Morphological and biochemical characteristics associated with autophagy in gastrointestinal diseases

Autophagy is a cellular catabolic process characterized by the formation of double-membrane autophagosomes.Transmission electron microscopy is the most rigorous method to clearly visualize autophagic engulfment and degradation.A large number of studies have shown that autophagy is closely related to the digestion,secretion,and regeneration of gastrointestinal(GI)cells.However,the role of autophagy in GI diseases remains controversial.This article focuses on the morphological and biochemical characteristics of autophagy in GI diseases,in order to provide new ideas for their diagnosis and treatment.

Genetics of biochemical attributes regulating morpho-physiology of upland cotton under high temperature conditions

Background Cotton is a strategically important fibre crop for global textile industry.It profoundly impacts several countries’industrial and agricultural sectors.Sustainable cotton production is continuously threatened by the unpre-dictable changes in climate,specifically high temperatures.Breeding heat-tolerant,high-yielding cotton cultivars with wide adaptability to be grown in the regions with rising temperatures is one of the primary objectives of modern cotton breeding programmes.Therefore,the main objective of the current study is to figure out the effective breed-ing approach to imparting heat tolerance as well as the judicious utilization of commercially significant and stress-tolerant attributes in cotton breeding.Initially,the two most notable heat-susceptible(FH-115 and NIAB Kiran)and tolerant(IUB-13 and GH-Mubarak)cotton cultivars were spotted to develop filial and backcross populations to accom-plish the preceding study objectives.The heat tolerant cultivars were screened on the basis of various morphological(seed cotton yield per plant,ginning turnout percentage),physiological(pollen viability,cell membrane thermostabil-ity)and biochemical(peroxidase activity,proline content,hydrogen peroxide content)parameters.Results The results clearly exhibited that heat stress consequently had a detrimental impact on every studied plant trait,as revealed by the ability of crossing and their backcross populations to tolerate high temperatures.However,when considering overall yield,biochemical,and physiological traits,the IUB-13×FH-115 cross went over particularly well at both normal and high temperature conditions.Moreover,overall seed cotton yield per plant exhibited a posi-tive correlation with both pollen viability and antioxidant levels(POD activity and proline content).Conclusions Selection from segregation population and criteria involving pollen viability and antioxidant levels concluded to be an effective strategy for the screening of heat-tolerant cotton germplasms.Therefore,understanding acquired from this study can assist breeders identifying traits that should be prioritized in order to develop climate resilient cotton cultivars.

A Review of Biochemical Processes and Techniques for Soil Stabilization and Resilience

Biochemical, chemical, and mechanical, techniques have been employed to enhance soil resilience for decades. While the use of mechanical techniques requires transporting huge amounts of soil materials, the cement used in chemical techniques may lead to increase atmospheric carbon dioxide. Numerous studies indicate that biochemical techniques may be less expensive, cost effective, and environmentally friendly. Biopolymers and enzymes derived from microorganisms have been suggested as biological enhancers in strengthening and fortifying soils used for earthen structures. Lime and other treatment techniques used as biobased materials have been shown to be less effective for stabilizing soils. Here, we review biochemical processes and techniques involved in the interactions of soil enzymes, microorganisms, microbial extracellular polymeric substances, and other biopolymers with soil particles, and the challenges and strategies of their use as biobased materials for stabilizing soils. This review provides their impacts on various soil properties and the growth potentials of agricultural crops. .

Haematological and Biochemical Indices of Finisher Broiler Chickens Fed Graded Levels of Spurge Weeds (Euphorbia heterophylla) Leaf Meal

