Sensitivity of Different Cytotoxic Responses of Vero Cells Exposed to Organic Chemical Pollutants and their Reliability in the Bio-toxicity Test of Trace Chemical Pollutants

Objective To find a sensitive cytotoxic response to reflect the bio-toxicity of trace organic pollutants, the sensitivity and reliability of morphological change and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells exposed to 2, 4, 6-trichlorophenol （TCP） and the leachate from products related to drinking water （PRDW） were compared, and the mechanism of the morphological change in Vero cells exposed to chemical pollutants was studied. Methods Vero cells were treated by different concentration of TCP and the leachate from PRDW. Methylthiazol-2-yl-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide （MTT） assay was carried out for proliferation inhibition. Bioluminescence method was carried out as another method to test the toxicity of TCP. Flow Cytometry assay was used to test cell Apoptosis and damage of cell-membrane. Results 0.25 mg/L TCP had an effect on cell morphology, and the proportion of morphologically changed cells increased with increasing TCP concentration. At low TCP concentrations, inhibition of cell proliferation did not seem to correlate to TCP concentration, and was negative when TCP concentration was 〈1.0 mg/L. After exposure to leachate from PRDW extracted at different temperatures, the percentage of morphologically changed cells increased with extracting temperature, but the inhibition of cell proliferation failed to reflect the correlation between extracting temperature and proliferation inhibition of Vero cells. Although the Sensitivity of bioluminescence method seems to be similar to morphological change in Veto cells, the bacterial in this method is not homologous enough with human body cells to reflect the toxicity to human body. These imply cell morphological change is a more sensitive and reliable method to reflect bio-toxicity of organic pollutants than proliferation inhibition. Flow cytometry analysis and cell rejuvenation experiments indicated cell membrane damage, which results in cell morphological change, was an early and sensitive cytotoxic response comparing with necrosis. Conelusion These results indicated that the cell membrane toxicity represented by morphological changes is a more sensitive and reliable method to indicate the composite bio-toxicity of trace chemicals than proliferation inhibition, inhibition on bioluminescence and necrosis. Nevertheless, the quantification of morphological change should be studied further.

Biotoxicity of CdS/CdSe Core-Shell Nano-Structures

The cytotoxicity of hydrophobic QDs CdS/CdSe was tested assigning MTT assay on Human Embryonic Kidney cells (HEK-293), breast cancer cells (MCF-7) and Enrichlish Ascitices Cells (EAC). Approximately 65% bio-toxicity was observed in MCF-7 for the core-shell QDs. These QDs may also find effective applications in other optoelectronic devices. CdS/CdSe core-shell hetrostructure quantum dots (QDs) were generated by chemical reaction between the respective chalcogens and cadmium metal salt. Sulphur powder was utilized for CdS core preparation while selenium was extracted from an organoselenium compound to impart CdSe shell layer at a temperature between 150℃ - 200℃. So-prepared core-shell QDs showed good optical properties. The particle size was found to be in the range of 3 - 4 nm with spherical morphology and cubic crystal structure.

Carbon nanotubes:Evaluation of toxicity at biointerfaces

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a class of carbon allotropes with interesting properties that make them productive materials for usage in various disciplines of nanotechnology such as in electronics equipments, optics and therapeutics. They exhibit distinguished properties viz., strength, and high electrical and heat conductivity. Their uniqueness can be attributed due to the bonding pattern present between the atoms which are very strong and also exhibit high extreme aspect ratios. CNTs are classified as singlewalled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on the basis of number of sidewalls present and the way they are arranged spatially. Application of CNTs to improve the performance of many products, especially in healthcare, has led to an occupational and public exposure to these nanomaterials. Hence, it becomes a major concern to analyze the issues pertaining to the toxicity of CNTs and find the best suitable ways to counter those challenges. This review summarizes the toxicity issues of CNTs in vitro and in vivo in different organ systems (bio interphases) of the body that result in cellular toxicity.

