An Improved Spectral Analysis Method for Fatigue Damage Assessment of Details in Liquid Cargo Tanks

Errors will be caused in calculating the fatigue damages of details in liquid cargo tanks by using the traditional spectral analysis method which is based on linear system, for the nonlinear relationship between the dynamic stress and the ship acceleration. An improved spectral analysis method for the assessment of the fatigue damage in detail of a liquid cargo tank is proposed in this paper. Based on assumptions that the wave process can be simulated by summing the sinusoidal waves in different frequencies and the stress process can be simulated by summing the stress processes induced by these sinusoidal waves, the stress power spectral density(PSD) is calculated by expanding the stress processes induced by the sinusoidal waves into Fourier series and adding the amplitudes of each harmonic component with the same frequency. This analysis method can take the nonlinear relationship into consideration and the fatigue damage is then calculated based on the PSD of stress. Take an independent tank in an LNG carrier for example, the accuracy of the improved spectral analysis method is proved much better than that of the traditional spectral analysis method by comparing the calculated damage results with the results calculated by the time domain method. The proposed spectral analysis method is more accurate in calculating the fatigue damages in detail of ship liquid cargo tanks.

Stochastic Analysis of Short-Term Structural Responses and Fatigue Damages of A Submerged Tension Leg Platform Wind Turbine in Wind and Waves

In connection with the design of floating wind turbines,stochastic dynamic analysis is a critical task considering nonlinear wind and wave forces.To study the random structural responses of a newly designed submerged tension leg platform(STLP)wind turbine,a set of dynamic simulations and comparison analysis with the MIT/NREL TLP wind turbine are carried out.The signal filter method is used to evaluate the mean and standard deviations of the structural response.Furthermore,the extreme responses are estimated by using the mean upcrossing rate method.The fatigue damages for blade root,tower,and mooring line are also studied according to the simulated time-series.The results and comparison analysis show that the STLP gives small surge and pitch motions and mooring line tensions in operational sea states due to the small water-plane area.Additionally,in severe sea states,the STLP gives lower extreme values of platform pitch,slightly larger surge and heave motions and better towerbase and mooring line fatigue performances than those of the MIT/NREL TLP.It is found that the STLP wind turbine has good performances in structural responses and could be a potential type for exploiting the wind resources located in deep waters.

The Effects of Fatigue Cracks on Fastener Loads during Cyclic Loading and on the Stresses Used for Crack Growth Analysis in Classical Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics Approaches

High strength threaded fasteners are widely used in the aircraft industry, and service experience shows that for structures where shear loading of the joints is significant, like skin splices, fuselage joints or spar caps-web attachments, more cracks are initiated and grow from the edges of the fastener holes than from features like fillets radii and corners or from large access holes. The main causes of this cracking are the stress concentrations introduced by the fastener holes and by the threaded fasteners themselves, with the most common damage site being at the edge of the fastener holes. Intuitively, it is easy to visualize that after the crack initiation, during the growth stages, some of the load transferred initially by the fastener at the cracked hole will decrease, and it will be shed to the adjacent fasteners that will carry higher loads than in uncracked condition. Using currently available computer software, the method presented in this paper provides a relatively quick and quantitatively defined solution to account for the effects of crack length on the fastener loads transfer, and on the far field and bypass loads at each fastener adjacent to the crack. At each location, these variations are determined from the 3-dimensional distribution of stresses in the joint, and accounting for secondary bending effects and fastener tilt. Two cases of a typical skins lap splice with eight fasteners in a two rows configuration loaded in tension are presented and discussed, one representative for wing or fuselage skins configurations, and the second case representative for cost effective laboratory testing. Each case presents five cracking scenarios, with the cracks growing from approx. 0.03 inch to either the free edge, next hole or both simultaneously.

New approach based on continuum damage mechanics with simple parameter identification to fretting fatigue life prediction

A new continuum damage mechanics model for fretting fatigue life prediction is established. In this model, the damage evolution rate is described by two kinds of quantities. One is associated with the cyclic stress characteristics obtained by the finite element （FE） analysis, and the other is associated with the material fatigue property identified from the fatigue test data of standard specimens. The wear is modeled by the energy wear law to simulate the contact geometry evolution. A two-dimensional （2D） plane strain FE implementation of the damage mechanics model and the energy wear model is presented in the platform of ABAQUS to simulate the evolutions of the fatigue damage and the wear scar. The effect of the specimen thickness is also investigated. The predicted results of the crack initiation site and the fretting fatigue life agree well with available experimental data. Comparisons are made with the critical plane Smith- Watson-Topper （SWT） method.

