Production of liquid bio-fuel from catalytic de-oxygenation:Pyrolysis of beech wood and flax shives

This study presents a detailed analysis of the catalytic de-oxygenation of the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products of two biomasses (beech wood and flax shives) using different catalysts (commercial HZSM-5 and H-Y,and lab-synthesised Fe-HZSM-5,Fe-H-Y,Pt/Al2O3 and CoMo/Al2O3). The experiments were all conducted in a semi-batch reactor under the same operating conditions for all feed materials. BET specific surface area,BJH pore size distribution and FT-IR technologies have been used to characterise the catalysts,while gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS),flame ionisation detection (GC-FID) and thermal conductivity detection (GC-TCD) were used to examine the liquid and gaseous pyrolytic products. It was firstly seen that at higher catalyst-to-biomass ratios of 4∶1,de-oxygenation efficiency did not experience any further significant improvement. FeHZSM-5 was deemed to be the most efficient of the catalysts utilised as it helped reach the lowest oxygen contents in the bio-oils samples and the second best was HZSM-5. It was also found that HZSM-5 and H-Y tended to privilege the decarbonylation route(production of CO),whilst their iron-modified counterparts favoured the decarboxylation one (production of CO2) for both biomasses studied. It was then seen that the major bio-oil components (carboxylic acids) underwent almost complete conversion under catalytic treatment to produce mostly unoxygenated aromatic compounds,phenols and gases like CO and CO2. Finally,phenols were seen to be the family most significantly formed from the actions of all catalysts.

Double perovskite oxides Sr_2Mg_(1-x)Fe_xMoO(6-δ) for catalytic oxidation of methane

The double perovskite oxides Sr2Mg1-xF exMoO6-δ were investigated as catalysts for the methane oxidation.The structural properties of catalysts were characterized in detail by X-ray diffraction,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy.The catalytic property was strongly influenced by the Fe substitution.The relation between catalytic performance and the degree of Fe substitution was examined with regard to the structure and surface characteristics of the mixed oxides.The Fe-containing catalysts exhibited higher activity attributable to the possible（Fe2＋,Mo6＋） and （Fe3＋,Mo5＋）valency pairs,and the highest activity was observed for Sr2Mg0.2Fe0.8MoO6-δ.The enhancement of the catalytic activity may be correlated with the Fe-relating surface lattice oxygen species and was discussed in view of the presence of oxygen vacancies.

Inhibition of DNA-dependent Protein Kinase Catalytic Subunit by Small Molecule Inhibitor NU7026 Sensitizes Human Leukemic K562 Cells to Benzene Metabolite-induced Apoptosis

Benzene is an established leukotoxin and leukemogen in humans. We have previously re- ported that exposure of workers to benzene and to benzene metabolite hydroquinone in cultured cells induced DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit （DNA-PKcs） to mediate the cellular response to DNA double strand break （DSB） caused by DNA-damaging metabolites. In this study, we used a new, small molecule, a selective inhibitor of DNA-PKcs, 2-（morpholin-4-yl）-benzo[h]chomen-4-one （NU7026）, as a probe to analyze the molecular events and pathways in hydroquinone-induced DNA DSB repair and apoptosis. Inhibition of DNA-PKcs by NU7026 markedly potentiated the apoptotic and growth inhibitory effects of hydroquinone in proerythroid leukemic K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. Treatment with NU7026 did not alter the production of reactive oxygen species and oxidative stress by hydroquinone but repressed the protein level of DNA-PKcs and blocked the induction of the kinase mRNA and protein expression by hydroquinone. Moreover, hydroquinone increased the phos- phorylation of Akt to activate Akt, whereas co-treatment with NU7026 prevented the activation of Akt by hydroquinone. Lastly, hydroquinone and NU7026 exhibited synergistic effects on promoting apop- tosis by increasing the protein levels of pro-apoptotic proteins Bax and caspase-3 but decreasing the protein expression of anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Taken together, the findings reveal a central role of DNA-PKcs in hydroquinone-induced hematotoxicity in which it coordinates DNA DSB repair, cell cycle progression, and apoptosis to regulate the response to hydroquinone-induced DNA damage.

