Preparation, interfacial regulation and strengthening of Mg/Al bimetal fabricated by compound casting: A review

Mg/Al bimetal combines the advantages of both aluminum and magnesium and has broad application prospects in automotive, aerospace,weapons, digital products and so on. The compound casting has the characteristics of low cost, easy to achieve metallurgical combination and suitable for the preparation of complex bimetallic parts. However, bimetallic joint strength is low due to differences of physical properties between Al and Mg, oxide film on metallic surface and interfacial Al-Mg IMCs, which is closely related to the interfacial microstructure and properties. Therefore, how to control the interface of the bimetal to achieve performance enhancement is the focus and difficulty in this field. At present, there are mainly the following strengthening methods. First, the “zincate galvanizing” and “electrolytic polishing+anodic oxidation” technology were exert on the surface of Al alloy to remove and break the oxide film, which improved the wettability between Al and Mg. Second, the undesirable Al-Mg IMCs were reduce or elimination by adding the interlayers(Zn, Ni and Ni-Cu). Thirdly, the evolution process of interfacial microstructure was changed and fine strengthening phases were formed by adding Si element to Al alloy or rare earth element to Mg alloy. Fourthly, mechanical vibration and ultrasonic vibration were applied in the process of the filling and solidification to refine and homogenize the interfacial structure. Finally, some other methods, including secondary rolling, thermal modification, heat treatment and constructing exterior 3D morphology, also can be used to regulate the interfacial microstructure and compositions. The above strengthening methods can be used alone or in combination to achieve bimetallic strengthening. Finally, the future development direction of the Mg/Al bimetal is prospected, which provides some new ideas for the development and application of the Mg/Al bimetal.

Effect of HEA/Al composite interlayer on microstructure and mechanical property of Ti/Mg bimetal composite by solid-liquid compound casting

In this study,HEA/AI composite interlayer was used to fabricate Ti/Mg bimetal composites by solidliquid compound casting process.The Al layer was prepared on the surface of TC4 alloy by hot dipping,and the FeCoNiCr HEA layer was prepared by magnetron sputtering onto the Al layer.The influence of the HEA layer thickness and pouring temperature on interface evolution was investigated based on SEM observation and thermodynamic analysis.Results indicate that the sluggish diffusion effect of HEA can effectively inhibit the interfacial diffusion between Al and Mg,which is conducive to the formation of solid solution,especially when the thickness of HEA is 800 nm.With the increase of casting temperature from 720 ℃ to 730 ℃,740℃,and 750 ℃,α-Al(Mg),α-Al(Mg)+Al3Mg2,Al3Mg2+Al12Mg17,and Al12Mg17+δ-Mg are formed at the interface of Ti/Mg bimetal,respectively.When the thickness of the HEA layer is 800 nm and the pouring temperature is 720 ℃,the bonding strength of the Ti/Mg bimetal can reach the maximum of 93.6 MPa.

Study on liquid-liquid bimetal composite casting hammers

Crusher hammers for the mineral processing industry must meet the demands of both high wear resistance at the hammer head and high impact toughness at the hammer handle. The crusher hammers made of Hadfield steel have typically low service life of less than 40 hours. To solve the problem, a kind of bimetal crusher hammers made of high chromium cast iron(HCCI) and low alloy steel(LAS) has been successfully developed by using liquid-liquid composite casting. The microstructure and composite interface bonding was analyzed using optical microscope, SEM, EDX and XRD. Micrographs indicate that the composite interface is metallurgically bonded with a zigzag shape across the boundary and without unbound region or void. After heat treatment, the composite hammers have shown excellent properties. The hardness of HCCI is at least 63 HRC and its αk is greater than 3.5 J·cm-2; the hardness of LAS is greater than 35 HRC and its αk is no less than 80 J·cm-2. Diffusion of elements takes place at the interface and forms a transition region. The micro hardness increases from LAS to the interface and then to HCCI. Wear comparison was made separately between the bimetal composite hammer and a Hadfield steel hammer in two quarries of Jilin province and Liaoning province. The results showed that the liquid-liquid bimetal composite hammers did not have the falling off of hammer head or impact fracture phenomenon, and their service life was 3.75 times as long as that of the Hadfield steel hammers.