Fatigue Damage Modeling for Partially Prestressed Concrete Beams under Repeated Loadings with Variable Amplitude

A full-range nonlinear analysis method for fatigue damage in prestressed concrete beams is presented. New damage accumulation models are proposed to describe the fatigue damage evolution in concrete and reinforcement respectively. Based on the stress analysis for cross section, the stress redistrbution in the fatigue damage process, due to the different damage mechanisms of concrete and reinforcement, is considered. The nonlinear damage analysis is achieved by means of piecewise linearity, and it is applicable on the condition of repeated loadings with variable amplitude. Fatigue damage modeling of a beam is implemented to illustrate that the proposed method can preferably fit the experimental results.

Nonlinear Dynamic Analysis and Fatigue Study of Steep Wave Risers Under Irregular Loads

As a reliable alternative option for traditional steel catenary risers(SCRs),steep wave risers(SWRs)have been widely applied to deepwater oil and gas production.However,the nonlinear dynamic analysis of SWRs is more complicated than that of traditional SCRs due to their special configuration and significant geometric nonlinearity.Moreover,SWRs are highly susceptible to fatigue failure under the combined excitation of irregular waves and top floater motions(TFMs).In this study,considering irregular waves and TFMs,a numerical SWR model with an internal flow is constructed based on the slender rod model and finite element method.The Newmark-βmethod is adopted to solve the dynamic behavior of SWR.Moreover,the Palmgren-Miner rule,a specified S-N curve,and rainflow counting method are applied to estimate the fatigue damage.An efficient numerical computation procedure,i.e.,DRSWR,is programmed with MATLAB in this study.Calculation results are compared with those of OrcaFlex to verify the accuracy of the DRSWR.The nonlinear dynamic response and fatigue damage of an SWR under the combined excitation of irregular waves and TFMs are obtained,and a comprehensive parametric analysis is then conducted.The analysis results show that the buoyancy section undergoes the highest level of stress and fatigue damage under the combined excitation of irregular waves and TFMs.An internal flow with high velocity and high density produces a high level of fatigue damage.The buoyancy factor and length of the buoyancy section should be set moderately to reconcile the reduction of the top tension with increased fatigue life.These results are expected to provide some reference significance for the engineering design of SWR.

A NEW FATIGUE CUMULATIVE DAMAGE DYNAMIC INTERFERENCE MODEL

On the basis of the statistical characteristics of fatigue cumulative damageand its critical value, a new dynamic interference model for reliability analysis is presented. Because the nonlinearity of fatigue damage accumulation is taken into account,this model is able to predict the fatigue reliability for random spectrum loadingconveniently. To verify the predicted results, a special fatigue expenment, in which thenumber of specimen is up to 101, is conducted using a fighter spectrum loading. It isshown that the new model is reliable, practicable and better than existing models.

Computational Multiaxial Fatigue Modelling for Notched Components

Fatigue failures of driveline and suspension notched components for ground vehicles under multiaxial loading conditions are common, since most of those components are subjected to complex multiaxial loadings in service. A computational fatigue analysis methodology has been proposed here for performing multiaxial fatigue life prediction for notched components using analytical and numerical methods. The proposed multiaxial fatigue analysis methodology consists of an elastic-plastic stress/strain model and a multiaxial fatigue damage parameter. Results of the proposed multiaxial fatigue analysis methodology are compared to sets of experimental data published in the literature to verify the prediction capability of the elastic-plastic stress/strain model and the multiaxial fatigue damage parameter. Based on the comparison between calculated results and experimental data, it is found that the multiaxial elastic-plastic stress/strain model correlates well with experimental strain data for SAE 1070 steel notched shafts subjected to several non-proportional load paths. In addition, the proposed fatigue damage parameter is found to correlate reasonably well with experimental fatigue data of SAE 1045 steel notched shafts subjected to proportional and non-proportional loadings.

Corrosion damage evolution and residual strength of corroded aluminum alloys

The LY12CZ aluminum alloy specimens were corroded under the conditions of different test temperatures and exposure durations. After corrosion exposure, fatigue tests were performed. Scanning electron microscopy and optical microscope analyses on corrosion damage were carried out. The definition of surface corrosion damage ratio was provided to describe the extent of surface corrosion damage. On the basis of the measured data sets of the corrosion damage ratio, the probabilistic model of corrosion damage evolution was built. The corrosion damage decreased the fatigue life by a factor of about 1.25 to 2.38 and the prediction method of residual strength of the corroded structure was presented.

