Dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oils combination enhances intestinal resilience against LPS stimulation in weaned piglets

Background The benefits of combining benzoic acid and essential oils(BAO)to mitigate intestinal impairment during the weaning process have been well established,while the detailed underlying mechanism has not been fully elucidated.Previous research has primarily focused on the reparative effects of BAO on intestinal injury,while neglecting its potential in enhancing intestinal stress resistance.Methods In this study,we investigated the pre-protective effect of BAO against LPS-induced stress using a modified experimental procedure.Piglets were pre-supplemented with BAO for 14 d,followed by a challenge with LPS or saline to collect blood and intestinal samples.Results Our findings demonstrated that BAO supplementation led to significant improvements in piglets’final weight,average daily gain,and feed intake/body gain ratio.Additionally,BAO supplementation positively influenced the composition of intestinal microbiota,increasing beneficial Actinobacteriota and Alloprevotella while reducing harmful Desulfobacterota,Prevotella and Oscillospira.Furthermore,BAO supplementation effectively mitigated oxidative disturbances and inflammatory responses induced by acute LPS challenge.This was evidenced by elevated levels of T-AOC,SOD,and GSH,as well as decreased levels of MDA,TNF-α,and IL-6 in the plasma.Moreover,piglets subjected to LPS challenge and pre-supplemented with BAO exhibited significant improvements in intestinal morphological structure and enhanced integrity,as indicated by restored expression levels of Occludin and Claudin-1 compared to the non-supplemented counterparts.Further analysis revealed that BAO supplementation enhanced the jejunal antioxidative capacity by increasing GSH-Px levels and decreasing MDA levels under the LPS challenge and stimulated the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway.Additionally,the reduction of TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways activation and proinflammatory factor were also observed in the jejunal of those piglets fed with BAO.Conclusions In summary,our study demonstrates that pre-supplementation of BAO enhances the anti-stress capacity of weaned piglets by improving intestinal microbiota composition,reinforcing the intestinal barrier,and enhancing antioxidative and anti-inflammatory capabilities.These effects are closely associated with the activation of Nrf2 and TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK signaling pathways.

Syntheses,Crystal Structures,and Fluorescence Properties of Three Coordination Polymers Constructed Based on Benzoic Acid and Its Derivatives

Three new different dimensional coordination polymers, namely, [Zn(BA-)2(4,4?-bib)-1.5]n(1), [Zn(4-Br BA-)2(1,4-bmb)]n(2) and [Mn(4-Br BA)2(4,4?-bib)]n(3) have been assembled through the mixed-ligand synthetic strategy(4-HBr BA = 4-bromobenzoic acid, HBA = benzoic acid, 1,4-bmb = 1,4-bis(1 H-imidazol-4-yl)benzene, 4,4?-bib = 4,4?-bis(imidazolyl)biphenyl). Their structures have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analyses and further characterized by elemental analyses(EA), powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD), and thermogravimetric(TG) analyses. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis reveals that the crystals of complexes 1~3 are all in triclinic systems, space group P1. Complexes 1 and 2 are 0D binuclear structures, and 3 is a 1 D chain. Moreover, the solid state fluorescence properties of 1 and 2 have been investigated.

Antifungal Activity and Toxicity of the 3,4,5-Trihydroxybenzoic and 3,4,5-Tris(Acetyloxy)Benzoic Acids

Invasive fungal infections have been gaining notoriety due to several factors, mainly their increasing incidence in immunocompromised patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antifungal activity and toxicity of the 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid (3,4,5-THB) and of its derivative, the 3,4,5-tris(acetyloxy)benzoic acid (3,4,5-TAB). The 3,4,5-THB was purchased and its derivative was obtained by purifying and characterizing performed using semisynthesis reactions (esterification), recrystallization, column chromatography and infrared analytical techniques and nuclear magnetic resonance. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum lethal concentration (MLC) were determined in order to evaluate the antifungal activity of the compounds against four clinical isolates and four standard strains of Candida sp. and five clinical isolates of dermatophytes, following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute protocols. The toxicity of the compounds was evaluated by determining the lethal dosis (LD50) using lethality assay of Artemia salina. The most sensitive yeasts to the 3,4,5-THB were C. albicans ATCC 10231 and C. krusei ATCC 6258, both presenting a MIC of 128 μg·mL-1. For Trichophyton sp. and Epidermophyton floccosum, the MIC was 32 μg·mL-1. The 3,4,5-TAB showed a lower inhibitory activity against Candida and dermatophyte species tested. The LD50 of 3,4,5-THB was 222.60 μg·mL-1 and the 3,4,5-TAB showed 481.69 μg·mL-1 of LD50. In conclusion, the 3,4,5-trihydroxybenzoic acid showed antifungal activity against species of medical importance, mainly dermatophytosis-causing fungi, and the 3,4,5-tris(acetyloxy)benzoic acid showed no increasing antifungal activity and toxicity in relation to the original compound.

