Iatrogenic bile duct injury with loss of confluence

AIM: To describe our experience concerning the surgical treatment of Strasberg E-4(Bismuth Ⅳ) bile duct injuries. METHODS: In an 18-year period, among 603 patients referred to our hospital for surgical treatment of complex bile duct injuries, 53 presented involvement of the hilar confluence classified as Strasberg E4 injuries. Imagenological studies, mainly magnetic resonance imaging showed a loss of confluence. The files of these patients were analyzed and general data were recorded, including type of operation and postoperative outcome with emphasis on postoperative cholangitis, liver function test and quality of life. The mean time of follow-up was of 55.9 ± 52.9 mo(median = 38.5, minimum = 2, maximum = 181.2). All other patients with Strasberg A, B, C, D, E1, E2, E3, or E5 biliary injuries were excluded from this study.RESULTS: Patients were divided in three groups: G1(n = 21): Construction of neoconfluence + Roux-en-Y hepatojejunostomy. G2(n = 26): Roux-en-Y portoenterostomy. G3(n = 6): Double(right and left) Rouxen-Y hepatojejunostomy. Cholangitis was recorded in two patients in group 1, in 14 patients in group 2, and in one patient in group 3. All of them required transhepatic instrumentation of the anastomosis and six patients needed live transplantation.CONCLUSION: Loss of confluence represents a surgicalchallenge. There are several treatment options at different stages. Roux-en-Y bilioenteric anastomosis(neoconfluence, double-barrel anastomosis, portoenterostomy) is the treatment of choice, and when it is technically possible, building of a neoconfluence has better outcomes. When liver cirrhosis is shown, liver transplantation is the best choice.

Timing of surgical repair of bile duct injuries after laparoscopic cholecystectomy: A systematic review

BACKGROUND The surgical management of bile duct injuries(BDIs)after laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)is challenging and the optimal timing of surgery remains unclear.The primary aim of this study was to systematically evaluate the evidence behind the timing of BDI repair after LC in the literature.AIM To assess timing of surgical repair of BDI and postoperative complications.METHODS The MEDLINE,EMBASE,and The Cochrane Library databases were systematically screened up to August 2021.Risk of bias was assessed via the Newcastle Ottawa scale.The primary outcomes of this review included the timing of BDI repair and postoperative complications.RESULTS A total of 439 abstracts were screened,and 24 studies were included with 15609 patients included in this review.Of the 5229 BDIs reported,4934(94%)were classified as major injury.Timing of bile duct repair was immediate(14%,n=705),early(28%,n=1367),delayed(28%,n=1367),or late(26%,n=1286).Standardization of definition for timing of repair was remarkably poor among studies.Definitions for immediate repair ranged from<24 h to 6 wk after LC while early repair ranged from<24 h to 12 wk.Likewise,delayed(>24 h to>12 wk after LC)and late repair(>6 wk after LC)showed a broad overlap.CONCLUSION The lack of standardization among studies precludes any conclusive recommendation on optimal timing of BDI repair after LC.This finding indicates an urgent need for a standardized reporting system of BDI repair.

Post-cholecystectomy iatrogenic bile duct injuries:Emerging role for endoscopic management

Post-cholecystectomy iatrogenic bile duct injuries(IBDIs),are not uncommon and although the frequency of IBDIs vary across the literature,the rates following the procedure of laparoscopic cholecystectomy are much higher than open cholecystectomy.These injuries caries a great burden on the patients,physicians and the health care systems and sometime are life-threatening.IBDIs are associated with different manifestations that are not limited to abdominal pain,bile leaks from the surgical drains,peritonitis with fever and sometimes jaundice.Such injuries if not witnessed during the surgery,can be diagnosed by combining clinical manifestations,biochemical tests and imaging techniques.Among such techniques abdominal US is usually the first choice while Magnetic Resonance Cholangio-Pancreatography seems the most appropriate.Surgical approach was the ideal approach for such cases,however the introduction of Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangio-Pancreatography(ERCP)was a paradigm shift in the management of such injuries due to accepted success rates,lower cost and lower rates of associated morbidity and mortality.However,the literature lacks consensus for the optimal timing of ERCP intervention in the management of IBDIs.ERCP management of IBDIs can be tailored according to the nature of the underlying injury.For the subgroup of patients with complete bile duct ligation and lost ductal continuity,transfer to surgery is indicated without delay.Those patients will not benefit from endoscopy and hence should not do unnecessary ERCP.For low–flow leaks e.g.gallbladder bed leaks,conservative management for 1-2 wk prior to ERCP is advised,in contrary to high-flow leaks e.g.cystic duct leaks and stricture lesions in whom early ERCP is encouraged.Sphincterotomy plus stenting is the ideal management line for cases of IBDIs.Interventional radiologic techniques are promising options especially for cases of failed endoscopic repair and also for cases with altered anatomy.Future studies will solve many unsolved issues in the management of IBDIs.

