Chitin synthesis inhibitors： old molecules and new developments

Chitin is the most abundant natural aminopolysaccharide and serves as a structural component of extracellular matrices. It is found in fungal septa, spores, and cell walls, and in arthropod cuticles and peritrophic matrices, squid pens, mollusk shells, nematode egg shells, and some protozoan cyst walls. As prokaryotes, plants and vertebrates including humans do not produce chitin, its synthesis is considered as an attractive target site for fungicides, insecticides, and acaricides. Although no chitin synthesis inhibitor has been developed into a therapeutic drug to treat fungal infections in humans, a larger number of compounds have been successfully launched worldwide to combat arthropod pests in agriculture and forestry. This review summarizes the latest advances on the mode of action of chitin synthesis inhibitors with a special focus on those molecules that act on a postcatalytic step of chitin synthesis.

HPLC-DAD data coupled with second-order calibration method applied to food analysis: Simultaneous determination of six benzoylurea insecticides in various fruit samples by selecting time region of chromatogram

This work presents a novel application of second-order calibration based on self-weighted alternating trilinear decomposition(SWATLD)algorithm for analyzing the HPLC-DAD data.The proposed method makes it possible to simultaneously determine teflubenzuron,hexaflumuron,flufenoxuron,chlorfluazuron,diflubenzuron and benzoylurea in different fruit samples,i.e.pear,apple and banana,in the selected time region of chromatogram.The concentration,elution time and spectral information of these benzoylurea insecticides are selectively extracted from complex matrices even in the presence of unknown interferences.The root-mean-square error of prediction(RMSEP)and figures of merit,including sensitivity(SEN),selectivity(SEL)and limit of detection(LOD)are employed to access the performance of the method.The LODs obtained for these insecticides are within the range 0.017–0.26 ppm in pears,0.039–0.33 ppm in apples,0.041–0.44 ppm in bananas,respectively.Such a chemometrics-based protocol holds great potential to be extended as a promising alternative for more practical applications in food safety and quality monitoring.

Synthesis, Bioactivities and Structure Activity Relationship of N-4-Methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbonyl-N＇.phenyl Ureas

Twenty nine novel N-4-methyl-1,2,3-thiadiazole-5-carbonyl-N＇-phenyl ureas were designed and synthesized, and their structures were confirmed by proton nuclear magnetic resonance （1H NMR）, infra red spectroscopy （IR） and high-resolution mass spectroscopy （HRMS）. Compounds V-9, V-11, V-12, V-15, V-19, V-21, V-22 and V-24 exhibit excellent activity against Culex pipiens pallens. Compounds V-12 and V-22 present good insecticidal activity against Plutella xylostella L. Their median lethal concentrations （LC50） are 164.15 and 89.69 mg-L^-1, respec- tively. Compound V-11 also has potential wide spectrum of fungicide activity. Its median effective concentrations （ECs0） detected from 3.82 μg·mL 1 against Physalospora piricola to 31.60 μg·mL-i against Cercospora arachidi- cola. Compounds V-15 and V-24 show outstanding induction activities as same as positive controls TDL and ning- nanmycin, furthermore V-24 has the highest induction activity of 41.85%±4.43%. To elucidate the structure activity relationship in these compounds, a 3D-QSAR model has been built. The established model showed a reliable predicting ability with q2 values of 0.643 and r2 values of 0.982.

Poly(vinylidene fluoride) membrane based thin film microextraction for enrichment of benzoylurea insecticides from water samples followed by their determination with HPLC

Thin-film microextraction（TFME）,a new geometry for solid-phase microextraction,has become an attractive sample-preparation technique.Compared to other microextraction approaches,the sensitivity of this technique was enhanced without sacrificing the sampling time due to the high surface area-tovolume ratio together with the increase of extraction-phase volume.In this paper,a new TFME method based on poly（vinylidene fluoride） membrane was developed for the extraction of benzoylurea insecticides（diflubenzuron,triflumuron,hexaflumuron and teflubenzuron） from water samples followed by their determination with high performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection.Under the optimal conditions,good linearity was observed over the concentration range of 0.5-100.0 ng/mL with correlation coefficient greater than 0.9994.The limits of detection（S/N = 3） of the method for the target analytes were 0.1 ng/mL.Mean recoveries ranged from 87.7% to 103.9% with relative standard deviations lower than 6.5%.The results indicated that the developed TFME method is simple,efficient,and cost effective.