Effects of benzoic acid(Vevo Vitall) on the performance and jejunal digestive physiology in young pigs

Background: As a organic acid, benzoic acid has become one of the most important alternatives for antibiotics,and its beneficial effect on performance in animals has been proven for a decade. However, knowledge of the effects of benzoic acid on jejunal digestive physiology, especially the antioxidant capacity and mucosal glucagon-like peptide2(GLP-2) concentrations is lacking.Methods: A total of 20 barrows [Duroc ×(Yorkshire × Landrace)] with an average body weight(BW) of 18.75 ± 0.2 kg were used in a 14-d trial to determine the potential mechanisms of benzoic acid supplementation on the performance,nutrient digestibility and jejunal digestive physiology in young pigs. All pigs were randomly allotted to 1 of 2 diets supplemented with 0 or 5000 mg/kg benzoic acid.Results: Relative to the control, benzoic acid supplementation increased the average daily feed intake(ADFI), and average daily gain(ADG) in young pigs(P < 0.05), improved the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter(DM),crude protein(CP), ether extract(EE), gross energy(GE) and crude ash(P < 0.05), and enhanced the activities of trypsin,lipase and amylase in the jejunum(P < 0.05). Similarly, relative to the control, supplementing benzoic acid in the diet resulted in a trend to reduce the p H values of the digesta(P = 0.06), decreased crypt depth and increased the villus height to crypt depth ratio(P < 0.05) in the jejunum of pigs. Finally, benzoic acid supplementation increased the mR NA expression and concentration of glucagon-like peptide 2 and the activities of glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in the jejunal mucosa of young pigs(P < 0.05).Conclusions: In conclusion, supplementation with 5000 mg/kg benzoic acid improved the performance of young pigs through promoting nutrient digestion, improving jejunal antioxidant capacity, and maintaining the jejunal morphology in young pigs.

Chemiluminescence Determination of Benzoic Acid Using A Solid-Phase Verdigris Reactor

A new chemiluminescence flow system has been developed for sequential determina-tion of benzoic acid based on the reaction of the compound with copper carbonate entrapped in a solid-phase reactor. It was found that the unsaturated complex of Cu(II) and benzoic acid (1:1) has strong catalytic effect on the luminol-H2O2 chemiluminescence reaction. The calibration graph is linear over the range of 0.025 ~ 60 μg/mL of benzoic acid, with a relative standard deviation of less than 3.0 %, and the detection limit is 0.01μg@mL-1. The proposed method was applied to the determination of benzoic acid content in different pharmaceutical formulations.

Two Co(Ⅱ)Coordination Polymers Based on 3,5-Di(4H-1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)benzoic Acid Ligand:Syntheses,Structures and Magnetic Property

Two Co(Ⅱ) coordination polymers, namely [Co(L)Cl]_n(1) and [Co(L)(CH_3 COO)]_n(2), {HL = 3,5-di(4 H-1,2,4-triazole-4-yl)benzoic acid}, were synthesized under hydrothermal conditions. Compound 1 crystallizes in orthorhombic system, space group Pmma with a = 7.032(5), b = 11.555(8), c = 8.185(5) ?, V = 665.1(7) ?~3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.746 g/cm3~, F(000) = 350, Mr = 349.61, μ = 1.504 mm^(-1), the final R = 0.0568 and w R = 0.1739 for 2312 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). Compound 2 crystallizes in orthorhombic system, space group Pmma with a = 7.7505(17), b = 11.391(3), c = 8.0298(18) ?, V = 708.9(3) ?~3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.748 g/cm^3, F(000) = 378, Mr = 373.20, μ = 1.245 mm-1, the final R = 0.0350 and w R = 0.0873 for 5239 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). Single-crystal X-ray analyses revealed that complexes 1 and 2 exhibit similar 2 D layer structures with uncoordinated carboxyl as dangling arms. The neighboring layers are further connected by these arms, leading to interest 2 D → 3 D polythreading frameworks. Moreover, the magnetic susceptibility study indicates compound 1 exhibits antiferromagnetic behavior.