Classification and management of bile duct injuries

To review the classification and general guidelines for treatment of bile duct injury patients and their long term results. In a 20-year period, 510 complex circumferential injuries have been referred to our team for repair at the Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicasy Nutrición "Salvador Zubirán" hospital in Mexico City and 198 elsewhere (private practice). The records at the third level Academic University Hospital were analyzed and divided into three periods of time: GⅠ-1990-99 (33 cases), G Ⅱ2000-2004 (139 cases) and GⅢ2004-2008 (140 cases). All patients were treated with a Roux en Y hepatojejunostomy. A decrease in using transanastomotic stents was observed (78% vs 2%, P = 0.0001). Partial segment Ⅳ and Ⅴ resection was more frequently carried out (45% vs 75%, P = 0.2) (to obtain a high bilioenteric anastomosis). Operative mortality (3% vs 0.7%, P = 0.09), postoperative cholangitis (54% vs 13%, P = 0.0001), anastomosis strictures (30% vs 5%, P = 0.0001), short and long term complications and need for reoperation (surgical or radiological) (45% vs 11%, P = 0.0001) were significantly less in the last period. The authors concluded that transition to a high volume center has improved long term results for bile duct injury repair. Even interested and tertiary care centers have a learning curve.

医源性胆管损伤156例的处理体会

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤后的处理方法。方法 对 2 0年中 15 6例医源性胆管损伤病例进行回顾性分析 ,以修复后再手术作为判断疗效标准。结果 总的再手术率为 85 .71%(12 6/ 14 7) ,LC、OC、OC +胆管探查术胆管损伤修复后再手术率分别为 95 .2 4%、87.2 7%、62 .5 0 % ,三组间两两比较差异显著 (P <0 .0 5 )。再手术率与患者性别、年龄无显著关系 (P >0 .0 5 ) ,与损伤原因、修复手术时机和手术操作等因素有关。结论 胆管损伤修复术后 ,疗效较差 ,再手术率较高。修复术力争术中、术后早期 (<48h内 )或 4周后处理 ,可减少术后胆管狭窄的发生率 。

腹腔镜在胆道损伤修复手术中的临床应用(附9例报告)

目的探讨应用腹腔镜技术修复肝外胆管不同部位、不同程度损伤的可行性。方法 2001年7月~2010年4月,采用如下三种腹腔镜下胆管修复方法治疗肝外胆管损伤9例：①1例左肝管不完全横断伤、1例右肝管不完全横断伤、2例肝总管横断伤、1例胆总管损伤修复后狭窄,采用对端结节外翻缝合左肝管、右肝管、肝总管或胆总管,T管引流术;②3例高位肝管损伤采用Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合,经左或右肝管或肠管放置T管支撑胆肠吻合口;③1例左、右肝管汇合下方肝管前壁10mm直径缺损,采用转移胆囊管壁瓣修复肝管缺损,T管引流术。结果 9例均获治愈,1例肝管对端吻合病例出现胆漏,腹腔引流管引流20 d后愈合。2例高位肝管损伤者行Roux-en-Y胆肠吻合术后出现应激性溃疡和术后腹腔渗血。全组术后随访1~9年,平均4年,无吻合口狭窄。结论腹腔镜在肝胆管修复中有利于视野观察,并且放大较细的肝管,利于精准的缝合操作,从而可以达到最佳的吻合效果。再加上T管对吻合口的支撑作用,最大限度地避免吻合口狭窄的发生,为肝胆管损伤提供了一种精准的吻合方法。

医源性高位胆管损伤狭窄的处理

目的 探讨医源性高位胆管损伤后狭窄的处理方法 ,以期提高疗效、减少并发症。方法 对 2 3年中 183例医源性胆管损伤病例资料进行回顾性分析 ,以修复后再手术作为判断疗效标准。结果 183例中有 173例行不同方式修复术 ,有 14 4例因高位胆管狭窄再行 1～ 5次手术 ,再手术率 83 .2 4% ( 14 4/173 )。结论 采用狭窄以上正常胆管进行胆肠Roux Y吻合术 ,注意吻合方法和质量 ,可减少术后胆管再狭窄复发的发生率 。