Catalytic Kinetic on the Thermal Decomposition of Ammonium Perchlorate with a New Energetic Complex Based on 3,5-Bis(3-pyridyl)-1H-1,2,4-triazole

A new energetic complex,[Co（3,3？-Hbpt）（Htm）]·H_2O（1,3,3？-Hbpt = 3,5-bis（3-pyridyl）-1H-1,2,4-triazole and H_3tm = trimesic acid）,has been synthesized by hydrothermal reactions and characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction,elementary analysis,IR spectroscopy,thermogravimetric analysis and X-ray powder diffraction. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction indicates that the complex belongs to triclinic system,space group P 1 with a = 10.0911（1）,b = 10.2573（1）,c = 10.6393（1） ？,α = 103.793（2）,β = 101.041（2）,γ = 107.918（3）o,V = 974.9（2） ？~3,Z = 2,D_c = 1.732 g·cm-3,μ = 0.941 mm^（-1）,M_r = 508.31,F（000） = 518,the final R = 0.0523 and wR = 0.0935 with I 〉 2σ（I）. In the title complex,Co（Ⅱ） ions are connected by Htm2-anions generating 1D ladder-like chains which are linked by 3,3？-Hbpt to form 1D cages. In addition,the thermal decomposition of ammonium perchlorate（AP） with complex 1 was explored by differential scanning calorimetry（DSC）. AP is completely decomposed in a shorter time in the presence of complex 1,and the decomposition heat of the mixture is 2.531 kJ·g^（-1）,significantly higher than that of pure AP. By Kissinger＇s method,the ratio of Ea/ln（A） is 11.05 for the mixture,which indicates that complex 1 shows good catalytic activity toward the AP decomposition.

Synthesis of Agomelatine by One-pot Catalytic Hydrogenation and Acetylation with NiO

Nano-NiO and bulk NiO were prepared from Ni(AC)_2·4 H_2O by coordination precipitation using aqueous ammonia and by a solid state reaction, respectively. The nickel oxide particles were characterized by X-ray Diffraction(XRD) and scanning electron microscopy(SEM). The results indicate that nano-sized NiO has a crystal phase with a standard face-centered cubic lattice structure, with a mean particle diameter of about 10 nm. The evaluation of the activity of nickel oxide nanoparticles in the catalytic hydrogenation of 7-methoxy-1-naphthylacetonitrile was carried out. The results demonstrate the efficient synthesis of the title compound by a one-pot catalytic hydrogenation and acetylation with NiO. The NiO nanoparticles displayed superior catalytic activity in the synthesis of agomelatine in the one-pot reaction.The total yield of agomelatine is over 81.8% with a purity of 99.2%, as determined by HPLC. The structure of agomelatine was confirmed by IR, MS, and 1 H NMR analysis.

CATALYTIC PERFORMANCE OF ETHYLENE HYDROFORMYLATION OVER[H_XRu_3(CO)_9(CCO)]^(2-X)/SiO_2-Al_2O_3,SiO_2 AND MgO(X=0-2)CATALYSTS

The various surface species[H_XRu_3(CO)_9(CCO)]^(2-X)(X=0-2)prepared from impregnation of[PPN]_2[Ru_3(CO)_9(CCO)]on SiO_2-Al_2O_3,SiO_2 and MgO show quite different activities and selectivities for oxygenates and ethane in ethylene hydroformylation.

花生秸秆热解挥发分在HZSM-5负载Ga催化剂上的裂解特性

生物质热解能够将木质纤维素类生物质转化为生物油,但粗油含氧量高、热值低。利用负载Ga的HZSM-5催化剂对生物质热解挥发分进行催化裂解,可以促进生物油的选择性脱氧和芳构化,实现生物油提质。分别采用离子交换法和水热法制备了两种负载Ga的HZSM-5催化剂(Ga-H5-E和Ga-H5-H),采用两段式固定床反应器进行了花生秸秆热解在线联合热解挥发分催化裂解实验。花生秸秆在反应器下段以10℃/min的加热速率从室温升温至700℃,其间逸出的挥发分通过保持在600℃的上段催化剂层进行催化裂解。结果表明,相比无负载的HZSM-5,Ga-H5-E和Ga-H5-H使BTX(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)产率分别提高了77%和93%,其中甲苯和二甲苯的增加尤为明显。采用热重分析仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散X射线光谱仪、比表面积分析仪和化学吸附仪等对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,两种Ga负载催化剂的积炭产率显著低于原催化剂(HZSM-5);Ga负载使催化剂强酸位显著增多,有利于增加脱氧反应的催化活性中心;相比于Ga-H5-E,Ga-H5-H含有容积较大的介孔和较小的平均孔径,而且更多Ga浸入了颗粒内部,这些差异可能促进乙烯和丙烯在介孔内发生芳香化反应,从而提高了单环芳香烃产量。