PROPERTIES AND THERMODYNAMICS OF ADSORPTION OF BENZOIC ACID ONTO XAD-4 AND A WATER-COMPATIBLE HYPERCROSSLINKED ADSORBENT

The adsorption behavior of benzoic acid onto a water-compatible hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent NJ-8 was compared with that onto macroporous Amberlite XAD-4. This paper focuses on the static equilibrium adsorption behaviors,the adsorption thermodynamics and the column dynamic adsorption profiles. Five isotherm models are used to fit the results.This shows that the Freundlich equation can give a perfect fit. The specific surface area of NJ-8 is about as high as that of Amberlite XAD-4, but the adsorbing capacity for benzoic acid on NJ-8 is about 14.9%-64.8% higher than that on Amberlite XAD-4, which is attributed to its microporous mechanism and partial polarity. The negative values of the adsorption enthalpy are indicative of an exothermic process. Both enthalpy and free energy changes of adsorption manifest a physical sorption process. The negative values of the adsorption entropy indicate that adsorption is well consistent with the restricted mobilities and the configurations of the adsorbed molecules on the surface of the studied adsorbents with superficial heterogeneity. Both adsorbents were used in mini-column experiments to demonstrate the higher breakthrough adsorbing capacity of the hypercrosslinked polymeric adsorbent NJ-8 to benzoic acid, as compared with that of Amberlite XAD-4.

Effect of manganese and potassium addition on CeO_2-Al_2O_3 catalyst for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde

A series of Mn/CeO2-Al2O3 and K/CeO2-Al2O3 catalysts for hydrogenation of benzoic acid to benzaldehyde were prepared to investigate the effect of Mn, K addition on CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and H2-temperature-programmed reduction (H2-TPR) results suggested that the interaction between CeO2 and MnOx enhanced the reducibility of catalysts and therefore benzoic acid conversion. The addition of K increased the number of basic number on the catalyst which leads to a high selectivity to benzaldehyde, but excessive addition imposed negative effects on the catalyst performance. A Mn-K/CeO2-Al2O3 catalyst was developed and investigated in the reaction. The simultaneous addition of Mn and K enhanced not only the catalytic activity but also the capacity to resist the coke formation over catalyst.

A New Luminescent Cd(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymer Constructed with 2-(Carboxymethoxy) benzoic Acid

In this work, we synthesized a new Cd(Ⅱ) coordination polymer, [Cd(L)(cmb)H_2O]· H_2O(1), by using mixed 2-(carboxymethoxy)benzoic acid(H2 cmb) and typical chelating N-donor ligands 2-(2-fluoro-6-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline ligand(L). 1 crystallizes in monoclinic, space group P21/c with a = 17.6150(8), b = 9.7811(4), c = 18.1603(8) ?, β = 118.9150(10)o, V = 2738.9(2) ?~3, Z = 4, C28 H20 CdF2 N4 O7, Mr = 674.88, Dc = 1.637 g/cm3, F(000) = 1352, μ(Mo Ka) = 0.865 mm–1, R = 0.0643 and w R = 0.1976. In 1, the cmb2– anions link neighboring Cd(Ⅱ) atoms in a bis-chelating mode, yielding a one-dimensional chain structure along the b axis. The L ligands are attached on one side of the chain through chelating the Cd(Ⅱ) atoms, and are stacked with those of an adjacent chain through π-π interactions to generate a one-dimensional double-chain structure. Furthermore, the one-dimensional double-chains are stacked by C–H???π interactions between the carbon atom of L ligand and the benzene ring of cmb2–ligand to give a layer structure. Moreover, the solid state luminescent property of 1 was also investigated at room temperature.

Solid-Liquid Equilibria of Benzoic Acid Derivatives in 1-Octanol

在 1-octanol 的安息香的酸衍生物的稳固液体的平衡首先在这篇文章被决定。用监视观察技术， 0-amino-benzoic 酸的溶解度数据， p-amino-benzoic 酸， 0-chloro-benzoic 酸，和 m-nitro-benzoic 的激光，在 1-octanol 的酸被 polythermal 方法在 20 50 ° C 的温度范围测量。试验性的数据是有威尔森方程和λ H 方程的 regressed。试验性的结果证明在 1-octanol 的四化学药品的溶解度与温度显著地增加了。结果显示分子的结构和相互作用显著地影响溶解度。安息香的酸衍生物的溶解度顺序如下：m-nitro-benzoic 酸 】 0-chloro-benzoic 酸 】 0-amino-benzoic 酸 】 p-amino-benzoic 酸。威尔森方程和λ H 方程在对试验性的数据的好同意。

1D Lanthanide Coordination Polymers Based on 3-(Pyridin-4-yl)benzoic Acid: Syntheses, Structures and Luminescent Properties