The study aimed to investigate the Haematological and Serum Biochemical indices of finisher broiler chickens fed graded levels of Euphorbia heterophylla leaf meal (EHLM) also known as spurge weed. The birds were allotted into six dietary treatments of ten birds segregated into three replicates each. The diets formulated with EHLM were included at 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 25% levels in diets 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 respectively to replace soybean. Each treatment was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. Uncoagulated blood samples were collected from the birds at the end of the 56 days feeding trial and analysed for packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin concentrate (Hb), red blood cells (RBC) and white blood cells (WBC). The mean corpuscular haemoglobin volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), platelets, neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils were calculated using PCV, RBC and Hb. The blood meant for serological analysis was centrifuged at 1000 G for 10 minutes, after which the serum was separated and used for determining serum total protein (Tp), Albumin, Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT). The results revealed that the control group had significantly higher values of PCV, RBC, and Hb compared to other treatment groups. However, the values of MCV, MCH, lymphocytes, heterophils, and eosinophils were similar to the control. The biochemical parameters showed significant differences among treatment groups, but not significantly different from the control. The study concluded that EHLM may not pose a health challenge to broiler chickens at levels of 5 - 15 percent, but improved health, immunity and performance can be achieved at the 15% inclusion level.

Effects of Fermented Puffed Feather Meal on Growth Performance,Serum Biochemical Indices,Meat Quality,and Intestinal Microbiota in Broilers

This study aimed to investigate the effects of fermented puffed feather meal(FPFM)on growth performance,serum biochemical indices,meat quality,and intestinal microbiota in Arbor Acres(AA)broilers.A single-factor design was adopted,and four treatments were administered with five replicates to 240 one-day-old AA broilers.The control group(group A)received a basal diet,while the experimental groups received a basal diet plus 33%(group B),67%(group C)and 100%(group D)FPFM,respectively.Compared with group A,(1)the average daily gain(ADG)in group C decreased(P<0.05),and the feed conversion ratio(FCR)in group D increased(P<0.05);(2)the level of serum urea nitrogen in treatment groups decreased(P<0.05),and the levels of triglyceride,high density lipoprotein,low density lipoprotein,cholesterol,and glucose contents in group D increased(P<0.05)at day 21;(3)the serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in group B and the immunoglobulin A in group C increased(P<0.05)at day 21,and the serum immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G in group D decreased(P<0.05)at day 42;(4)the share force of breast muscle and thigh muscle in group D increased(P<0.05);(5)the villus height to crypt depth ratio in the jejunum of group B increased(P<0.05)at day 21,and the villus height in group C and D increased(P<0.05)at day 42;(6)the proteobacteria counts in the cecum digesta in treatment groups decreased(P<0.05)at day 21.The basal diet supplemented with 33%FPFM promoted protein metabolism,enhanced immunity and improved meat quality,promoted the digestion and absorption of nutrients,increased intestinal microbial diversity,and improved the content of beneficial bacteria without affecting the growth performance,it was possible to be used as a good substitute for fish meal.

Study on the Hook Effect in the Detection of Beta2-Microglobulin with Different Reagents in Fully Automated Biochemical Analyzers

Objective:To investigate the hook effect in the detection of beta2-microglobulin(β2-MG)with different reagents as well as on two fully automated biochemical analyzers and their solutions.Methods:Using immunoturbidimetric assay forβ2-MG as the research object,β2-MG levels were detected by different concentration gradients ofβ2-microglobulin samples in Liedemann,Mack,and Myriad reagents of three manufacturers on two automatic biochemical analyzers,and the difference of the hook effect was comparatively analyzed.Results:Leadman reagent showed the hook effect on the Beckman AU5800 automated biochemistry analyzer,while both Maccura and Mindray reagents did not show the hook effect.After the experiments,we found the limit value of the pre-zone check of Leadman reagent,and changed the parameters of the instrument,when the limit value of the pre-zone check was reached,the instrument automatically diluted the specimen five times and then detected it again.After changing the parameters of the instrument,the correlation between the three methods of detecting samples of different concentrations was r>0.99.Conclusion:Before selecting the application of immunoturbidimetric reagents,we have to carry out the risk assessment of the hook effect and selectively set the parameters of the pre-zone check based on the highest concentration that may occur in the clinic;for the items that may have the hook effect,we have to selectively set the parameters of the pre-zone check when the ratio of average reaction rate and the immediate reaction rate is at the limit value,and the phenomenon of antigen excess may occur,the instrument will carry out automatic dilution before detection,so as to avoid the issuance of erroneous results of high-value samples due to the hook effect.