Treatment of Dyes Wastewater by a New Kind of Bio - Fluid Bed

A new kind of bio-fluid bed used to treat dyes wastewater is described in detail due to its several special features,such as high removal efficiency,simple struc-ture,shock load resistance,etc.By means of analyzing the experiment data,the results show that the dye wastewater’s organic matter is removed greatly after be-ing treated by this new kind of bio-fluid bed.On the other hand,the removal efficiency of chromaticity of

STUDY OF KINETIC ANALYTICAL METHOD BASED ON CATALYTIC REACTIONS

In this thesis a reviwe is presented for the advances of catalytic spec trophotometric method, three new catalytic reaction systems were presented, and its rela live catalytic spectrophotometric methods have been established by flow injection tech nique. Particulary the relative chemometric methods and theories were used in the field of kinetic - catalytic analysis, in order to solve the problems of multicomponents analysis.

Ga、Zn改性ZSM-5对生物质热裂解产物单环芳烃选择性的影响

针对生物油组分复杂、含氧量高等问题,通过使用金属改性催化剂改善生物油的组成,提高生物油中单环芳烃(Monocyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbon,MAHs)的选择性,并探讨了生物质催化热裂解反应机理。以硝酸镓、硝酸锌为改性剂,采用离子交换法对不同硅铝比的ZSM-5进行改性,使用Py-GC/MS外标法探究硅铝比(30、40、50和60)和金属元素类型(Ga、Zn)对玉米秸秆催化热裂解产物单环芳烃选择性的影响。结果表明,对于Ga/ZSM-5,硅铝比为30时更有利于单环芳烃的产生,此时玉米秸秆催化热裂解产物单环芳烃的相对含量为19.02%,是在母体ZSM-5(30)催化下的1.38倍;对于Zn/ZSM-5,硅铝比为40时更有利于单环芳烃的产生,此时玉米秸秆催化热裂解产物单环芳烃的相对含量为22.18%,是在母体ZSM-5(40)催化下的1.51倍。硅铝比对二甲苯、萘和二甲基萘的产率影响比改性金属元素影响大,改性金属元素对苯、甲苯和茚的产率影响比硅铝比影响大。从生物油的相对含量、元素组成、芳香烃的相对含量、以及单环芳烃的产率来看,Zn/ZSM-5(40)的催化效果优于Ga/ZSM-5(30)。

Production of Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis of Olive Biomass with/without Catalyst

In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm3 stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.

Catalytic Hydrothermal Liquefaction of Water Hyacinth Using Fe3O4/NiO Nanocomposite: Optimization of Reaction Conditions by Response Surface Methodology

This research aimed at optimizing the reaction conditions for the catalytic hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) of water hyacinth using iron oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposite as catalysts. The iron oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposite was synthesized by the co-precipitation method and used in the hydrothermal liquefaction of water hyacinth. The composition and structural morphology of the synthesized catalysts were determined using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The particle size distribution of the catalyst nanoparticles was determined by the Image J software. Three reaction parameters were optimized using the response surface methodology (RSM). These were: temperature, residence time, and catalyst dosage. A maximum bio-oil yield of 59.4 wt% was obtained using iron oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposite compared to 50.7 wt% obtained in absence of the catalyst. The maximum bio-oil yield was obtained at a temperature of 320°C, 1.5 g of catalyst dosage, and 60 min of residence time. The composition of bio-oil was analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GC-MS) and elemental analysis. The GC-MS results showed an increase of hydrocarbons from 58.3% for uncatalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction to 88.66% using iron oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposite. Elemental analysis results revealed an increase in the hydrogen and carbon content and a reduction in the Nitrogen, Oxygen, and Sulphur content of the bio-oil during catalytic HTL compared to HTL in absence of catalyst nanoparticles. The high heating value increased from 33.5 MJ/Kg for uncatalyzed hydrothermal liquefaction to 38.6 MJ/Kg during the catalytic HTL. The catalyst nanoparticles were recovered from the solid residue by sonication and magnetic separation and recycled. The recycled catalyst nanoparticles were still efficient as hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) catalysts and were recycled four times. The application of iron oxide/ nickel oxide nanocomposites in the HTL of water hyacinth increases the yield of bio-oil and improves its quality by reducing hetero atoms thus increasing its energy performance as fuel. Iron oxide/nickel oxide nanocomposites used in this study are widely available and can be easily recovered magnetically and recycled. This will potentially lead to an economical, environmentally friendly, and sustainable way of converting biomass into biofuel.