Four novel 1D lanthanide coordination polymers with formula [Ln(3,4-pybz)3(H2O)2· H2O]n (Ln = 1 Sm; 2 Eu; 3 Tb; 4 Dy, 3,4-Hpybz = 3-(pyridin-4-yl)benzoic acid) have been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions of lanthanide oxide and 3-(pyridine-4-yl) benzoic acid. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction shows that the four compounds are isostructural. They all crystallize in a monoclinic system, space group P1. They have a doubly carboxylate-bridged infinite-chain structure with alternating Ln-(carboxylate)2-Ln linkages and one chelating carboxylate group on each metal center. The Ln ion also combines to two water molecules to form an eight-coordinate square antiprismatic geometry. The pyridine nitrogen atoms of the ligand do not coordinate to the metal centers but direct the formation of a 3D network through hydrogen bonding with coordinated water molecules. The photoluminescent properties of 2 and 3 have been also studied.

Crystal Structure, Thermal Behavior and Luminescence of a New Copper Coordination Polymer Constructed with 4-(Carboxymethoxy)-benzoic Acid

A new Cu(Ⅱ) coordination polymer, [Cu(L1)(L2)](1), was synthesized under hydrothermal conditions(H_2L1 = 4-(carboxymethoxy)benzoic acid, L2 = 2-(4-fluorophenyl)-1 H-imidazo[4,5-f][1,10]phenanthroline). Crystallographic data for 1: triclinic, space group P1 with a = 9.750(5), b = 10.148(5), c = 12.869(5) ?, α = 104.904(5), β = 102.133(5), γ = 95.219(5)°, V = 1188.7(10) ?~3, Z = 2, C_(28)H_(17)FN_4O_5Cu, Mr = 572.01, D_c = 1.598 g/cm^3, F(000) = 582, μ(MoKa) = 0.977 mm^(-1), R = 0.0474 and w R = 0.1144. The TGA behaviors and luminescence of 1 have been studied in detail. The L1 dianions link neighboring Cu(Ⅱ) atoms in a bis-chelating mode, yielding a one-dimensional chain structure along the b axis. The L2 ligands are attached on one side of the chain through chelating the Cu(Ⅱ) atoms, and are stacked with those of an adjacent chain through π-π interactions, yielding a layer structure. Additionally, the N–H???O hydrogen bonds further stabilize the structure of 1.

A New Nickel(Ⅱ) Coordination Compound Constructed by Pyridyl-triazole and Oxybis(Benzoic Acid): Synthesis,Crystal Structure and the Effect on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate

A new energetic complex, Ni(3,4'-Hbpt)2(Hoba)2(H2O)2(3,4'-Hbpt = 3-(3-pyridyl)-5-(4'-pyridyl)-1-H-1,2,4-triazole and H2 oba = 4,4'-oxybis(benzoic acid)), has been synthesized by hydrothermal reaction and characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, single-crystal X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analyses and X-ray powder diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis indicates that the complex belongs to the monoclinic system, space group P21/c with a = 10.2357(9), b = 24.594(2), c = 10.4225(9) A, β = 114.0110(10)°, V = 2396.7(4) A3, Dc =1.460 g/cm3, μ = 0.482 mm-1, Mr = 1053.63, F(000) = 1088, Z = 2, the final R = 0.0358 and wR =0.0973 with I > 2σ(I). Both 3,4'-Hbpt and H2 oba ligands adopt monodentate modes linking one Ni(II)ion to form a 0D motif. Furthermore, the 0D motifs are linked into a 3D supramolecular architecture with hydrogen bonds. In addition, the catalytic performance for thermal decomposition of the efficacy of ammonium perchlorate(AP) is explored by differential scanning calorimetry(DSC),which indicates that the complex is a good candidate for a promoter of the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate.

A Green Synthesis of 2-Ethylanthraquinone by Dehydration of 2-(4'-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic Acid over Solid Acid Catalysts

The dehydration of 2-(4′-ethylbenzoyl) benzoic acid (BE acid) to 2-ethylanthraquinone (2-EAQ) was investigated over solid acid catalysts. The results showed that H-beta zeolite catalyst modified by dilute HNO3 solution exhibited an excellent performance. In our study, the conversion of BE acid can reach 96.7%, and the selectivity to 2-EAQ is up to 99.6%.

