Undrained semi-analytical solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soils under biaxial stress conditions

This paper presents an undrained semi-analytical elastoplastic solution for cylindrical cavity expansion in anisotropic soil under the biaxial stress conditions.The advanced simplified SANICLAY model is used to simulate the elastoplastic behavior of soil.The cavity expansion is treated as an initial value problem and solved as a system of eight first-order ordinary differential equations including four stress components and four anisotropic parameters.The results are validated by comparing the new solutions with existing ones.The distributions of stress components and anisotropic parameters around the cavity wall,the expansion process,the stress yield trajectory of a soil element and the shape and size of elastoplastic boundary are further investigated to explore the cavity expansion response of soils under biaxial in situ stresses.The results of extensive parameters analysis demonstrate that the circumferential position of the soil element and the anisotropy of the soils have noticeable impacts on the expansion response under biaxial in situ stresses.Since the present solution not only considers the anisotropy and anisotropy evolution of natural soil,but also eliminates the conventional assumption of uniform radial pressure,the solution is better than other theoretical solutions to explain the pressure test and pile installation effect of shallow saturated soil.

FATIGUE CRACK PROPAGATION FOR BIAXIAL STRESS CYCLING

Based on the experimental study of complex biaxial mode Ⅰ fatigue crack growth and the discussion on Von Mises'theory,a new approach is proposed for correlating crack propaga- tion rate under both in-phase and out-of-phase biaxial stress cycling.The results emphasize the contribution of plasticity to fatigue crack growth.

Electronic and magnetic properties of single-layer and double-layer VX_(2)(X=Cl,Br)under biaxial stress

First-principles calculations and Monte Carlo simulations reveal that single-layer and double-layer VX_(2)(X=Cl,Br)can be tuned from antiferromagnetic(AFM)semiconductors to ferromagnetic(FM)state when biaxial tensile stress is applied.Their ground states are all T phase.The biaxial tensile stress at the phase transition point of the double-layer VX_(2) is larger than that of the single-layer VX_(2).The direct band gaps can be also manipulated by biaxial tensile stress as they increases with increasing tensile stress to a critical point and then decreases.The Neel temperature(´TN)of double-layer VX_(2) are higher than that of single-layer.As the stress increases,the TN of all materials tend to increase.The magnetic moment increases with the increase of biaxial tensile stress,and which become insensitive to stress after the phase transition points.Our research provides a method to control the electronic and magnetic properties of VX_(2) by stress,and the single-layer and double-layer VX_(2) may have potential applications in nano spintronic devices.

ANALYTICAL SOLUTIONS TO STRESS CONCENTRATION PROBLEM IN PLATES CONTAINING RECTANGULAR HOLE UNDER BIAXIAL TENSIONS

The stress concentration problem in structures with a circular or elliptic hole can be investigated by analytical methods. For the problem with a rectangular hole, only approximate results are derived. This paper deduces the analytical solutions to the stress concentration problem in plates with a rectangular hole under biaxial tensions. By using the U-transformation technique and the finite element method, the analytical displacement solutions of the finite element equations are derived in the series form. Therefore, the stress concentration can then be discussed easily and conveniently. For plate problem the bilinear rectangular element with four nodes is taken as an example to demonstrate the applicability of the proposed method. The stress concentration factors for various ratios of height to width of the hole are obtained.

Mechanism of biaxial pre-stress method on welding residual stress and hot cracks controlling

Based on the conventional uniaxial pre-tensile stress method during welding, this study presents a new method of welding with biaxial pre-stress. With the help of numerical simulation, experiments were carried out on the self-designed device. Except for the control on residual stress and distortion us-welded, the experimental results also show its effect on the prevention of hot cracks, thus this method can make up for the disadvantage of the conventional pre-stress method. Hot cracks disappear when the value of pre-stress surpasses 0. 2 σs（yield limit）. Welded thin plates with low-level residual stress, little distortion and no hot cracks are obtained with longitudinal pre-tensile stress level between 0. 6σsand 0. 7σs and precompressive stress between 0. 2 σs and 0. 3 σs in transverse direction.