Time-Dependent Reliability Analysis of Offshore Structures

During the life of an offshore structure, its structural strength declines due to various kinds of damages related to the time factor. In this paper, four major kinds of damages, including damages caused by fatigue, dent, corrosion and marine life, are discussed. Based on these analyses, formulas for the evaluation of the damaged structure reliability are derived. Furthermore the computer program ISM for the analysis of structural reliability is developed by the use of Advanced First Order Second Moment method and Monte-Carlo Importance Sampling method. The reliability of a turbular joint and a beam are studied as numerical examples. The results show that the theory and the analysis method given in this paper are reasonable and effective.

Fatigue Life Estimation Considering Strengthening of Low Amplitude Loads Using Improved Unequal Interval Grey Model

Under variable loading,fatigue life prediction is very important for the selection,design,and safety assessments of these components.In this study,based on the Miner rule,an improved damage accumulation rule was proposed to consider the strengthening and damaging of low amplitude loads.The complexity of fatigue phenomenon results in predicting fatigue life difficulty.Since grey models(GMs)only require a limited amount of data to estimate the behavior of unknown systems,they are used in this paper to account for the uncertainties resulting from various sources when fatigue life of component is predicted.An improved unequal interval GM(IUGM(1,1))has been developed and applied successfully to estimation of fatigue life.An example is used to illustrate how the method works.The results show that the proposed model not only overcomes the limitations of the traditional grey forecasting model of linear change series,but also increases the scope of GM in the fatigue life prediction of mechanical components,and its accuracy is higher than that of the traditional model.Moreover,the results indicate that the IUGM(1,1)is capable of predicting component fatigue life better than the traditional Miner rule,and yields a high prediction precision.

A Statistical Study on the Initiation and Growth Lives of Short Fatigue Cracks

In order to clarify the physical background of the scatter in fatigue behaviour, rotary bending fatigue tests are carried out using smooth speciments of a medium carbon steel with two kinds of grain sizes. The statistical characteristics of short carck initiation and growth lives are investigated by a new definition of short fatigue crack initiation. Detailed analysis reveals that the distribution of short crack initiation life can be expressed by two or threeparameter Weibull distribution, and the threeparameter Weibull distribution is well fitted to the distribution of short crack growth life, and the grain size and stress level have a great influence on the statistical characteristics of crack initiation and growth life.

Numerical Simulation of Bone Remodeling Coupling the Damage Repair Process in Human Proximal Femur

Microdamage is produced in bone tissue under the long-termeffects of physiological loading,as well as age,disease and other factors.Bone remodeling can repair microdamage,otherwise this damage will undermine bone quality and even lead to fractures.In this paper,the damage variable was introduced into the remodeling algorithm.The new remodeling algorithm contains a quadratic term that can simulate reduction in bone density after large numbers of loading cycles.The model was applied in conjunction with the 3Dfinite elementmethod(FEM)to the remodeling of the proximal femur.The results showed that the initial accumulation of fatigue damage led to an increase in density but when the damage reached a certain level,the bone density decreased rapidly until the femur failed.With the accumulation of damage,bone remodeling was coupled with fatigue damage to maintain the function of bone.When the accumulation of damage reached a certain level,bone remodeling failed to repair the accumulated fatigue damage in time,and continued cyclic loading significantly weakened the loadbearing capacity of the bone.The new mathematical model not only predicts fatigue life,but also helps to further understand the compromise between damage repair and damage accumulation,which is of great significance for the prevention and treatment of clinical bone diseases.

非共线多裂纹结构的剩余强度分析与评估

针对老龄飞机的广布疲劳损伤(Widespread Fatigue Damage,WFD)评估问题,通过试验方法研究了不同结构参数对非共线多裂纹结构剩余强度的影响,修正原有剩余强度评估方法中的缺陷,提出改进的净截面屈服准则和改进的Irwin塑性区连通准则,获得更准确的评估结果。改进的净截面屈服准则评估结果误差小,适用范围广,可以评估铆钉孔间距和铆钉孔直径对结构剩余强度的影响;改进的Irwin塑性区连通准则在铆钉孔间距大于10mm时,有较准确的评估结果,还可以评估裂纹分布位置对剩余强度的影响。

深水水下井口全钻井过程波激疲劳精细化评估

传统的水下井口波激疲劳评估没有考虑不同钻井阶段水下井口结构组成变化,导致水下井口波激疲劳评估精度有限。为此,提出基于整体-局部交互分析的全钻井过程水下井口波激疲劳损伤精细化评估方法,建立钻井全过程复杂结构水下井口局部精细模型及平台-隔水管-水下井口-导管耦合系统整体模型,研究整体模型与局部模型交互机制,并构建整体模型与局部应力传递关系,精细化评估水下井口全钻井过程波激疲劳损伤。研究结果表明:全钻井过程水下井口结构组成变化对隔水管系统和远离泥线导管处的波激疲劳几乎无影响,但对水下井口局部及泥线附近导管的波激疲劳存在较大影响;钻井第二阶段水下井口波激疲劳损伤最为严重,且水下井口底端始终为疲劳极限位置。所得结论有助于判断钻井过程中水下井口疲劳状态,保证作业安全。