Effects of Fresh Cupressus sempervirens Leaves Infusion on Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbiota and Haemato-Biochemical Parameters in Broilers

The accumulation of growth-promoting antibiotic residues in animal products and the resistance developed by bacteria in poultry farms has led to a search for natural compounds derived from plants. This study was designed to promote the production performance of broiler chickens using fresh Cupressus sempervirens leaves infusion. Fresh Cupressus sempervirens leaves were harvested, washed, chopped and ground to a paste using a blender and fermented for three days in a closed container at a rate of 500 g/L of water. The solution obtained was filtered and added at the rate of 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 ml/L of drinking water. The chickens fed on the graded level of the solution were compared to a control ration without an additive and positive control group supplemented with 1 g antibiotic/kg feed. At the finisher phase and throughout the study period, water intake increased significantly (P < 0.05) with increasing levels of infusion. Feed intake decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with 2 and 4 ml of infusion/L drinking water. Live weight and weight gain were significantly (P < 0.05) higher with 6 ml/L, while feed conversion significantly (P < 0.05) decreased with the same treatment compared with the control treatment without additives (T0). Carcass characteristics were not significantly (P > 0.05) affected by the inclusion of Cupressus sempervirens infusion. Haematological parameters significantly (P < 0.05) increase independently of the rate of incorporation of the infusion into the drinking water, with the exception of RBCs, MCHT and PCT. Serum content in total protein, globulins, LDL cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly (P < 0.05) high with 8 and 10 ml Cupressus sempervirens infusion/litre drinking water as compared to all other treatments. AST, ALT, urea, creatine, albumin, total cholesterol and HDL-cholesterol were not significantly affected. The lactic acid bacteria load increased significantly (P E. coli and salmonella counts decreased significantly (P < 0.05) with infusion compared to the control without additive. In conclusion, 6 ml of Cupressus sempervirens infusion can be used as an alternative to antibiotic feed additives to promote growth performance in broilers.

Analysis and Evaluation of Biochemical Components in Bitter Tea Plant Germplasms

Bitter tea is a special kind of tea germplasm in China.The major biochemical components of 24 bitter teas and other 8 Camellia sinensis var.sinensis and 8 C.sinensis var.assamica tea germplasms,which were stored in the China National Germplasm Hangzhou Tea Repository(CNGHTR),were analyzed and evaluated.The results showed that no significant differences of major biochemical components affecting the tea quality were found between bitter tea and common tea.According to the processing suitability index,bitter tea was suitable for the manufacturing of black tea;while according to evolutionary indices such as the composition and content of catechin,bitter tea was similar to C.sinensis var.assamica belonging to the relatively primitive type in evolution.The results of cluster analysis indicated that bitter tea was clustered with C.sinensis var.assamica,so it could be considered to belong to C.sinensis var.assamica.

Effects of Milk Replacer on the Performance and Blood Biochemical Indices in Lambs

[Objective] In this study, the performance and blood biochemical indices in lamps fed on milk replacer were researched, the feasibility of early weaned in lamps was discussed. [Method] 37 of 10 days lambs of Suffolk（♂） x XiaoWeiHanYang（ ♀ ） were randomly divided into group A, B, C, D for this experiment. Group A, B, C were fed by 3 milk-replacers containing milk for different protein source respectively, and ten Iambs in each group; group D （seven lambs） were fed by ewes as the control. The performance and blood biochemical indices of the lamps were determined. [ Result] The results showed that the average daily gains of 10 - 15 days of age was not significantly different between group A and D （ P 〉 O. 05 ）, the control were higher significandy than the group B,C （P 〈0.05）. The average daily gains of 16 -25, 26 -35 days of age were not significantly different in group A, B, C, D. The daily weight gains of Group A, B, C in 45 - 55 days of age were higher significantly than the control （P〈0.05 ）. Plasma urea nitrogen （PUN） of group B and C were higher than group A significantly （P〈0.05 ） ;Total protein （ TP）, Plasma albumin （ALB） and Plasma total amino acid were no significant difference among the other 3 groups （P〉0.05 ）. [Conclusion] So, the milk-replacers were available for early-weaned lamb.