Effect of Increasing Speed on Stress of Biaxial Bogie Frames

Increasing the trains’ speed has always been one of the goals of any railway industry and train manufacturers. Also, the influence of the train speed on bogie’s dynamics has an immense importance. Therefore, it is important to analyze the effect of train speed on the stress distribution in different parts of train structure. In this study the result of the increasing speed on the applied stresses of a biaxial bogie frame has been examined. For this purpose, a biaxial bogie frame has been modeled using finite element analysis. Static and dynamic forces applied on the bogie with biaxial frame have been obtained for different speeds and rail roughness. The Von Mises stresses are adopted as equivalent stresses in the strength calculation. The results show that maximum stress always has been induced in the bogie bowl also the increase in bogie’s speed has remarkable effect on the increment of applied stresses in the bogie frame.

正交异性钢桥面板双轴疲劳性能评估

为精确评估正交异性钢桥面板在双轴应力状态下的疲劳性能,以东营胜利黄河大桥为背景,建立该桥正交异性钢桥面板顶板、U肋、横隔板交叉连接部位焊缝的节段三维有限元模型,采用等效结构应力法对正交异性钢桥面板体系的双轴疲劳问题进行研究;通过模型试验验证正交异性钢桥面板体系的双轴疲劳特性,并进行其构造细节疲劳寿命评估。结果表明:弧形切口起焊点的疲劳裂纹萌生位置在横隔板下方焊趾处,经历裂纹萌生、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹失效3个阶段,最终失效阶段裂纹形式为Ⅱ型裂纹主导的Ⅰ-Ⅱ型复合裂纹,此为该桥正交异性钢桥面板结构体系的主导疲劳失效模式;顶板焊缝焊趾及弧形切口起焊点焊趾处于双轴应力状态,面内剪切结构应力幅对疲劳应力的影响显著,按单轴疲劳应力进行寿命预测误差较大,按单轴疲劳应力状态对结构进行疲劳寿命设计偏于不安全;基于组合等效结构应力法的计算值与试验值吻合较好,各焊接细节计算得到的最大值下的疲劳裂纹起裂位置均与试验结果一致,按双轴疲劳应力预测疲劳寿命与试验值吻合较好,疲劳寿命评价精确度较高。

城轨U型梁动力系数的理论与试验研究

城市轨道交通U型梁沿顺桥向和横桥向的受力存在差异,而按现有设计规范U型梁桥取1.40的动力系数会导致材料浪费。针对该类结构的双向受力特征,以南京地铁S6号线U型梁为工程实例,建立车桥耦合振动模型;通过对比测试和计算结果,验证了所建模型的有效性;并通过改变车辆速度和编组,分析不同响应的动力系数。研究结果表明:梁底只承受纵向拉应力,但同一截面内却同时存在横向拉、压应力;挠度、纵向应力和横向应力的动力系数最大值分别为1.231、1.216和1.362,分别出现在6车满员和6车定员编组的工况中;在确定单线U型梁的动力系数时,应该考虑列车编组的影响,并根据受力方向对动力系数值加以区别,建议在计算挠度和纵向应力时取1.30,而在计算横向应力时仍取1.40。本研究旨在提出U型梁动力系数的合理取值,并为结构优化提供参考。

Simulation on Residual Stress of Shot Peening Based on a Symmetrical Cell Model

The symmetrical cell model is widely used to study the residual stress induced by shot peening. However, the correlation between the predicted residual stresses and the shot peening coverage, which is a big challenge for the researchers of the symmetrical cell model, is still not established. Based on the dynamic stresses and the residual stresses outputted from the symmetrical cell model, the residual stresses corresponding to full coverage are evalu- ated by normal distribution analysis. The predicted nodal dynamic stresses with respect to four corner points indicate that the equi-biaxial stress state exists only for the first shot impact. Along with the increase of shot number, the interactions of multiple shot impacts make the fluctuation of the nodal dynamic stresses about an almost identical value more and more obvious. The mean values and standard deviations of the residual stresses gradually tend to be stable with the increase of the number of shot peening series. The mean values at each corner point are almost the same after the third peening series, which means that an equi-biaxial stress state corresponding to the full coverage of shot peening is achieved. Therefore, the mean values of the nodal residual stresses with respect to a specific transverse cross-section below the peened surface can be used to correlate the measured data by X-ray. The predicted residual stress profile agrees with the experimental results very well under 200% peening coverage. An effective correlation method is proposed for the nodal residual stresses predicted by the symmetrical cell model and the shot peening coverage.