Analysis of the Fertilizing and Bioremediation Potential of Leaf Litter Compost Amendment in Different Soils through Indexing Method

This research study explored the efficacy of leaf litter compost as a sustainable soil amendment with the objective of promoting soil health and mitigating the accumulation of potentially toxic elements. The investigation encompassed the impact of various organic compost amendments, including leaf compost, cow dung manure, kitchen waste compost, municipal organic waste compost, and vermicompost. The study employed Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) to evaluate soil nutrient levels and concentrations of Potentially Toxic Elements (PTEs) such as arsenic, chromium, cadmium, mercury, lead, nickel, and lithium. The fertilization and bioremediation potential of these compost amendments are quantified using an indexing method. Results indicated a substantial increase in overall nutrient levels (carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur) in soils treated with leaf compost and other organic composts. Fertility indices (FI) are notably higher in compost-amended soils (ranging from 2.667 to 3.938) compared to those amended with chemical fertilizers (ranging from 2.250 to 2.813) across all soil samples. Furthermore, the mean concentrations of PTEs were significantly lower in soils treated with leaf compost and other organic compost amendments compared to those treated with chemical fertilizers amendments. The assessment through the indexing method revealed a high clean index (CI) for leaf compost amendment (ranging from 3.407 to 3.58), whereas the chemical fertilizer amendment exhibits a relatively lower CI (ranging from 2.78 to 3.20). Consequently, leaf compost and other organic composts exhibit the potential to enhance sustainable productivity, promoting soil health and environmental safety by improving nutrient levels and remediating potentially toxic elements in the soil.

Determination and QSAR Study on the Toxicity of Substituted Phenol against Qinghaiensis sp (Q67)

Toxicities （-1gEC50） of 16 phenolic compounds against Q67 were determined, and structural parameters as well as thermodynamic parameters of these compounds were obtained through fully optimized calculations by using B3LYP method of density functional theory （DFT） at the 6-311G^＊＊ level. Moreover, a 3-parameter （molecular average polarizability （α）, heat energy corrected value （Eth） and the most positive hydrogen atomic charge （qH^＋）） correlation model with R^2 = 0.981 and q^2 = 0.967 to predict -1gEC50 was obtained from experimental data based on the above-mentioned parameters as theoretical descriptors. Therein a was the most significant on -1gEC50. Variance Inflation Factors （VIF）, t-value and cross-validation were applied to verify the model, confirming that the resultant model has fairly better stability and predictive ability to predict -1gEC50 of similar compounds.

Neuroprotective effects of exogenous brain-derived neurotrophic factor on amyloid-beta 1-40-induced retinal degeneration

Amyloid-beta(Aβ)-related alterations,similar to those found in the brains of patients with Alzheimer's disease,have been observed in the retina of patients with glaucoma.Decreased levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor(BDNF)are believed to be associated with the neurotoxic effects of Aβpeptide.To investigate the mechanism underlying the neuroprotective effects of BDNF on Aβ_(1-40)-induced retinal injury in Sprague-Dawley rats,we treated rats by intravitreal administration of phosphate-buffered saline(control),Aβ_(1-40)(5 nM),or Aβ_(1-40)(5 nM)combined with BDNF(1μg/mL).We found that intravitreal administration of Aβ_(1-40)induced retinal ganglion cell apoptosis.Fluoro-Gold staining showed a significantly lower number of retinal ganglion cells in the Aβ_(1-40)group than in the control and BDNF groups.In the Aβ_(1-40)group,low number of RGCs was associated with increased caspase-3 expression and reduced TrkB and ERK1/2 expression.BDNF abolished Aβ_(1-40)-induced increase in the expression of caspase-3 at the gene and protein levels in the retina and upregulated TrkB and ERK1/2 expression.These findings suggest that treatment with BDNF prevents RGC apoptosis induced by Aβ_(1-40)by activating the BDNF-TrkB signaling pathway in rats.