双蛋壳Ru纳米颗粒催化L-赖氨酸高效脱羧合成戊二胺

戊二胺是生物基尼龙56的核心单体,以廉价且产能过剩的L-赖氨酸为原料,通过一步多相催化脱羧合成戊二胺,实现绿色高值化利用。L-赖氨酸脱羧需在强酸体系下进行,提高Ru基催化剂稳定性是共性科学难题之一。采用原位水热合成方法,设计制备双蛋壳包裹的钌催化剂,首先利用FAU孔道实现Ru纳米颗粒的高分散,其次在外层原位生长硅壳silicate-1(S-1),提高催化剂在酸体系下的稳定性。表征结果显示,双蛋壳包裹的Ru/FAU@S-1催化剂外层硅元素明显富集。在戊二胺合成反应中,Ru/FAU@S-1催化活性很高,L-赖氨酸转化率高达81.5%,戊二胺选择性65.8%,循环使用5次后催化效果无明显下降,催化剂稳定性得到显著改善。

新型介孔SO_4^(2-)/TiO_2固体酸的制备及其催化酯化性能

以无定形高比表面积水合钛酸(H2Ti2O5·xH2O)为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了新型晶须状介孔SO42-/TiO2固体酸催化剂,利用X射线衍射、N2吸附-脱附、扫描电镜、红外光谱、热重和氨程序升温脱附等技术考察了催化剂的结构特征和表面酸性及其对乙酸与正丁醇液相酯化反应的催化活性.结果表明,SO42-/TiO2固体酸催化剂不仅具有纳米级晶粒、晶须状形貌、高比表面积和介孔结构,还保持了完善的锐钛矿晶型、较强的酸性和较高的热稳定性;当焙烧温度高于500oC时,催化剂表面结合的SO42-逐渐流失,酸中心数逐渐减少.在m(催化剂)=0.2g、n(正丁醇)/n(乙酸)=1.5和反应时间3h条件下,500oC焙烧的催化剂活性最高,正丁醇转化率达94%,乙酸正丁酯选择性为100%,且催化性能和分离沉降性能均优于SO42-/P25催化剂.

Zn-P复合改性HZSM-5在线催化热解获取生物油的研究

为进一步提高精制生物油的制取效率和燃料品质,采用Zn和P对HZSM-5分子筛进行复合改性,使用XRD、SEM EDS、ICP-AES、BET等方法表征改性HZSM-5分子筛,考察了Zn、P改性对精制生物油理化特性和液相产物的化学组成以及对HZSM-5抗结焦性能的影响。结果表明,Zn、P在HZSM-5表面负载均匀,Zn、P改性未影响HZSM-5的晶体骨架结构,改性HZSM-5的比表面积随着Zn负载量的上升而减少;Zn负载量为3%时,催化热解得到的精制生物油含氧量为10.67%,热值为36.76 MJ/kg,p H值为5.85,精制生物油品质得到显著提升;液相产物中酸类、醛类和酮类等不期望物质相对含量显著下降,芳香族化合物相对含量显著增加,芳香族化合物相对含量为91.93%,其中,芳香烃为74.63%;HZSM-5因负载P使得其相对结焦量明显降低,显著增强了HZSM-5的稳定性;Zn改性促进了氢原子转移和碳正离子的形成,有利于提高HZSM-5分子筛的芳构化性能。

Fe、Co、Cu改性HZSM-5催化热解制备生物油试验

采用浸渍法对HZSM-5分别进行了Fe、Co、Cu改性;通过XRD、Py-IR和BET法对改性HZSM-5进行了表征;在两段式固定床反应器上进行了生物质热解气的在线提质试验;分析了改性HZSM-5的催化提质和抗结焦性能。结果表明,Fe、Co、Cu改性负载物分布较为均匀,没有团聚成大颗粒晶体,对HZSM-5的酸性分布产生了不同的影响,同时修饰了分子筛孔道,减小了分子筛孔容;经Fe、Co、Cu改性HZSM-5催化所得精制生物油的产率为18.37%~19.03%,O质量分数为15.13%~17.23%,p H值为5.05~5.12,运动黏度为5.16~5.22 mm2/s,高位热值为34.56~36.01 MJ/kg;精制生物油中含有多种官能团,有机物种类较多,烃类物质总含量有明显升高,尤其是PAHs的含量显著升高,芳构化性能显著增强,其中,经Fe/HZSM-5和Co/HZSM-5催化提质,生物油中MAHs含量相对较高;Fe/HZSM-5和Cu/HZSM-5抗无定型焦炭的性能较强,Co/HZSM-5抗石墨型焦炭的能力大幅增强。

Propene and CO oxidation on Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^(2-) diesel oxidation catalysts:Effect of sulfate on activity and stability