H形钢构件双向压弯下全过程弯矩计算模型

为探究可发展全截面塑性的H形钢构件在双向压弯加载全过程中塑性应力及两主轴弯矩的发展机制,基于经由已有实验数据校核过的建模方法,采用ABAQUS建立了不同轴压比、腹板和翼缘宽厚比的H形截面构件在不同加载角度下的参数分析模型。结合有限元分析结果,考察了双向压弯下H形截面钢构件的塑性应力发展规律,引入平截面假定,对其应力分布形式进行一定的简化处理。进一步,通过最小二乘法拟合得到相关参数,建立加载位移、塑性发展程度和宏观承载能力三者之间内在联系,构建H形钢构件双向弯矩的理论计算模型。该模型充分考虑了截面尺寸、位移加载方向角、轴压比和加载位移的影响。通过对模型计算结果的分析,验证了该模型可得到构件在加载任意时刻的应力分布形式,并为考虑一定截面塑性发展的双向抗弯设计提供更为简便的设计方法。

考虑损伤效应的二向不等压深埋圆形隧道弹塑性统一解

为了研究二向不等压地应力环境下深埋圆形隧道损伤后的力学响应问题,通过考虑深部围岩的损伤效应,基于统一强度理论建立二向不等压深埋圆形隧道弹塑性解,依托华丽高速东马场隧道验证解的准确性和适用性;研究损伤效应和中间主应力对围岩应力分布和变形的影响,并探讨不同侧压力系数、剪胀系数和支护反力下深埋圆形隧道围岩的损伤程度。研究结果表明:二向不等压深埋圆形隧道开挖后,围岩峰后的损伤效应会加剧隧道的挤压变形,考虑损伤效应的变形计算结果与现场实测结果更接近;中间主应力能提高围岩的承载能力,抑制隧道的挤压变形,不考虑中间主应力会高估隧道的变形潜势;侧压力系数决定围岩损伤区的形状和大小,施工时应根据围岩不同位置的损伤程度对关键变形部位进行注浆加固;剪胀系数越大,围岩的损伤程度越大,损伤区的范围越大;支护反力能抑制围岩的损伤效应,在实际工程中需及时施作支护约束围岩变形,以改善围岩的受力情况。

表面变质层非等双轴残余应力的X射线/剥层测试与有限元矩阵修正

采用有限元模拟了剥层后渗碳+热处理+喷丸强化处理后18CrNiMo7-6合金钢表面变质层的残余应力,经试验验证后对其进行了有限元矩阵修正,研究了喷丸强化前后x和y方向残余应力分布,最后进行了有限元矩阵修正法的试验应用。结果表明:局部剥层后残余应力模拟值和测试值相对误差小于10%,证明模型准确;根据残余应力方向选择适用的修正矩阵后,平面非等双轴残余应力有限元矩阵修正值与初始值之间较接近;试验可得未喷丸试样表面变质层内存在近似等双轴残余应力,残余应力修正值与测试值相差不大,喷丸试样x和y方向残余应力间相差显著,表面变质层内存在非等双轴残余应力,残余应力修正值均小于测试值。