自体腹膜管修复胆总管缺失的实验研究

目的探讨自体腹膜管修复胆总管缺失的可行性。方法取健康雄性成年普通家兔20只,分为A、B两组,两组都建立胆总管缺损模型,切取壁层腹膜制成腹膜管,分别与胆管上、下断端行端端吻合,腹膜管外包带蒂大网膜。术后观察实验动物活动、饮食、巩膜有无黄染及二便等一般情况。A组和B组分别于修复术后4周和12周再次开腹,切取修复区胆管行HE光镜检查及免疫组化检查,观察局部组织的愈合、胆管上皮的爬行情况。结果动物存活情况:2只实验兔分别于修复术后第9 d和第15 d死亡,其余18只实验兔均健康存活至再次手术。大体标本观察:修复段胆管质地柔韧,管腔无狭窄。探查肝脏表面光滑,质韧。光镜观察:腹膜管大部分腔面覆盖着单层柱状上皮,中外层为增生纤维组织,散在淋巴细胞、浆细胞、成纤维细胞和巨噬细胞,并见较完整的毛细血管。结论自体腹膜管修复缺损胆总管后,使用带蒂大网膜包裹,腹膜管的成活率高,胆管上皮可逐渐由两端向对侧移行覆盖腹膜管腔面。

医源性胆道损伤修复术120疗效分析

目的:探讨医源性胆道损伤修复的处理方法与疗效评估。方法:回顾总结1998～2008年我科收治的120例医源性胆道损伤修复患者的临床资料,对损伤狭窄的胆道进行修复与重建的处理方法进行总结分析。结果:103例患者行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,16例行自体带蒂组织瓣修复及胆总管切开成形并T管引流术,1例行经皮肝穿胆道引流术。结论:胆肠Roux-en-Y重建吻合修复术后复发率明显低于自体带蒂组织瓣修复术。

腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的整形修复时机选择与临床处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的整形修复时机选择与临床处理。方法分析采用胆道整形修复手术治疗的9例腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的病例资料。右肝管裂伤3例,右后叶肝管横断1例,左右肝管汇合部完全切除2例,肝总管损伤后狭窄3例。结果9例患者均无手术死亡,术后随访最长8年,最短13个月。术后恢复均良好,无黄疸,无胆管感染等征象发生。结论在腹腔镜胆囊切除术致胆管损伤的的处理手术中应尽可能保持胆管生理功能的完整,而不要轻易放弃有功能的Oddi括约肌和可利用的胆管,采用因人而异,就地取材个体化治疗方案,对维持胆管生理具有重要的临床意义。

胆总管端端吻合自然愈合过程的实验研究

目的建立犬胆总管横断损伤、胆道支架管引流、胆总管端端吻合的动物模型,探讨胆总管端端吻合的自然愈合过程。方法将25只犬随机分成对照组(n=5)与实验组(n=20),实验组分为4组,于术后3 d5、d、7 d9、d,胆道造影、取吻合处胆总管作羟脯氨酸、断裂强度、HE染色、Masson染色检测。结果实验组术后无一例胆漏;羟脯氨酸(mg):术后第3 dvs 5 d7、d、9 d、对照组差异有统计学意义(9±1.87 vs 20.6±2.302、2.6±2.70、27±4.121、6.54±2.22,均P<0.05),术后第5d vs 7 d差异无统计学意义(P=0.265)。断裂强度(N):术后第3 d vs 5 d、7 d、9 d差异有统计学意义(2.5±0.94 vs 5.72±1.057、.76±0.72、8.68±0.92,均P<0.05),术后第7 d vs 9 d差异无统计学意义(P=0.131)。术后5～7 d,HE染色见胆管壁增厚;Masson染色见大量胶原纤维增生、排列杂乱。结论胆总管横断损伤、胆道支架管引流、胆总管端端吻合术后,胆管壁胶原含量、断裂强度迅速升高,术后5～7 d,接近正常胆管组织水平;胆管壁增厚、胆管壁胶原纤维增生。