Treatment of Dyes Wastewater by a New Kind of Bio - Fluid Bed

A new kind of bio-fluid bed used to treat dyes wastewater is described in detail due to its several special features,such as high removal efficiency,simple struc-ture,shock load resistance,etc.By means of analyzing the experiment data,the results show that the dye wastewater’s organic matter is removed greatly after be-ing treated by this new kind of bio-fluid bed.On the other hand,the removal efficiency of chromaticity of

Elemental Concentrations in Biological Samples of Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) and Other Pulmonary Disease Patients

Background: Recently, Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) has been affected by the extreme acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has developed important global health anxiety. At this time, the treatment options for this disease are only moderately successful. Smoking has been related to COVID-19 and its mortality, and it has the potential to affect bacteriological and viral conversion, clinical effects, and treatment outcomes. Methods: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between critical essential trace {zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), and copper (Cu)} and toxic {cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni)} elements in human biological samples such as scalp hair, serum, saliva, blood, nasal fluid, and sputum of smoking and nonsmoking male COVID-19 patients (n = 139, age range 25 - 38 years) from Hyderabad, Pakistan. For comparative purposes, the biological specimens of referent persons (n = 83), pulmonary Tuberculosis (T.B) patients (n = 67), Pneumonia (n = 56) of the same age groups were also be analyzed. Microwave oven mediated digestion method was employed, and digestion of samples was carried out with the help of 2:1 mixture solution of HNO3 (65%) and H2O2 (30%). Atomic absorption spectrometry was employed for the determination of elemental concentrations from the microwave oven employed digested samples. Results: The found average of essential elements (Zn, Fe, and Cu) in biological specimens of smoker and nonsmoker male COVID-19, T.B, and Pneumonia patients was found to lower, whilst cadmium and nickel were found to be higher when compared with samples from referents (p < 0.001). Conclusions: Improved elemental (Cu, Fe, Zn) concentrations may also decrease the risk of bacterial co-infection by enhancing the mucociliary clearance and respiratory epithelial barrier function, in addition to providing direct antibacterial effects against S. pneumoniae. Our findings also suggest that higher Cd and Ni concentrations are linked to cigarette smoking, which could lead to COVID-19 and other lung-infected diseased recurrences. However, further clinical and experimental research is required.

生物强化滤池-O_3-BAC系统对微污染河水的深度净化研究

为提高生物滤池-臭氧氧化-生物活性炭滤池组合工艺系统对微污染地表水中主要污染物的去除效率,文章考察了生物强化条件下该组合系统的性能。利用PCR-DGGE技术进行各单元中微生物多样性对比分析,并采用生物毒性效应测试进行该项组合工艺出水水质的生态安全性考察。此外,通过显微镜和扫描电镜进行生物单元填料中微生物膜形态研究。结果表明:生物强化滤池单元中高效工程菌的添加有效改善了系统内微生物浓度低的问题并提高了系统对主要污染物的去除效率,生物强化滤池填料中微生物多样性指数和物种数均高于其他工艺单元。生物滤池中生物膜形态、颜色和厚度具有沿水流方向渐变的特点。原水经生物强化组合系统深度处理后可有效降低水中生物毒性,包括部分急性毒性特征物质和致癌风险值的削减。

淡紫拟青霉NH-PL-03菌株在不同培养基上的生长特性

观察淡紫拟青霉菌在不同培养基上的生长状况,研究淡紫拟青霉菌在不同培养基上的生长特性及对茎线虫的毒力。结果表明:不同培养基对淡紫拟青霉NH-PL-03菌株的生长特性有明显影响。在孟加拉红、PDA和察氏培养基上,菌丝量增长最为显著,培养8d,菌丝量分别达到0.800、.73 g/50 mL和0.70g/50 mL;培养过程产孢量处于动态增长趋势,而且不同培养基产孢量大不相同;在察氏和燕麦培养基上产孢量最大,培养8d,产孢量分别达到36.90×106/mL和35.51×106/mL;培养液滤液的毒力随淡紫拟青霉培养时间延长而升高,在察氏培养基培养毒力较高,对茎线虫的最高校正死亡率达到43.44%。

