which means energy savings and CO2 emission reduction. In this paper,the geothermal resources and its utilization are talked about, and GHPs technology was introduced. Due to its high efficiency, there will be energy savings by using GHPs. There is also CO2 emission reduction because of using geothermal heat pumps, which is analyzed in the end.

A multi-objective train-scheduling optimization model considering locomotive assignment and segment emission constraints for energy saving

Energy saving and emission reduction for railway systems should not only be studied from a technical perspective but should also be focused on management and economics. On the basis of relevant trainscheduling models for train operation management, in this paper we introduce an extended multi-objective trainscheduling optimization model considering locomotive assignment and segment emission constraints for energy saving. The objective of setting up this model is to reduce the energy and emission cost as well as total passenger- time. The decision variables include continuous variables such as train arrival and departure time, and binary vari- ables such as locomotive assignment and segment occu- pancy. The constraints are concerned with train movement, trip time, headway, and segment emission, etc. To obtain a non-dominated satisfactory solution on these objectives, a fuzzy multi-objective optimization algorithm is employed to solve the model. Finally, a numerical example is performed and used to compare the proposed model with the existing model. The results show that the proposed model can reduce the energy consumption, meet exhausts emission demands effectively by optimal locomotive assignment, and its solution methodology is effective.

Study on Objectives and Strategies for Energy Conservation and Emission Reduction in Transportation Industry during the 13th Five-Year Plan Period in Beijing

Facing increasing passenger and cargo transport demand and limited re-source in the 13th Five-Year period, how to make a breakthrough and substantial progress has become a key issue on planning and the Top-level Design. In this paper we judged and analyzed the current development and potential demand of the energy saving and emission reduction in Beijing traffic industry. Through application of energy and emission prediction model which based on the vehicle activity data, the development goals of “one drop, double control, and triple upgrade” have been put forward. In order to achieve the goal, “5 + 1” development strategies should be implemented, and we also proposed the thinking and recommendations on sustainable development of transportation.

Evaluation of Energy-Efficiency Standards for Room Air Conditioners in the US

This article describes an analysis of the energy and economic impacts of possible energy efficiency standards for room air conditioners on both U.S. consumers and the nation as a whole. We used two metrics to determine the effect of standards on a representative sample of U.S. consumers: life-cycle cost change and payback period. For the national impact analysis, we evaluated national energy savings attributable to each potential standard, the monetary value of the energy savings to consumers of room air conditioners, the increased total installed costs because of standards, and the net present value of the difference between the value of energy savings and increased total installed costs. Our analysis indicates that standards for room air conditioners at efficiency level 3, which is 17% more efficient than today’s typical unit in the case of room air conditioners less than 6000 Btu/h with louvers and 12% more efficient in the case of room air conditioners 8000 - 13,999 Btu/h with louvers, would save close to one quad of energy over 30 years and have a net present value of consumer benefit of between ?$0.14 billion and $1.82 billion, depending on the discount rate. In addition, such standards would reduce carbon dioxide emissions and NOx emissions.

Prediction and Analysis on Short-term Load of Power System Based on LSTM

Effective short-term prediction of regional voltage load is of great significance to the implementation of energy saving and emission reduction policies in China.Accurate prediction of real-time demand voltage can reduce power waste and carbon emissions,make outstanding contributions to delaying global climate warming,and is conducive to global environmental protection and sustainable development.On the short-term load forecasting of power system,a variant model of RNN-LSTM is tested in this paper.It effectively solves the problem of gradient explosion and disappearance caused by large amount of data input in classical RNN.On the basis of this model,optimization experiments are carried out under different super parameters to achieve better prediction results.The experimental results show that the accuracy of test set reaches 99.8%,which proves that the method proposed in this paper has certain reference value.

A Self-Powered Energy-Saving Epidemic Prevention Tent

The current situation of the epidemic is complex and changeable.Under the China adherence to the“dynamic zero clearance,”epidemic prevention and control is closely related to all walks of life,and epidemic prevention awning has become one of the essential basic epidemic prevention facilities.However,most of the epidemic awnings are manufactured for the isolation and protection from wind and rain,which could not meet the needs of electricity allocation during emergencies.Therefore,our goal is to design a new energy-saving epidemic prevention tent that is green,stable,and easy to shrink.It is equipped with multiple energy storage and multivariate methods to achieve self-supply of electric energy.First the“1+1”arrangement design of solar power panels on the anti-epidemic tent and pressure power panels combined with the design of pressure power panels under the tent can receive various energy inputs.At the same time,retractable brackets are designed under the four pillars,which are easy to fold and enhance the stability of the canopy.The utilization of energy is more diversified to achieve the purpose of energy conservation and emission reduction.Its market value is broad,and the development prospect is good.

一种利用OFDM 系统无线信道相位响应的密钥提取方案

针对无线通信系统中利用信道特征提取密钥效率较低的问题，提出了一种利用正交频分复用（OFDM）系统无线信道相位响应的密钥提取方案，该方案首先利用相位随机化的信号对信道相位响应进行探测，并且随机选择一个合法节点对探测得到的信道相位进行量化生成初始密钥；其次，将初始密钥进行映射和预均衡处理后发送给对方节点，实现初始密钥的安全分发；最后，合法双方通过信息协商和保密增强获得安全密钥。该方案充分利用了无线信道相位响应的随机性和互易性，只需要一个合法节点来量化产生初始密钥，减少了量化处理，提升了密钥提取性能，同时由于信道相位响应对于收发端之间的距离十分敏感，保证了该方案的安全性。仿真结果表明当信噪比为 10d B 时，与已有的基于信道相位和信道幅度的密钥提取方案相比，所提方案的密钥容量分别增加 34%和 1.7 倍，密钥不一致率分别降低 37%和 63%，密钥产生速率分别提高 6.6%和 17%，同时所提方案生成的密钥通过了 NIST 随机性测试。