High Cr white cast iron/carbon steel bimetal liner by lost foam casting with liquid-liquid composite process

Liners in wet ball mill for mineral processing industry must bear abrasive wear and corrosive wear, and consequently,the service life of the liner made from traditional materials,such as Hadfield steel and alloyed steels,is typically less than ten months.Bimetal liner,made from high Cr white cast iron and carbon steel,has been successfully developed by using liquid-liquid composite lost foam casting process.The microstructure and interface of the composite were analyzed using optical microscope,SEM,EDX and XRD.Micrographs indicate that the boundary of bimetal combination regions is staggered like dogtooth,two liquid metals are not mixed,and the interface presents excellent metallurgical bonding state.After heat treatment,the composite liner specimens have shown excellent properties,including hardness>61 HRC,fracture toughnessα k >16.5 J·cm-2 and bending strength >1,600 MPa.Wear comparison was made between the bimetal composite liner and alloyed steel liner in an industrial hematite ball mill of WISCO,and the results of eight-month test in wet grinding environment have proved that the service life of the bimetal composite liner is three times as long as that of the alloyed steel liner.

Effect of melt-to-solid volume ratio and preheating temperature on Mg/Al bimetals interface by centrifugal casting

Compound casting is an efficient method for bonding dissimilar metals,in which a dramatic reaction can occur between the melt and solid.The centrifugal casting process,a type of compound casting,was applied to cast Al/Mg dissimilar bimetals.Magnesium melt was poured at 700 °C,with melt-to-solid volume ratios(Vm/Vs) of 1.5 and 3,into a preheated hollow aluminum cylinder.The preheating temperatures of the solid part were 320,400,and 450 °C,and the constant rotational speed was 1,600 rpm.The cast parts were kept inside the casting machine until reaching the cooling temperature of 150 °C.The result showed that an increase in preheating temperature from 320 to 450 °C led to an enhanced reaction layer thickness.In addition,an increase in the Vm/Vs from 1.5 to 3 resulted in raising the interface thickness from 1.2 to 1.8 mm.Moreover,the interface was not continuously formed when a Vm/Vs of 3 was selected.In this case,the force of contraction overcame the resultant acting force on the interface.An interface formed at the volume ratio of 1.5 was examined using scanning electron microscopy(SEM) equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy(EDS),and the results demonstrated the formation of Al_(3)Mg_(2),Al_(12)Mg_(17) and(δ+Al_(12)Mg_(17)) eutectic structures in the interface.

Improving mechanical properties of AZ91D magnesium/A356 aluminum bimetal prepared by compound casting via a high velocity oxygen fuel sprayed Ni coating

In this paper,a Ni coating was deposited on the surface of the A356 aluminum alloy by high velocity oxygen fuel spraying to improve the performance of the AZ91D magnesium/A356 aluminum bimetal prepared by a compound casting.The effects of the Ni coating as well as its thickness on microstructure and mechanical properties of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal were systematically researched for the first time.Results demonstrated that the Ni coating and its thickness had a significant effect on the interfacial phase compositions and mechanical properties of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal.The 10μm’s Ni coating cannot prevent the generation of the Al-Mg intermetallic compounds(IMCs)at the interface zone of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal,while the Ni coating with the thickness of 45μm and 190μm can avoid the formation of the Al-Mg IMCs.When the Ni coating was 45μm,the Ni coating disappeared and transformed into Mg-Mg_(2)Ni eutectic structures+Ni_(2)Mg_(3)Al particles at the interface zone.With a thickness of 190μm’s Ni coating,part of the Ni coating remained and the interface layer was composed of the Mg-Mg_(2)Ni eutectic structures+Ni_(2)Mg_(3)Al particles,Mg_(2)Ni layer,Ni solid solution(SS)layer,Al_(3)Ni_(2) layer,Al_(3)Ni layer and sporadic Al_(3)Ni+Al-Al_(3)Ni eutectic structures from AZ91D side to A356 side in sequence.The interface layer consisting of the Mg-Ni and Al-Ni IMCs obtained with the Ni coating had an obvious lower hardness than the Al-Mg IMCs.The shear strength of the AZ91D/A356 bimetal with a Ni coating of 45μm thickness enhanced 41.4%in comparison with that of the bimetal without Ni coating,and the fracture of the bimetal with 45μm’s Ni coating occurred between the Mg matrix and the interface layer with a mixture of brittle fracture and ductile fracture.