基于GSA的风电叶片主梁初始损伤的敏感因素分析

针对风电叶片主梁褶皱缺陷演化为初始损伤模式的不确定性问题,采用高斯概率分布函数确定7个因素的分布信息,根据褶皱缺陷在拉伸加载时的应力数据,改进Sobol’算法采用拉丁超立方法获取样本点训练BP神经网络,采用Kullback-Leibler散度计算最大和非最大损伤处的应变余能密度相对熵,分别作为基体开裂和纤维断裂的敏感度响应指标。结果表明,基体损伤和纤维断裂的高敏感因素均为载荷幅值、纤维含量、基纤模量比和褶皱高宽比,但基纤模量比与褶皱高宽比的排序有所不同,说明叶片主梁材料性能和缺陷特征形貌对初始损伤模式的作用程度不同。最后建立含褶皱的GFPR层合板有限元模型,模拟结果验证了全局敏感度分析方法的准确性。

复材风扇叶片榫头元件低周疲劳和损伤模式

为考核层合结构复材风扇叶片在1.5倍离心载荷下的低周疲劳寿命,制备一批风扇叶片,在薄弱部位取样。通过建立层合结构风扇叶片有限元模型,模拟榫头的应力状态,从而确定拉伸载荷水平,开展拉-拉载荷低周疲劳测试。在相邻铺层间引入内聚力单元,并考虑榫头试样单向带面内损伤,模拟损伤变量随循环数累积的过程,增加虚拟拉伸载荷,得到榫头低周疲劳失效时刻的损伤状态。试验结果说明榫头元件形成分层裂纹的平均寿命为17207次循环,首次出现分层裂纹的位置基本一致。数值仿真结果表明榫头单向带基体和层间损伤累积引起裂纹扩展,导致低周疲劳失效。本研究可为建立层合结构复材风扇叶片低周疲劳寿命试验流程和疲劳失效判据提供支撑。

基于OpenSEES的圆钢管与螺栓球组配件的抗震性能研究

空间网格结构的超低周疲劳破坏隐患直接威胁着强震时数以万计的该类建筑安全性能。基于OpenSEES有限元分析软件,针对12根两端带螺栓球节点的钢管在大位移循环加载试验下的超低周疲劳性能进行数值模拟,分析得出计及节点影响、杆件双重非线性及材料疲劳损伤对螺栓球节点的圆钢管杆件滞回性能、力学指标及耗能性能等超低周疲劳性能的影响。结果表明:加载制度对于试验构件的超低周疲劳性能有直接影响,数值模拟与试验结果相近,所采用的疲劳损伤本构能够较为准确地描述构件超低周疲劳特性。

机车车轮滚动接触疲劳特性及减缓方法

针对某E型大功率机车在复杂环境下运行时出现的车轮裂纹,通过现场监测试验和数值模拟,分析了E型机车的滚动接触疲劳(RCF)特性。分析表明环境干湿条件和运行工况条件将影响机车RCF裂纹的产生,机车的2L轴和5L轴车轮RCF发生率较低,3L和4L轴上的车轮RCF发生率较高。牵引杆倾斜和电气的不当补偿将加剧机车的轴重转移,使得3L和4L轴车轮更易发生RCF裂纹。最后通过对E型机车的电气补偿进行了仿真优化,结果表明可以显著降低机车4L轴和3L轴车轮的最大RCF损伤,提升机车运行安全性能。

激光冲击强化后航空发动机疲劳寿命精准度量研究

激光冲击强化可以提升航空发动机表面强度、增强材料韧性。然而,航空发动机处于复杂的工作环境,疲劳寿命受到多个因素的影响。尤其是在激光冲击强化后,材料性能参数变化较大,导致航空发动机疲劳寿命度量难度增加,因此,提出激光冲击强化后航空发动机疲劳寿命精准度量方法。首先,分析航空发动机激光冲击强化工作原理,根据疲劳损伤理论与Von-Mises屈服准则建立航空发动机疲劳损伤函数。然后,结合疲劳损伤函数与灰色关联度分析法对影响发动机疲劳寿命的多因素展开权值分析得到航空发动机疲劳指标,从而实现航空发动机疲劳寿命的精准度量。实验结果表明,所提方法能够实现对航空发动机疲劳寿命退化轨迹的精准监测,可以精准分析发动机表面疲劳寿命的分布情况,说明该方法的航空发动机疲劳寿命度量结果更为精准。