Physiological and Biochemical Characteristic of a Stripe Mutant with Abnormal Flower Organs in Rice

[Objective] The experiment aimed to explore physiological and biochemical changes of leaves after plants were mutated. [Method] A rice double mutant with stripes on stems, leaves and spikelets were taken as experimental materials to study the enzyme activity changes in different growth stages and amino acid variation in rice. [ Result] The SOD activity in mutant was higher than that in wild plant at tillering metaphase, but lower than that in wild type before heading stage and late flowering; the POD activity in three stages increased firstly then declined and the activity showed highest maximal activity at before heading stage. However, the POD activity in wild type showed the opposite change trend; the CAT activity presented degression at three stages, especially high at tillering metaphase, but reverse changes in wild type; the MDA activity decreased at three stages, but it was still higher than that in wild type, besides, the soluble sugar content of mutant was lower, but total amino acid content was increased. [ Conclusion] The expression of mutant characteristics was correlated with SOD, POD, CAT and MDA activity Changes and these changes made the mutant survive and rice quality change at last.

Influence of Water Stress on the Physiological and Biochemical Characteristics of Scutellaria Baicalensis Georgi

Previous studies have shown that water stress can stimulate biosynthesis of secondary metabolites,and physiological and biochemical characteristics of plant can play a key role in its defense responses to water stress.So the physiological and biochemical characteristics of potted Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi plants were investigated under continuous water stress condition.The results showed that the water content in roots,stems and leaves,together with chlorophyll content of the leaves decreased as the water stress strengthened.Simultaneously,the specific leaf weight increased,and the content of proline and soluble sugar in Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi leaves increased significantly.The changing trends of the baicalin content in the roots,stems and leaves of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi were different.It increased continuously in roots,while ascended constantly in the stems and leaves during the early days under the water stress,but decreased sharply under the heavy stress.In conclusion,proline and soluble sugar had a close correlation with the drought resistance of Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi.Moderate drought is in favor of synthesizing the secondary metabolites.

Screening of Drought-tolerant Brassica napus L.Varieties and Analysis on Their Physiologic and Biochemical Variations under Drought Stress

[Objective] The aim of this study was to screen drought-tolerant Brassica napus L. germplasm resources by analyzing their physiological and biochemical changes under drought stress. [Method] Forty varieties of B. napus varieties were cultured under PEG-6000 osmotic stress and extreme drought stress in pots, re- spectively. Then, the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoid, proline, malondialdehyde （MDA）, soluble sugar, soluble protein, and the activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD）, catalase（CAT）, peroxidase（POD） were measured under drought stress. [Result] Sever- al drought-tolerant varieties of B. napus were screened out： YAU200908, Xiangyou No.15, YAU200903, YAU200907, YAU200906 and YAU200904. Physiological and biochemical analysis showed that, the contents of chlorophyll and carotenoid de- creased with drought stress increasing; the contents of proline, soluble sugar, solu- ble protein, MDA and the activities of SOD,CAT, POD raised with drought stress in- creasing. [Conclusion] In the rapeseed varieties with stronger drought tolerance, the decrease in carotenoid content and the increase in proline content, soluble sugar content, MDA content, SOD activity, CAT activity were more obvious, so all these physiological and biochemical indices can be used to evaluate the drought tolerance of rapeseed.

EFFECT OF INHALED NANO-TiO_2 ON LUNG AND SERUM BIOCHEMICAL INDEXES OF MICE

The effect of inhaled nano-TiO2 on lung histology and serum biochemical indexes is evaluated in healthy and adult Kunming mice（eight in each group）after exposure to TiO2 aerosols（1 500 mg/m3）in a sealed chamber.Another eight mice are exposed to indoor air to be served as a control group.Lung tissue and blood are collected after euthanizing the animals.The results show that lactate dehydrogenase（LDH）activity increases in all experimental groups.Alanine aminotransferase（ALT）activity and blood urea nitrogen（BUN）levels are increased in the group exposed to TiO2 aerosols for 28 d,and creatinine（Cr）levels are increased in 14 d and 28 d samples（P0.05）.No obvious changes are observed in other serum indexes.Lungs of mice exposed to 28 d exposure show significant but moderate increase in pulmonary inflammation,and many TiO2 particles are found in the interstitium of pulmonary alveoli.