Effect of vibration on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg/Al bimetal prepared by a novel compound casting

In this work,a vibration was applied in the preparation of the Mg/Al bimetal by a novel compound casting in order to improve the mechanical properties of the Mg/Al bimetal,and the effect of the vibration on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg/Al bimetal was investigated.The results indicated that the vibration had a significant effect on the interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the Mg/Al bimetal,but it did not change the phase compositions of the interface,which was composed of layerⅠ(Al3Mg2+Mg2Si),layerⅡ(Al_(12)Mg_(17)+Mg_(2)Si)and layerⅢ(Al_(12)Mg_(17)/δ-Mg).Without vibration,the Mg_(2)Si phase with a needle-like morphology mainly aggregated in the layerⅡof the interface.After the application of the vibration,the SEM and EBSD analysis results showed that the Mg_(2)Si and Al3Mg2phases in the interface were obviously refined,and the distribution of the Mg_(2)Si became more uniform,due to the strong forced convection of the molten metal resulting from the vibration.The TEM analysis indicated that the interface between the A_(l3)Mg_(2) and Mg_(2)Si phases was non-coherent,suggesting the Mg_(2)Si particles cannot act as a heterogeneous nucleation base during the solidification process of the interface.Compared to the Mg/Al bimetal without vibration,the shear strength of the Mg/Al bimetal with vibration increased by about 50%from 31.7 MPa on average to 47.5 MPa,and the hardness of the layer I of the interface increased,and the hardness of the layerⅢdecreased.The fracture surface transformed from a flat fracture morphology without vibration to an irregular zigzag fracture morphology.

Bonding of compound casted Ti/Al bimetal by heat treatment

The formation mechanism of the bonding between compound cast Al/Ti bimetal during a heat treatment regime was investigated.Commercially pure Al was cast and melt on a Ti bar in a steel tube,followed by heat treatment on the compound cast Ti/Al bimetal for different periods of time once the Al melt was solidified.No bonding was observed between the two metals after the initial casting,which can be attributed to the presence of oxide films on the liquid Al and solid Ti alloys and the trapped atmosphere between them.The effect of these layers in preventing the formation of bonding was eliminated after heat treating the cast part at~973 K(~700℃)for at least 15 min,and the metals started to bond with each other.A detailed description of this bonding mechanism is presented in this paper.

Formation mechanism of bimetal composite layer between LCS and HCCI

A low carbon steel(LCS)/high chromium white cast iron(HCCI) bimetal wear plate about 20 mm in thickness was prepared by liquid-liquid bimetal composite casting technology to substitute for the welding wear plate. A clear and distinguishable composite layer between the LCS and the HCCI was detected with SEM, and the composition and phase were analyzed through EDS and XRD. The composite layer was composed of three sublayers from the LCS to the HCCI: pearlite transition layer, composite layer, and HCCI transition layer. The Vickers hardness from the pearlite transition layer to the HCCI transition layer was 360 HV to 855 HV. The austenite grows as dendrites between the composite layer and the HCCI transition layer under constitutional undercooling. A large amount of C and Cr, and a small amount of Si and Mn dissolve in the matrix. Granular Cr_7C_3 is uniformly distributed. Due to the solute redistribution at the solid-liquid interface, the primary austenite grows from planar to cellular and finally to the distinct dendrite crystals. The dendrite crystals have an obvious growth direction perpendicular to the composite layer.