A One-dimensional Pseudo-helical Coordination Polymer with 4,4′-(Hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(benzoic acid)

The title complex [Zn2(hfipbb)2(2,2′-bpy)2]n 1 has been hydrothermally synthesized from Zn(NO3)2·6H2O, 4,4′-(hexafluoroisopropylidene)bis(benzoic acid) and 2,2′-bipyridine. Single-crystal X-ray analysis reveals that 1 presents a one-dimensional coordination polymer with pseudo-helical chain structure. Two Zn(Ⅱ) atoms in an unsymmetrical unit of 1 adopt distorted octahedral and square-pyramidal coordination geometries, respectively. The packing of parallel chains gives a three-dimensional supramolecular network supported by π…π stacking interactions. Crystal data: C54H32F12N4O8Zn2, Mr = 1223.58, monoclinic, space group P21/c, a = 27.557(6), b = 16.751(3), c = 11.350(2), β = 99.21(3)°, V = 5171.5(18)3, Z = 4, Dc = 1.572 g/cm3, F(000) = 2464, μ = 1.030 mm-1, the final R = 0.0552 and wR = 0.1070 for 6631 observed reflections (I > 2σ(I)).

Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Luminescent Property and DNA-Binding of a Cadmium Complex with 2,4-Bis-oxyacetate-benzoic Acid

A complex [Cd2Na2(BOABA)2(H2O)8]·H2O(1) was synthesized by using 2,4-bisoxyacetate-benzoic acid(H3BOABA) and Cd(OH)2. It was characterized by elemental analysis, IR spectra, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Complex 1 shows a two-dimensional 3-connected rigid plane. The interactions between the ligand and its complex with DNA were studied by Et Br fluorescence probe. Photoluminescent studies indicate that the complex may be excellent candidates for potential photoactive materials.

Two Tetranuclear Zinc(Ⅱ) Coordination Polymers Based on 3,5-Bis(2-carboxylphenoxy)benzoic Acid with Highly Selective Sensing of Nitrobenzene

Two novel zinc(Ⅱ) coordination polymers, [Zn_2(BCB)(CH_3OH)(μ_3-OH)]n(1) and {[Zn_2(BCB)(μ_3-OH)(H_2O)_2]·CH_3OH}n (2), have been constructed from 3,5-bis(2-carboxylphenoxy)benzoic acid(H_3BCB) and characterized by elemental analysis(EA), IR, powder X-ray diffraction(PXRD), and thermogravimetric(TG) analyses. Structural analysis reveals that complexes 1 and 2 are both 1D polymeric chains with unprecedented tetranuclear {Zn_4(COO)_4(μ_3-OH)_2} clusters, which were further expanded into a 2D structure. Fluorescence measurements show that 1 and 2 have highly selective and sensitive detection of nitrobenzene.

Development on the Technique of Total Recovery of Benzoic Acid Residue

Benzoic acid residue is solid waste produced from the production of benzoic acid by oxidizing toluene.Because it contained important chemical raw materials such as benzoic acid,benzyl benzoate and fluorenone,it is necessary to recover them from the residue.In this work the technique featured with high efficiency evaporation and vacuum distillation was developed to obtain total recovery and utilization of the benzoic acid residue.By controlling the operation temperature at 260℃ and the pressure of 16kPa in the rising and falling film evaporators,heavy components separated efficiently from the residue can be polymerized and the light components consisting of 63% of the residue entered into a benzoic acid vacuum distillation column.Keeping the temperature of polymerization at(280±10)℃,coumarone resin was produced after adjusting the softening point according to the market requirements.Vacuum distillation was operated under the following conditions:top temperature at 186℃,top pressure of 16kPa,bottom temperature at 240-250℃,reflux ratio being 3︰1.Benzoic acid of 98% purity was distilled out from the column as a side stream and the bottom product was crude benzyl benzoate.By the developed technique,the benzoic acid residue was splitted into three products,benzoic acid,crude benzyl benzoate and coumarone resin without any surplus waste.

Hydrogen-bonding Networks in Cocrystal of Melamine and 4-Fluoro-benzoic Acid

A novel interpenetrating structure [(HMA + )(FB – )]·2H 2 O of melamine(MA) with 4-fluoro-benzoic acid (HFB) was synthesized. It crystallized in the monoclinic system with space group P2 1 /c. The complex has a interpenetrating 2D structure with hydrogen-bonded grid networks. Carboxylic acid to melamine proton transfer occurs in the complex. The adjacent HMA + cations related by an inverse center form cationic [HMA + ] ∞ ribbons via a pair of N―H···N hydrogen bonds. Adjacent FB – anions are paired by C―H···F hydrogen bonds to form dimers, which are connected to [HMA + ] ∞ ribbons through N―H···O interactions. The supramolecular features in the complex are guided by control of strong N―H···N, N―H···O and O―H···O hydrogen bonds, as well as highly directional weak C―H···F interactions and aromatic π···π stacking interactions.