降低复杂难处理硫铁矿焙烧系统SO_(3)发生率的应用研究

由于硫铁矿成分复杂,处理难度大,在硫铁矿制酸系统焙烧过程中易产生大量SO_(3)气体。这就对生产过程的操作和过程指标的控制提出了更高的要求。SO_(3)的高发生率增加了硫酸废水处理工艺的成本,提高了烟气的露点温度,加剧了排气系统中设备的腐蚀,降低了电除尘器的除尘效率。研究如何降低复杂难处理的硫铁矿焙烧系统SO_(3)发生率,提高资源的利用率,实现节能减排,不但具有较好的经济收益,同时还有较好的环保效益。本文拟从焙烧过程的反应机理、焙烧过程的沸腾状况、出口氧浓度的检测和焙烧工艺的优化等方面展开分析研究,以实现降低SO_(3)发生率的目的。

探究冷瓶机与超高温瞬杀热能综合利用方法

随着饮料生产工艺的不断发展,提高能源利用效率并降低生产过程中的碳排放已成为行业关注的核心问题。在果汁饮料的热灌装生产中,超高温瞬杀技术用于杀菌,而冷瓶机则用于快速降温。然而,现有的加热与降温工艺彼此独立,未实现热能的有效循环利用。本文提出了一种冷瓶机与超高温瞬杀热能综合利用方法,通过阶段式热能回收与动态调节机制,构建热能闭环利用系统。经过客户现场试验表明,该方法显著降低了蒸汽和冷媒的使用量,优化了冷瓶机的能量负担,实现了节能减排目标,为饮料生产过程的可持续发展提供了重要支持。

纯电驱挖掘机动臂与斗杆复合能量回收系统

为改善液压挖掘机能效,提出一种纯电驱挖掘机的动臂与斗杆复合能量回收系统。采用液压蓄能器作为储能单元,回收动臂下降和斗杆内收过程中的重力势能;能量再生过程中,蓄能器释放高压油驱动与电动机同轴连接的变排量液压马达,辅助主电机驱动主泵,减少电动机能耗。分析所提系统工作原理,建立系统数学模型和多学科联合仿真模型,对采用所提系统的动臂和斗杆运行特性、重力势能回收效果和节能效果进行分析。结果表明:与传统电液流量匹配系统相比,动臂重力势能回收利用效率为62.1%,主电机能耗减少36.3%;斗杆重力势能回收效率为48.5%,主电机能耗减少22.1%。

空气源热泵与市政热力双热源供暖系统设计与运行分析

介绍了北京市某项目的供暖节能改造,从减少投资成本、降低后期维护费用、缩短投资回收期及应对极端天气的角度,因地制宜地选择了低温空气源热泵与市政热力双热源运行方案。改造完成后,通过1个供暖季的运行,与传统市政蒸汽供暖系统相比,双热源供暖系统能源消耗总量减少了49.4%、供暖费用减少了650084.23元,充分验证了双热源供暖方案的节能减排效果,为供暖节能改造提供了新思路。

分段进水SBR工艺处理高负荷城镇污水

该文以某SBR工艺的城镇污水处理厂为研究对象,探讨了分段进水的工艺优化及自控系统的升级改造。结果表明,采用分段进水能有效解决高负荷城镇污水中氨氮降解迟滞的问题,减污降碳效果显著。在全流程分析中,分段等量进水相比于正常进水,其含氮污染物减少了41.9%。在实际运行过程中,出水水质得到进一步改善,处理水量及出水稳定性显著提高,处理水量同比增加12.0%,总氮去除率由88.2%提升至91.3%,COD污染物削减量增加1 061 t,同比提高24.3%。此外,分段进水在节能方面表现出显著优势,综合电单耗为0.427 kW·h/m^(3),同比降低5.32%;生产药剂中的碳源单耗减少13.28%,除磷药剂单耗降低8.97%。

节能减排技术在城市建设中的的应用分析

随着城市化进程的加速,城市化带来的能源消耗与环境污染问题日益严重。基于此,文章提出了一种基于改进YOLOv5s的城市道路照明节能控制系统,该系统通过高清摄像头、目标检测芯片、控制芯片和调光控制器的协同工作,以实现对城市路灯照明强度的智能调节。研究结果表明,相较于传统路灯,该系统能够降低35.2%的能耗,与无法调节输出功率的LED灯具相比,能耗降低了14.1%。

预制装配式建筑在节能减排中的应用及效益分析

在全球对节能减排的呼声不断高涨的背景下,装配式建筑作为一种新型的绿色建造方式,在建筑业得到了越来越广泛地关注。采用工厂化生产、现场快速拼装的装配式建筑,既可大幅提升施工效率和品质,又可有效降低工地能源消耗与废弃物排放。文章对装配式建筑在节能减排中的作用和所产生的效益进行了分析。本文首先对装配式建筑的基本概念、技术特征进行了综述;其次是研究装配式建筑在节能、减排和减少建筑废弃物等领域的具体应用。文章同时对装配式建筑的整体效益作了全面的评估。

半导体自动化点胶设备加热结构能耗规律分析

随着微电子领域热熔胶广泛应用,加热设备能耗和效率成为生产考虑的必要因素,在提升加热效率和节能减排之间合理分配,对我国日益庞大的半导体产业具有重要意义。以半导体点胶生产常用热熔胶为试验对象,分析加热结构在不同加热功率下,胶水达到指定温度所需时间变化规律,得到加热结构随加热功率增加对加热效率的影响关系。研究结果表明,当加热功率达到或趋近某一临界值时,加热结构的能量耗散成为影响升温速度的主导因素,加热效率将不再增加。