Platinum/cerium-zirconium-sulfate（Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-）） catalysts were prepared by wetness impregnation.Catalytic activities were evaluated from the combustion of propene and CO.Sulfate（SO_4^（2-））addition improved the catalytic activity significantly.When using Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-） with 10 wt%SO_4^（2-）,the temperature for 90%conversion of propene and CO decreased by 75℃ compared with Pt/Ce-Zr.The conversion exceeded 95%at 240℃ even after 0.02%sulfur dioxide poisoning for 20 h.Temperature-programmed desorption of CO and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses revealed an improvement in Pt dispersion onto the Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-） support,and the increased number of Pt particles built up more Pt^（-）-（SO_4^（2-））^（-） couples,which resulted in excellent activity.The increased total acidity and new Bronsted acid sites on the surface provided the Pt/Ce-Zr-SO_4^（2-） with good sulfur resistance.

NiMoB/γ-Al-2O_3催化生物油加氢提质

试验以NiMoB/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,在一定温度条件下,考察了对玉米秸秆快速热裂解油(生物油)的加氢提质效果。结果表明,在80℃下,生物油中部分代表性不饱和醛酮化合物(如糠醛、苯甲醛、环己酮、乙醛、乙酰丙酮等)可以在甲醇溶液中被高效地加氢转化为相应的醇。由于生物油中含水量高和各类不饱和化合物含量很低的原因,直接对生物油加氢时,只能部分地将其转化为饱和化合物。研究发现,生物油经超临界萃取处理获得的轻组分,其加氢能力明显增强,羰基化合物(C=O)和碳碳双键化合物(C=C)的转化率分别可达87%和70%。加氢过程中会伴有酯化反应,加氢处理生物油的酸度明显降低,热稳定性提高。

ZSM-5催化生物质三组分和松木热解生物油组分分析

为了更清晰地研究三大组分(纤维素、木聚糖、木质素)在介孔ZSM-5参与下的催化热解过程,该研究首先对生物质的三大基本组分和云南松木粉进行热解,然后在介孔ZSM-5催化剂存在的条件下对微晶纤维素、木聚糖、碱性木质素三大组分和云南松进行催化热解。采用气质联用仪对生物油的化学组分进行分析。通过对比ZSM-5参与前后的生物油的主要化学组分的变化,对催化剂的催化机理进行探究。研究结果表明,催化热解过程中,介孔ZSM-5将纤维素直接热解得到的β-D阿洛糖、糠醛、3-丙基戊二酸和2,4-戊二烯酸转化为1-甲基萘、2,6-二甲基萘,纤维素催化热解得到的生物油中的芳烃含量为63.89%。半纤维素催化热解过程中,催化剂将生物油中的糠醛从67.78%降低为2.66%,有效提高芳烃化合物,包括萘、2-甲基萘的含量,催化热解后得到的生物油中总芳烃含量达到36.81%。木质素催化热解过程中,介孔ZSM-5有效降低生物油中2,6-二叔丁基对甲酚的量(从82.33%降至77.97%),并大幅地提高1,8-二甲基萘和1,7-二甲基萘的量,生物油中总芳烃相对含量达到14.14%。云南松催化热解过程中,催化剂有效降低云南松直接热解得到生物油中2-甲氧基-4-甲基苯酚和(Z)-异丁子香酚的含量,并将芳烃化合物总量提高到53.99%(主要是1-甲基萘、1-亚甲基-1氢-茚和2,6-二甲基萘)。随着催化剂使用次数的增加,生物油中含氧化合物相对含量增加,烃类化合物的相对含量明显降低,从53.99%降至43.32%,元素分析结果表明生物油中的碳含量逐渐减少,氧含量逐渐增加。但是,催化剂经过焙烧再生后,催化活性基本完全恢复。

NiO/HZSM-5催化改性生物油模拟物研究

以HZSM-5为载体,通过浸渍法制备不同NiO负载量的NiO/HZSM-5催化剂并进行表征,发现负载量为8%的催化剂表面形貌相对平整,比表面积、酸位等特性较理想。通过生物油模拟物催化试验对催化剂性能进行评价,试验结果表明负载量和反应温度都对催化剂活性有明显影响。在反应温度为400℃时,负载量为8%的催化剂使模拟物中甲苯和愈创木酚具有较好的转化率,分别达到83%和88%;较HZSM-5催化的情况分别提高60%和70%。改性后生物油的热值也可增加约30%。负载物NiO的加入使催化剂表面强酸位降低约45%,同时提高了催化剂的稳定性和抗积碳能力,延长了催化剂使用寿命,其中8-ZSM-5催化剂在反应6 h后仍保持较高活性。