热裂解气相色谱-质谱研究阻燃纤维的结构及烟雾毒性

随着高分子材料的不断开发,涌现出一大批用于阻燃和热辐射防护的耐高温纤维,如Basofil、Kermel、Visil、Nomex、P84、PBI和PBO等纤维,除了在衣着领域的应用外,在消防服、工业用阻燃防护服以及汽车等的内装饰物和家用防火材料等方面,具有更优异的防护功能和穿着舒适性.……

1-氯甲基杂氮硅三环对SD大鼠的生殖毒性研究

目的研究一种新型生物有机硅化合物——1-氯甲基杂氮硅三环的生殖毒性,预测人类接触或使用时的安全性。方法采用两代繁殖毒性实验,240只健康无特定病原体级SD大鼠随机分为4组,每组雌雄各30只,1-氯甲基杂氮硅三环掺入饲料中以0、1.28、5.09和20.37 mg.kg-1.d-1的剂量喂食大鼠。实验过程中观察动物的一般反应,亲代动物体重及子代动物的体重、身长、尾长、窝重,大鼠血常规、血生化等指标,取生殖器官计算脏体比,进行病理组织学检查,并计算繁殖指数。结果5.09和20.37 mg.kg-1.d-1剂量组出现仔鼠哺育成活率下降,出生时体重减轻,身长、尾长减少。1.28 mg.kg-1.d-1剂量组大鼠未观察到有明显生殖毒性反应。结论1-氯甲基杂氮硅三环在一定剂量下对SD大鼠有生殖毒性作用,其最大无作用剂量在雌性大鼠为1.46 mg.kg-1.d-1、雄性大鼠为1.55 mg.kg-1.d-1。

Overview of In—Situ Biodegradation and Enhancement

Microbial degradation technologies have been developed to restore ground water quality in aquifers polluted by organic contaminants effectively in recent years. However, in course of the degradation, the formation of biofilms in ground water remediation technology can be detrimental to the effectiveness of a ground water remediation project. Several alternatives are available to a remedial design engineer, such as Permeable Reactive Barriers (PRBs) and in -situ bioremediation, Hydrogen Releasing Compounds (HRCs) barrier, Oxygen Releasing Compounds (ORCs) barrier etc. which are efficient and cost- effective technologies. Excessive biomass formation renders a barrier ineffective in degrading the contaminants, Efforts are made to develop kinetics models which accurately determine bio - fouling and bio - filn formation and to control excessive biomass formation.

高效降解菌Arthrobacter nicotianae ZAF-05对土霉素的减毒效应

【目的】明确1株土霉素(oxytetracycline, OTC)高效降解菌降低OTC生物毒性的效应,为菌株的实际应用提供初步理论依据。【方法】以前期获得的OTC高效降解菌Arthrobacter nicotianae ZAF-05为对象,利用高效液相色谱-电喷雾质谱联用技术(HPLC-Q-TOF-MS)分析了OTC的降解产物。以对OTC敏感的大肠埃希菌Escherichia coli、枯草芽孢杆菌Bacillus subtilis和斜生栅藻Scenedesmus obliquus作为指示生物,评估OTC降解产物的生物毒性。【结果】HPLC-QTOF-MS分析发现:经菌株ZAF-05作用后,体系中的高毒性OTC以及其自然水解产物差向异构土霉素(EOTC)含量显著降低,而低毒性的同分异构土霉素(ISO-OTC)含量略有上升。供试细菌和藻类在添加ZAF-05菌株的OTC体系中的生长情况明显好于OTC自然水解的处理和未添加降解菌的阴性对照,且差异极显著(P<0.01)。与原药和自然水解物相比,经过ZAF-05菌株降解的OTC代谢产物生物毒性大大降低。菌株的降解作用缓解了OTC对斜生栅藻细胞超微结构的伤害,细胞叶绿体及细胞壁受损减轻。【结论】降解菌ZAF-05能降低OTC残留的环境生物毒性,而毒性的降低可能与体系中高毒性物质被转化成无毒或低毒的代谢产物有关。图7表1参26。