HCWCI/Carbon Steel Bimetal Liner by Liquid-Liquid Compound Lost Foam Casting

Impact, friction and corrosion from the grinding balls and the grinding medium during the mineral processing result in liner breakage. Liner, made from Hadfield steel or alloyed steel, could not have served in wet grinding environment for more than ten months. Composite liner, made from HCWCI (high Cr white cast iron) and carbon steel, has been developed successfully with liquid-liquid composing process based on LFC (lost foam casting). The microstructure of composite was analyzed with optical microscope, SEM (scanning electron microscope)/EDX energy-dispersive X-ray and XRD (X-ray diffraction). According to micrograph, the combination region of two metals was staggered like dogtooth, no mixtures occurred between two liquid metals, and its interface presented excellent metallurgical bonding state. The results of mechanical property test show that, the hardness of HRC, the fracture toughness, and the bending strength are more than 61, 16.5 J/cm2 and 1 600 MPa, respectively. Comparison between liners made from bimetal composite and alloyed steel has also been investigated in industrial hematite ball mill. The results of eight months test in wet grinding environment prove that the service life of bimetal composite liner is three times as long as that of one made from alloyed steel.

静电纺丝法制备自支撑Zn_(2)VO_(4)/N-CNFs复合中间层及电化学性能研究

应用静电纺丝技术设计了一种具有3D网状结构的Zn、V双金属化合物-氮掺杂碳纳米纤维自支撑中间层(Zn_(2)VO_(4)4/N-CNFs),被用于锂硫电池。结果表明,吡啶氮和吡咯氮能与锂离子发生强的相互作用,Zn_(2)VO_(4)4对多硫化锂有极强的吸附和催化效果。碳纳米纤维网络捕捉多硫化锂的同时还可以提供长程电子传导路径,在促进电子转移的同时又能存储电解液,提供了电化学反应空间。Zn_(2)VO_(4)4/N-CNFs中间层发挥了对多硫化锂从捕捉到促进转化的双功能作用。因此,采用Zn_(2)VO_(4)4/N-CNFs中间层的锂硫电池在0.2 C下的初始放电比容量为796.1 mAh·g^(-1),循环100圈后仍可保持727.2 mAh·g^(-1)的容量,容量保持率为91.3%。在1.0 C时,电池的初始容量为593.4 mAh·g^(-1),循环1000圈后仍保有353.3 mAh·g^(-1)的容量,每圈的容量衰减仅为0.0024%。

FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金涂层对复合铸造Al/Mg双金属组织和性能的影响

目的研究不同厚度的FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金涂层对Al/Mg双金属组织和力学性能的影响。方法通过超音速火焰喷涂工艺在A356嵌体表面喷涂不同厚度的FeCoNiCrCu高熵合金涂层,采用消失模复合铸造工艺制备Al/Mg双金属,利用扫描电镜、EDS能谱及XRD衍射仪、维氏硬度测试仪和万能试验机对Al/Mg双金属界面微观组织和力学性能进行测试和分析。结果未喷涂高熵合金涂层的Al/Mg双金属界面由共晶层和金属间化合物层组成,断裂位置主要位于金属间化合物层,裂纹从Al_(3)Mg_(2)扩展至共晶层结束,具有典型的脆性断裂特征,剪切强度仅为30.37MPa。当高熵合金涂层厚度为5μm时,Al/Mg双金属形成了Al_(3)Mg_(2)+Mg_(2)Si/AlxFeCoNiCrCu+FeCoNiCrCu+Al-Mg-Co-Ni混合相/δ-Mg+Al_(12)Mg_(17)共晶组织的复杂界面,断裂发生在高熵合金层与δ-Mg+Al_(12)Mg_(17)共晶组织的交界处,断裂面产生了一定程度的塑性变形,剪切强度为48.46MPa,相对于无涂层的Al/Mg双金属提高了59.56%。当高熵合金涂层厚度为20μm时,铝侧生成了AlxFeCoNiCrCu高熵合金,镁侧则只生成了少量Mg-Ni-Cu混合相,断裂发生在高熵合金涂层与镁基体交界处,剪切强度为39.69 MPa。结论高熵合金涂层可以有效阻碍Al、Mg元素之间的扩散,从而显著抑制或完全阻止Al-Mg脆性金属间化合物的产生,大幅度降低界面层厚度。金属间化合物的减少和混合相对裂纹扩展的阻碍作用显著提高了Al/Mg双金属界面的剪切强度。