砂岩双轴压缩应力状态下的拉伸强度的实验研究

岩石材料的拉伸强度对于井壁稳定校核计算是一个比较重要的基础参数。一般的,对于金属材料,可以通过拉伸试验机来直接获得抗拉强度;但是对于岩土类材料,这种方法从第一步制样上可行性就较差。在实验室内获得岩石抗拉强度最常用的方法是巴西劈裂法,这是一种间接获得岩石单轴抗拉强度的方法,目前被ISRM(国际岩石力学协会)推荐并得到了广泛的应用。但这种方法也存在一定的局限性:首先,由于无法还原岩石的初始压实状态,因此在校核超深层岩石的拉伸强度时会有偏差;此外,这种方法的前提假设是岩石在线弹性阶段过后直接发生脆性破坏,这与砂岩实际变形规律不符。基于以上问题,本文从屈服理论出发,通过双轴压缩实验的方法确定了砂岩在地下的真实拉伸屈服强度以及极限拉伸强度,实验表明砂岩的屈服强度随围压增大而增大,符合岩石材料越致密强度越高的普遍认识。通过拟合外推可以得到等效的砂岩单轴拉伸屈服强度,与巴西实验数据结果非常接近,验证了这种方法获得带围压下砂岩拉伸屈服强度的可靠性。通过研究双轴压缩应力状态下砂岩的拉伸强度,可以为卸载工况下砂岩发生拉伸破坏提供更准确的校核依据,为砂岩井壁稳定提供理论与实验支撑。

中间主应力对花岗岩双轴压缩破坏过程的声发射演化特征影响

为了探究中间主应力对花岗岩双轴压缩破坏过程的声发射演化特征影响,对花岗岩于不同中间主应力下双轴压缩破坏过程的声发射信号开展了时域及频域多角度综合分析。试验结果表明:中间主应力对花岗岩双轴压缩破坏的声发射前兆有显著影响,即随着中间主应力增大,声发射累计振铃计数达到连续性急剧突变增长阶段的应力水平减小,b值的连续下降速率减小,优势频段(125~250 kHz)占比发生明显转变时的应力水平降低,但低频高幅值信号所占比例增加。得到了花岗岩双轴压缩破坏的多种声发射前兆特征,即在岩石失稳破坏前夕,声发射累计振铃计数呈现连续性急剧突变增长以及b值持续性显著下降,低频高幅值信号出现,优势频段(125~250 kHz)占比展现增加趋势。

三参数双τ^(2)强度理论及其应用

针对工程中岩石、混凝土等材料在复杂应力状态下的破坏问题,提出了一种新的三参数双τ^(2)强度理论,利用3种特殊应力状态给出了数学表达式。考虑到极限应力比受材料性质的影响,选取不同压拉比、剪拉比应力值,对比分析了岩石、混凝土在不同应力状态下的理论数据与试验数据。结果表明:在新强度理论下理论预测曲线与混凝土、岩石材料在常见4种应力状态下的受力破坏相吻合,能够保证脆性材料在工程应用上的适用性和安全性。

PVDF膜材双轴全域拉伸非线性及力学参数研究

为了明确织物膜材从拉伸到破坏整个过程的双轴拉伸性能,以典型PVDF涂层聚酯织物为研究对象,通过七个应力比下的双轴单调拉伸试验,利用编写的MATLAB程序获得了涂层织物复杂的变形性能和精确的弹性参数,并对其变形和力学参数进行响应面分析,揭示了涂层织物在不同应力水平和应力比下弹性模量、泊松比和正交各向异性的演化规律。结果表明,全域应力范围内材料的弹性参数和正交各向异性特征随着应力比和应力水平的改变而显著变化。此外,基于单、双轴拉伸应力-应变的关系,引入了表示双轴单调拉伸试验中拉伸与收缩比例的刚度耦合系数,推导出了弹性模量公式,其计算值与试验值吻合较好。研究所得结论可为膜结构工程中织物膜材的拉伸力学性能以及膜面破坏分析提供有益参考。

Stress-induced butterfly and square-like magnetostriction loops transition

The stress-induced magnetic domain switching in FeGa thin films is studied using phase-field method. In particular, the magnetic field is applied along the [110] direction and biaxial stresses are applied along [ 100] and [010]. A compressive pre-stress corresponds to a smaller coercive magnetic field while a tensile pre-stress corresponded to a larger coercive field. At the same time, it is also found that the transition between butterfly and square-like magnetostriction loops occurs at the critical opposite biaxial stress state. The two different evolutions correspond to two different mechanisms： one is that the single domain swings across a fan area back and forth; the other is that the single domain turns a clockwise circle. The results can be explained bv the stress tuned anisotronv energy well.