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中胆管损伤的术中镜下修复

目的总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术（1aparoscopic cholecystectomy，LC）中胆管损伤的原因及术中镜下修复经验，探讨术中腹腔镜下修复胆道损伤的可行性。方法我院2001年7月～2012年9月共完成7例Lc术中胆管损伤的镜下修复，其中1例肝总管完全横断伤、1例胆总管完全横断伤及1例左肝管不完全横断伤、1例右肝管不完全横断伤、1例肝总管不完全横断伤采用胆管对端吻合T管引流术；1例左、右肝管汇合下方肝总管前壁直径10Inln缺损，采用转移胆囊管壁瓣修复肝管缺损T管引流术；1例肝总管不完全横断伤采用对端吻合，未留置T管。结果所有手术均获成功，无中转开腹。1例胆总管对端吻合病例术后胆漏，腹腔引流管引流20d愈合。余无并发症出现。6例放置T管引流者术后1年拔除T管。7例术后随访0．5～10年，平均3．2年，无腹痛、黄疸、发热，肝功能正常，B超未见胆管扩张。结论LC胆管损伤的术中修复可以在腹腔镜下顺利完成．

胆囊切除术胆管损伤的原因分析与处理

目的探讨胆囊切除术导致胆管损伤的原因及损伤后的处理方式。方法对21例胆囊切除术引起胆管损伤的损伤原因及处理方式的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果损伤原因主要有:(1)胆囊急性炎症期进行手术8例,(2)经验不足5例,(3)Calot三角结构不清3例和解剖变异3例,(4)术中出血导致损伤2例。在处理方式上,本组有3例在术中发现胆管损伤后即时进行修复,12例在术后14d内修复,均取得良好的效果。另外6例在损伤后15d～95d之间进行修复,其中4例恢复良好,1例术后存在慢性胆管炎,死亡1例。绝大部分17例的病例采用胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术,恢复良好15例。结论胆囊切除术导致的胆管损伤应由有经验的肝胆外科专科医生进行修复,早期修复是可行的,胆管空肠吻合术是首选的手术方式。

29例医源性胆管损伤手术疗效的临床分析

目的:探讨医源性胆管损伤的手术时机与修复方式,以期提高术后的远期疗效。方法:回顾性分析1999年1月至2010年12月我院收治的29例医源性胆管损伤病人的临床资料,并对所有病人手术修复后进行随访。结果:根据2008年中华医学会外科学分会胆道外科学组制定的《胆管损伤的预防与治疗指南》中胆管损伤的分型,29例胆管损伤中Ⅰ型损伤3例,Ⅱ1型22例,Ⅱ2型3例,Ⅱ3型1例。即时修复12例,早期修复(两周以内)6例,延期修复(6-8周)11例。修复手术方式有迷走胆管结扎术1例,胆总管修补术1例,胆管修补加T管引流术9例,胆管端端吻合加T管引流术2例,胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术16例。29例病人中失访6例,死亡1例,平均随访时间为4.7年。在随访的22例病人中有20例一次修复成功,所有随访病人末次手术至今均无明显胆道感染及黄疸。结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术是高位胆管损伤最主要的原因。只要正确选择手术时机、手术方式,掌握修复技巧,胆管损伤可以获得较好的远期效果。在胆管修补术中,适时留置T管有助于减少术后胆漏和狭窄,一般留置3个月左右。

医源性胆管损伤的早期诊断和治疗

目的 探讨医源性胆管损伤的早期诊断和治疗。方法 对 1992～ 1999年间治疗的 14例胆管损伤进行回顾性分析。结果 14例胆管损伤术中发现并行修复整形 11例 ,治疗效果好 ,另 3例二次手术行胆肠吻合 ,死亡 1例 ,病死率占 7.14% (1/ 14)。结论 胆管损伤应尽早发现 ,并选以合适的治疗方法处理 ,比后期处理效果好。

医源性胆管损伤的防治

目的 提高医源性胆管损伤的诊断及防治水平。方法 回顾近12年医源性胆管损伤28例 ,分析早期诊断、处理方法和治疗效果。结果 术中发现5例胆管损伤立即修复 ,均治愈。术后发现的胆管损伤则采用不同的方法及早处理。对胆漏先行胆道及腹腔引流 ,3～6个月后再作胆道重建术 ;对胆管梗阻不伴感染者 ,6例1周内行胆道重建 ,术后1～4年内均发生吻合口狭窄 ,9例3～4周后 (胆管扩张≥1.5cm)行胆道重建 ,随访2～4年 ,无吻合口狭窄发生。结论 术者直视下仔细操作、解剖清楚 ,是预防胆管损伤的关键。胆管损伤应根据损伤具体情况 ,选择不同的方法及时处理。胆管梗阻无感染者 ,待胆管扩张≥1.5cm时 ,再作重建术 。