Biocompatibility and biotoxicity of in-situ synthesized carboxylated nanodiamond-cobalt oxide nanocomposite

A nanocomposite that incorporates cobalt oxide（Co3O4） and nanodiamond（ND） can present both high magnetism（Co3O4） and high hardness（ND）. ND particles have potential applications in a variety of fields such as protein immobilization, biosensors, therapeutic molecule delivery and bio-imaging. However,limited information is available in literature on the in-situ synthesis of biocompatible magnetic materials and also on their potential biotoxicity as a result of their entry into environmental compartments and subsequent interaction with biota. In this work, a new kind of bio-compatible magnetic material –carboxylated nanodiamond（c ND） and Co3O4 was synthesized to obtain the c ND-Co3O4 nanocomposite.The synthesis procedure involved in-situ and chemical reduction of cobalt chloride（CoCl（26）H2O） and sodium borohydrate（NaBH4）. The synthesized cND-Co3O4 nanocomposite was characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The cyto-genotoxicity of the synthesized nanocomposite material was studied by using onion（Allium cepa L.） as a test model with concentrations of 5, 10 and 20 μg/ml. The study was also extended to cND and Co3O4 materials for comparison purpose. Co3O4 and cND exhibited their contrasting effects on mitosis and other cyto-genotoxic indices studied herein. This work provided fundamental data on the synthesis and the bio-toxicity of the c ND-Co3O4 nanocomposite, which, in turn, can help to expand their multidisciplinary applications.

4-硝基苯胺降解菌的筛选及其代谢物研究

为解决4-硝基苯胺(4-NA)难以降解的难题,本研究采用梯度驯化法分离筛选到一种对4-硝基苯胺具有较高耐受能力的细菌HY18,其10 mL LB发酵液48 h对100 mL浓度为40 mg/L的4-硝基苯胺溶液的去除率可达69.88%。通过形态观察和16S rDNA测序试验,细菌HY18被鉴定为苍白杆菌(Ochrobactrum sp.)。选取大肠杆菌作为指示微生物以及绿豆作为指示植物,对中间产物进行毒性分析。结果表明,该生物降解过程低毒无害,与环境相容性好。本研究筛选的降解菌HY18可以为4-硝基苯胺污染修复提供有效解决方案。

Toxicity and bio-distribution of carbon dots after single inhalation exposure in vivo

Because of the advantages of excellent light stability, carbon dots（CDs） are considered to be a promising agent in the bio-marker application. Nevertheless, there are many unresolved issues with the toxicity of CDs in vitro and in vivo. In the study, CDs were synthesized by citric acid and ethylenediamine into deionized water, then the inhalation toxicity and bio-distribution of CDs in vivo were systematically assessed. The results showed that CDs caused animals death at higher dosages and induced injury in the lung and liver including inflammation and necrosis after single inhalation exposure at 5, 2 and 1 mg/kg dosages of the CDs. We also found that the injury increase with a dose-dependent and time-dependent manner. Fluorescent examination and TEM results showed that CDs mainly located at the lung and liver.And the fluorescent intensity increase with a time-dependent manner. This study provides a theoretical basis of the respiratory toxicity of CDs, and provides a basis for the use of CDs as a bio-marker.

Copper (Cu) an Essential Redox-Active Transition Metal in Living System—A Review Article

In this review article, an attempt has been made for the study of copper, an essential Redox-Active transition metal in living systems. Very least amount of Copper is recognized as a constituent of living system. Detection and estimation of Copper in various living systems have been done and reported by various workers time to time. The presence of Copper is reported more or less in all forms of life. The reported data of work done so far details are available everywhere. This review work is concentrated on its significance of the presence of optimum amount of Copper in living systems. The required particular amount of copper in physiological cycle results thriving, whereas the deviated amount of copper leads to menace in living system, this deviation from the optimum amount makes unhealthy and creates an abnormal condition of metabolic activities in the living systems. This work is totally based on the reports examined the effect of Copper on cellular cycle till today.