FAILURE MODE AND CONSTITUTIVE MODEL OF PLAIN HIGH-STRENGTH HIGH-PERFORMANCE CONCRETE UNDER BIAXIAL COMPRESSION AFTER EXPOSURE TO HIGH TEMPERATURES

An orthotropic constitutive relationship with temperature parameters for plain highstrength high-performance concrete （HSHPC） under biaxial compression is developed. It is based on the experiments performed for characterizing the strength and deformation behavior at two strength levels of HSHPC at 7 different stress ratios including a=σs ： σ3=0.00：-1,-0.20：-1,-0.30 ： -1,-0.40：-1,-0.50：-1,-0.75：-1,-1.00：-1, after the exposure to normal and high temperatures of 20, 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600℃, and using a large static-dynamic true triaxial machine. The biaxial tests were performed on 100 mm×100 mm×100 mm cubic specimens, and friction-reducing pads were used consisting of three layers of plastic membrane with glycerine in-between for the compressive loading plane. Based on the experimental results, failure modes of HSHPC specimens were described. The principal static compressive strengths, strains at the peak stress and stress-strain curves were measured; and the influence of the temperature and stress ratios on them was also analyzed. The experimental results showed that the uniaxial compressive strength of plain HSHPC after exposure to high temperatures does not decrease dramatically with the increase of temperature. The ratio of the biaxial to its uniaxial compressive strength depends on the stress ratios and brittleness-stiffness of HSHPC after exposure to different temperature levels. Comparison of the stress-strain results obtained from the theoretical model and the experimental data indicates good agreement.

Stress—strain curves for different loading paths and yield loci of aluminum alloy sheets

To carry out biaxial tensile test in sheet metal, the biaxial tensile testing system was established. True stress—true strain curves of three kinds of aluminum alloy sheets for loading ratios of 4:1, 4:2, 4:3, 4:4, 3:4, 2:4 and 1:4 were obtained by conducting biaxial tensile test in the established testing systems. It shows that the loading path has a significant influence on the stress—strain curves and as the loading ratio increases from 4:1 to 4:4, the stress—strain curve becomes higher and n-value becomes larger. Experimental yield points for three aluminum alloy sheets from 0.2% to 2% plastic strain were determined based on the equivalent plastic work. And the geometry of the experimental yield loci were compared with the yield loci calculated from several existing yield criteria. The analytical result shows that the Barlat89 and Hosford yield criterion describe the general trends of the experimental yield loci of aluminum alloy sheets well, whereas the Mises yield criterion overestimates the yield stress in all the contours.

混凝土动态双轴压缩强度准则细观研究

由于物理试验设备和条件限制,目前对混凝土动态双轴压缩强度准则的研究仅停留在低应变率范围(10^(−5) s^(−1)~10^(−2) s^(−1))。针对这些强度准则在更高应变率范围内是否适用,该研究建立了细观随机骨料模型,对边长100 mm的混凝土立方体试块开展了动态双轴压缩细观模拟分析。研究了应变率和侧应力比对混凝土动态双轴压缩破坏模式及压缩强度的影响,建立了适用于更高应变率的动态强度准则。研究结论:相同侧应力比下,随应变率增大,混凝土内部损伤区域增多,动态压缩强度增大;相同应变率下,随侧应力增大,混凝土破坏模式由柱状压裂变为片状劈裂,动态压缩强度先增大后减小。现有的混凝土动态双轴压缩强度准则在应变率为10^(−5) s^(−1)~1 s^(−1)时很难适用,而该研究建议的强度准则适用于更高的应变率范围,并且得到了不同物理试验的初步验证。