胆囊切除致胆管损伤的诊治

目的探讨胆囊切除致胆管损伤的原因及防治措施。方法回顾性分析近7年收治27例胆囊切除致胆管损伤的临床资料。27例胆囊切除致胆管损伤中,实施手术34例次。胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术19例次,腹腔引流术2例次,胆管修补术2例次,胆管对端吻合、T管支撑引流术3例次,胆管修补、T管支撑引流术3例次,内镜下鼻胆管引流(endoscopic nasobiliary drainage,ENBD)和肝总管自体脐静脉瓣修复各1例等。结果全组末次近期效果:优20例(74.1%),良6例(22.2%),死亡1例(3.7%)。随访2～7年(平均3年)20例,优15例(75.0%),良4例(20.0%),差1例(5.0%),无死亡病例,其中胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合术15例,优11例(73.3%),良3例(20.0%),差1例(6.7%)。结论胆囊切除术容易发生胆管损伤,损伤的原因是在病理、解剖和人为因素的基础上,主要与其术式选择不当有关。胆管损伤时要取得好的治疗效果,关键是及时发现和正确处理。胆管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术是大多数胆管损伤或损伤性胆管狭窄修复重建的有效术式。

Robotic-assisted cholecystectomy: Current status and future application

Robotic-assisted cholecystectomy(RC)is increasingly common.However,its exact role remains unde-fined,with multiport conventional laparoscopic cholecystectomy(LC)being regarded as the established gold standard.This review aims to provide an overview of the evidence for RC and to define its current and future role.A literature search was performed on the PubMed and Medline databases to identify relevant articles published between 1994 and February 2022.The evidence obtained was summarised in a narrative style.Greater emphasis was placed on recent 10-year articles and studies of higher meth-odological quality.RC is noninferior to LC.The robotic platform facilitates the application of minimally invasive surgery in a way conventional laparoscopy cannot.LC remains appropriate for the majority of patients requiring cholecystectomy.The advantages of RC include inherent technical benefits,facilitating the learning of new surgical technology and its potential to reduce the risk of open conversion and bile leakage in certain populations(Mirizzi syndrome,complicated calculous disease,chronic liver disease and possibly malignancy).It also has increasing applicability to related biliary surgery.The limitations include cost,loss of tactile feedback and the learning curve associated with initial implementation.Future applications of robotic surgical systems include utilisation in difficult cholecystectomy,cases of biliary malignancy,telerobotic surgery and telementoring.

医源性胆道损伤的早期发现和一期修复手术治疗

目的探讨医源性胆道损伤的早期诊断和诊治经验。方法对2000～2012年间治疗的27例胆道损伤进行回顾性分析。结果 27例胆道损伤术中及术后早期发现并行一期修复整形、T管支撑引流22例,1例术后T管脱落后胆管狭窄再次手术,其余21例治疗效果好,另5例二次手术行胆肠Roux-en-Y吻合,1例吻合口狭窄再次手术后痊愈。结论胆管损伤应尽早发现,并选以合适的治疗方法早期处理,比后期处理效果好。一期手术以修复整形为首选。

腹部手术中胆管副损伤的诊断与治疗

目的总结各类腹部手术中胆管副损伤的原因、临床特点及处理方法。方法对我院1996～2005年43例各类腹部手术中胆管损伤的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果全组患者均为腹部手术中所出现的胆管副损伤,其中胆管侧壁损伤21例,胆管损伤性狭窄8例,胆管横断伤3例,胆管探查致十二指肠后壁损伤5例,其他类型6例。术中或再次手术行简单修补、引流、胆管对端吻合、代血管蒂空肠瓣或胃瓣修复手术16例,胆管空肠吻合术17例(胆管空肠Roux-en-Y型),内镜下EST、球囊扩张术、塑料支架植入术10例。因胆管副损伤所致的各种并发症均得到有效缓解或治愈。结论腹部手术中胆管副损伤时有发生,既有腹部疾病本身因素,也有胆管变异因素,重要的是手术者对上腹部解剖的熟悉及复杂胆管手术的经验,而选择损伤修复的合理术式、充分胆管支撑、周围引流是防止修复术后胆管并发症的关键。