基衬间隙对双金属复合管成形质量影响分析研究

在分析双金属复合管液胀成形原理基础上,研究了不同基、衬间隙对液胀双金属复合管成形质量的影响。通过3个具体案例研究了不同管径下,基、衬间隙对液胀双金属复合管成形质量的影响。

双金属复合管件制造技术综述

在总结了国内外双金属复合管件制造成型工艺的基础上,从制造工艺出发,分别介绍了双金属复合三通、双金属复合弯头、双金属复合异径接头和双金属复合法兰的制造工艺过程和工艺的优缺点,并对常用双金属复合管件制造工艺的优劣进行了排序。最后结合双金属复合管件直径和内衬材料两方面因素,给出了复合管件材料类型选择方案,以期为双金属复合管件的工程应用提供参考。

双结晶器连铸铜-锌铝合金双金属复合材料

设计和制造了 1台双金属双结晶器连续铸造试验机 ,其特征是 :①结晶器为水冷铜套内衬石墨套 ;②结晶器上面连接可控制温度的熔化保温炉 ;③在高度方向上设置一高一低、直径一小一大的结晶器。在此试验机上 ,成功地连续铸造出芯部直径2 0mm的铜合金 ,外层厚度为 10mm的锌铝合金的双金属复合圆棒。通过测试和分析此复合圆棒的宏观和微观的复合断面、化学成分分布、复合界面的剪切强度 ,证明此连续铸造试验机可以制备出复合良好的铜

纳米金属铁降解有机卤化物的研究进展

有机卤化物是一种毒性强、难生物降解的环境污染物,传统处理技术存在着降解不完全、效率低等不足。纳米技术的发展给有机卤化物的处理带来了一种新的颇具潜力的方法,即应用纳米金属/双金属颗粒对有机卤化物进行脱卤。目前,以Fe(Ⅱ)和Fe(Ⅲ)等常见原料合成纳米铁颗粒的技术已经成熟,纳米颗粒对有机卤化物也显示出高效的降解性能。更重要的是,其可灵活应用于地下水和土壤的原位和异位修复,尤其适用于原位修复。本文综述了纳米铁颗粒降解有机卤化物的研究进展,包括纳米铁颗粒的合成与修饰,降解效能、降解机理、降解动力学、示范工程等,以及发展前景和今后的研究方向。

破碎机锤头双金属复合铸造工艺的研究进展

介绍了目前生产双金属复合铸造的传统工艺方法以及它们的优缺点,并在此基础上分析了破碎机锤头双金属复合铸造的研究动态和进展情况。认为双金属复合铸造是提高破碎机锤头整体性能的有效手段。分散镶铸和流变复合代表了复合锤头的发展方向,相应的复合准则的研究、材质相容性和界面结合状态的研究成为今后的研究重点。

Mg/Al液固双金属复合材料的界面及相组成

针对单一镁合金耐蚀性差的问题，利用液固复合法制备了Mg／Al双金属复合材料，采用光学显微镜（OM）、扫描电镜（SEM）、能谱分析（EDS）以及X射线衍射（XRD）对材料界面组织和相组成进行了分析。试验结果表明：当以AZ91D为浇注金属，浇注温度为660～680％时，炉冷、双金属AZ91D和Z1105可获得良好的冶金结合界面；合金界面共分为5个明显区域，镁合金基体侧为Mg基固溶体和Mg17Al12,铝合金基体侧为铝基固溶体和Al3Mg2，界面中间区域则为Al3Mg2和弥散析出的中间相Mg2Si。

铜铝双金属复合材料的研究进展

铜铝双金属复合材料由于其优良的综合性能受到广泛关注和研究。介绍了铜铝双金属复合材料的发展概况,综述了复合技术、界面行为、金属间化合物的形成和生长规律、金属间化合物的微观结构以及铜铝间的扩散行为等方面内容,论述了铜铝复合材料的力学和电学性能的研究进展,并提出了其发展趋势。

连铸铜包铝复合棒坯过渡层的研究

在双金属连铸铜包铝复合棒坯试验中,出现不同过渡层的制品。对试验中出现的不同制品进行分析研究,结合试验条件分析其中的极端现象———芯部全为化合物的试样的成分及其产生的原因,在此基础上进一步探讨如何控制过渡层的厚度,改进产品质量。