Physiological and Biochemical Response of Artificial Wetland Plant under Electric Field

By measuring wetland plants chlorophyll content,malondialdehyde(MDA) content and superoxide dismutase(SOD) enzyme activity,the changes of wetland plant physiological characeristics under different power strength were studied,and the mechanism of electric field on plant physiological characteristics was analyzed to provide a theoretical basis for the pollutant removal ability strengthening of artificial wetland under electricfield.The results showed that compared with the control plants,low-intensity-voltage(1 V and 3 V) had no significant effect on the normal physiological and biochemical indexes of the plants,and the growth trend was better than the control group;with the voltage increasing,plant chlorophyll content,MDA content and SOD activity were greatly affected,indicating that plants were under strong oxidative stress,and the growth was damaged.Therefore,a suitable electric field could enhance the sewage treatment effect of constructed wetland.

Effects of Cadmium Stress on Physiological and Biochemical Indexes in Different Maize Cultivars

[Objective] This paper aimed to investigate the effects of cadmium（Cd）stress on physiological and biochemical indexes in different maize cultivars and provide theoretical basis for the study on heavy metal ecotoxicology.[Method] The maize cultivars includeing Tienan 2,Yingdan 11 and Zhengdan 958 which were widely planted in Liaoning Province were selected as the experimental materials.And then the effects of different Cd2＋ concentrations on seed germination,physiological and biochemical indexes of young seedlings were investigated.[Result] The lower Cd2＋ concentration showed some the stimulation effect on seed germination of maize,while the higher concentration had obvious inhibitory effect to some extend.The seed germination of all the maize verities was obviously inhibited when the Cd2＋ concentration was more than 5 mg/L.And with the increasing of the Cd2＋ concentration,the seedling growth,exosmic conductivity and chlorophyll content of the maize varieties with different tolerance to Cd2＋ were distinctly changed.[Conclusion] The resistance of Tienan 2 to Cd2＋ was significantly higher than that of the other two varieties.

Effects of Remaining Leaf Combining with IBA on Rooting,Physiological and Biochemical Indicators of Leaves from Bougainvillea spectabilis Cuttings

[Objective] The research aimed to discuss the effects on rooting,physiological and biochemical indicators of Bougainvillea spectabilis cuttings by remaining leaf combining with soaking cuttings in IBA.[Method] Effects of remaining leaf combining with IBA on rooting,physiological and biochemical indicators of B.spectabilis cuttings were studied under the regulation and control of intelligent seed propagation system,and then set four treatments：remaining leaf combining with soaking in clean water,remaining leaf combining with soaking in IBA,defoliation combining soaking in clean water,and defoliation combining with soaking in IBA.[Result] The soluble sugar content was high,but indoleacetic acid oxidase activity was lower in the initial stage of adventitious root differentiation in treatment of remaining leaf.While the rooting number,root length,the root mass growth and survival rate of cutting were obviously higher than that in treatment of defoliation.Compared to the treatment soaking in clean water,the treatment soaking in 500×10^-6 IBA increased the soluble sugar content in leaves of cuttings and enhanced rooting of cuttings.[Conclusion] The survival rate and rooting of cuttings improved obviously in the treatment of remaining leaf combining with soaking in 500×10^-6 IBA before cutting under the regulation and control of intelligent seed propagation system.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Chinese Cabbage to La and Zn Stresses

[Objective] The aim of this study was to explore the physiological and biochemical responses of Chinese cabbage to La and Zn. [Method] The effects of La and Zn on seed germination and seedling growth were explored by tissue culture method. [Result] La and Zn had little effects on seed germination rate, but significantly inhibited the growth of root and seedling, decreased their fresh weight at higher concentration; the inhibition of La proved higher on Chinese cabbage. The contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein increased at lower concentrations of La and Zn, but decreased at higher concentrations. With increasing doses of La and Zn, the activities of CAT and POD rose gradually, while SOD activity decreased at lower doses and increased at higher doses. Both of La and Zn would promote Of. producing and MDA accumulation. [Conclusion] In higher concentration, La was more poisonous than Zn. It is clear that the poisonous mechanism of La is similar to that of Zn. Hence, La is possibly a kind of new pollutant.

Seasonal Variation of Physiological and Biochemical Indexes of White-tibetan Sheep

In this study, to understand the variation regulation of physiological and biochemical indexs of White-Tibetan sheep with seasons, the physiological and bio- chemical indexs of White-Tibetan sheep in Hongyuan Areas of Sichuan Province in four seasons were measured. The results showed that the respiratory change range of white-Tibetan sheep in four seasons was from （32.74±21.33） to （49.96±17.62） times/min, and the variation ranges of body temperature and heart rate were from （39.27±1.05） to （39.73±0.31） ℃ and from （88.75±8.32） to （104.63±10.39） times/min, respectively. The indexes of WBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC in autumn and winter were extremely significantly lower than those in spring and summer, while RBC,HCT and RDW-CV in autumn and winter were extremely significantly higher than those in spring and summer, HGB and PLT changed in different seasons with no signifi- cance. The indexes of AST,TP, ALB, GLO and LDH in summer and autumn were relatively higher than those in winter and spring, while the indexes of PCHE, GLU, CHOL and CA in summer and autumn were relatively lower than those in winter and spring, however, the indexes of ALT and ALP were relatively higher in spring and autumn.

Physiological and Biochemical Responses of Grape Yinhong Seedlings to Short-term Weaklight Stress

The plant growth and physiological and biochemical responses of root and leaves of grape Yinhong seedlings to the weak lights of 20 000,16 000,12 000,8 000 lx and the normal illumination of 25 000 lx（CK） respectively,were investigated.There was no significant dfference in growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings between the light of 20 000 lx and CK,and the light of 16 000 lx and CK for 30 d.The chlorophyll contents,soluble protein contents,net photosynthetic rates,transpiration rates,stomatal conductance,water use efficiency and protective enzyme（CAT,POD,SOD） activities in the leaves under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 30 d were all higher than those under the lights of 20 000 lx and 16 000 lx for 1 d.Under the light of 8 000 lx for 30 d,the growth indexes of root and leaves of grapevine seedlings were significantly lower than those of CK,and except for MDA content,most physiological and biochemical indexes of the leaves were significantly lower than those under the light of 8 000 lx for 1 d.Under12 000 lx,the values of most growth indexes in root and leaves and physiological and biochemical indexes in leaves were between the 16 000 lx and 8 000 lx.In conclusion,Yinhong could grow under the lights above 16 000 lx,and would be stunted by the weak light below 8 000 lx.

The Ratio of Flesh to Body and Analysis on Biochemical Composition of Muscle in Pachyhynobius Shangchengensis

[Objective] The ratio of flesh content and biochemical compositions in muscles of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were researched in this experiment to provide basic referrences for studying nutritive physiological ecology of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis. [Method] The biochemical analytic method was used to detect the ratio of flesh content and biochemical compositions in muscle of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis. [Result] The ratio of flesh contents of female and male Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were 54.93% and 55.84% respectively. The contents of protein, total saccharides and fatty acid of female Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were 15.44% ,1.70% and 0.68% respectively,while the same contents of male Pachyhynobius shangchengensis were 15.67%, 1.89% and 0.53% respectively. The total content of 18 kinds of amino acids was 12.72% （the proportion in fresh weight）, among which the content of 8 kinds of essential amino acids was 4.68%. The essential amino acids index（EAAI） was 72.68 and limiting amino acids was valine. There were 11 kinds of fatty acids in muscles of Pachyhynobius shangchengensis, among which the content of unsaturated fatty acids （80.02%） was higher than that of saturated fatty acids（ 19.98% ）. [ Conclusion] Pachyhynobius shangchengensis was a kind of valuable natural resource belonging to the nutritious type of low fat content and high protein content.