Biochemical Mechanism of Chlorantraniliprole Resistance in the Diamondback Moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus

The insecticide chlorantraniliprole exhibits good efifcacy and plays an important role in controlling the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella Linnaeus. However, resistance to chlorantraniliprole has been observed recently in some ifeld populations. At present study, diamondback moths with resistance to chlorantraniliprole （resistant ratio （RR） was 82.18） for biochemical assays were selected. The assays were performed to determine potential resistance mechanisms. The results showed that the selected resistant moths （GDLZ-R） and susceptible moth could be synergized by known metabolic inhibitors such as piperonyl butoxide （PBO）, triphenyl phosphate （TPP） and diethyl-maleate （DEM） at different levels （1.68-5.50-fold and 2.20-2.89-fold, respectively）, and DEM showed the maximum synergism in both strains. In enzymes assays, a high level of glutathione-S-transferase （GST） was observed in the resistant moth, in contrast, moths that are susceptible to the insecticide had only 1/3 the GST activity of the resistant moths. The analysis of short-term exposure of chlorantraniliprole on biochemical response in the resistant strain also showed that GST activity was signiifcantly elevated after exposure to a sub-lethal concentration of chlorantraniliprole （about 1/3 LC50, 12 mg L-1） 12 and 24 h, respectively. The results show that there is a strong correlation between the enzyme activity and resistance, and GST is likely the main detoxiifcation mechanism responsible for resistance to chlorantraniliprole in P. xylostella L., cytochrome P450 monooxygenase （P450） and carboxy-lesterase （CarE） are involved in to some extent.

A selected population study reveals the biochemical mechanism of intramuscular fat deposition in chicken meat

Background:Increasing intramuscular fat(IMF)is an important strategy to improve meat quality,but the regulation mechanism of IMF deposition needs to be systematically clarified.Results:A total of 520 chickens from a selected line with improved IMF content and a control line were used to investigate the biochemical mechanism of IMF deposition in chickens.The results showed that the increased IMF would improve the flavor and tenderness quality of chicken meat.IMF content was mainly determined both by measuring triglyceride(TG)and phospholipid(PLIP)in muscle tissue,but only TG content was found to be decisive for IMF deposition.Furthermore,the increase in major fatty acid(FA)components in IMF is mainly derived from TGs(including C16:0,C16:1,C18:1n9c,and C18:2n6c,etc.),and the inhibition of certain very-long-chain FAs would help to IMF/TG deposition.Conclusions:Our study elucidated the underlying biochemical mechanism of IMF deposition in chicken:Prevalent accumulation of long-chain FAs and inhibitions of medium-chain FAs and very long chain FA would jointly result in the increase of TGs with the FA biosynthesis and cellular uptake ways.Our findings will guide the production of high-quality chicken meat.

Urinary stone disease and obesity: Different pathologies sharing common biochemical mechanisms

The prevalence of urolithiasis is increasing in parallel with the escalating rate of obesity worldwide. It has previously been speculated that obesity is a potential risk factor for urinary stone disease. The possibility that common biochemical mechanisms underlie both obesity and urolithiasis is remarkable. Better understanding of possible common mechanisms of these diseases could potentially lead to a better management of urinary stone prevention. The prevention of urinary stone for-mation gives clinicians an acceptable reason to encour-age lifestyle modification and weight loss through a regular diet. In this review, the association of obesity with urinary stone disease, possible common biochemi-cal mechanisms, effects of dietary habits and weight loss on stone formation, as well as diffculties in surgi-cal management of obese individuals with urolithiasis are discussed.

Biochemical Mechanism of the Eutrophication and Its Prevention — the Deep Treatment of Waste Water and Its Denitrification and Dephosphorization

Biochemical mechanism of forming the red tide is discussed in this paper. The existence of a large number of nitrates and phosphates in the eutrophic water is the prerequisite of explosive increase of algae and the forming of red tide. Reduction of eutrophication is an important approach to preventing the red tide. The method of deep treatment of the waste water and its denitrification and dephosphorization are introduced, and a new opinion on the red tide formation and fundamental prevention is put forward.

Biochemical Genetic Mechanism and QTLs of Early Maturing without Yield Loss in Short-season Upland Cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.)

The short season cotton(SSC) was important Upland plant ecotype(Gossypium hirsutum L.).The growth of SSC was very short that is 105 ～ 110 days(after planting). SSC could increase

Study on Absorptive Capacity to Formaldehyde and Physiological and Biochemical Changes of Scindapsus aureus Based on the Regulation of LaCl_3

[Objective] This study was to analyze LaCl3 sprayed onto Scindapsus au- reus on Chlorophyll content and plasmamembrane permeability of leaves of Scindap- sus aureus, in order to determinate a suitable dosage of LaCl3. [Method] With Scindapsus aureus as the test subject, 110 households of 20 communities in the New District of Nantong were selected to investigate formaldehyde concentration in indoor air; and effect of LaCl3 on absorptive capacity to formaldehyde of Scindapsus aureus was studied through fumigating in laboratory. Simultaneously, its physiological and biochemical mechanism of formaldehyde resistance was studied. [Result] The re- sults showed that formaldehyde pollution of indoor air was serious in the New District of Nantong, and the degree of pollution was related to the time after decoration. The suitable concentration of LaCl3 for Scindapsus aureus was 20 mg/L. The ability to ab- sorb formaldehyde of Scindapsus aureus, which was calculated by per unit leaf area, was enhanced after spraying the suitable concentration of LaCl3 by 19.75%. When Scindapsus aureus was stressed by formaldehyde, chlorophyll content decreased by 39.87%, membrane permeability and cumulative MDA amount increased by 8.17% and 56.92%, respectively, and POD activity increased by 11.32%. However, by com- paring the group pre-sprayed with LaCl3 and the group not sprayed with LaCl3 under formaldehyde stress, chlorophyll content of Scindapsus aureus reduced lessly, mem- brane permeability and MDA both increased lessly, while POD activity increased more. [Conclusion] This study provides a new thinking direction for broadening of rare earth application and control measures of indoor air pollution.

Research Progress on the Biological Basis of Cereal Pollen Culture

This paper summarizes the physiological and metabolic mechanism of a series of processes in the cereal microspore culture from the angle of plant physiological metabolism, explores the physiological or cytology mechanism of several key processes, including microspore dedifferentiation and callus formation, differentiation and transformation, and sums up the current problems in this field and forecasts the direction of future development.

Research Trends in Rare Earth Element Hyperaccumulator

A brief introduce to environmental and ecological characteristics, hyperaccumulators of rare earth elements （REEs）, as well as the scientific significance of REE hyperaccumulators were presented. Based on this introduce, the achievements in REE hyperaccumulator research, which were ： （ 1 ） The species and regional distribution of REE hyperaccumulators,

Studies on Stimulating Effect of Two Selective Insecticides on the Numbers of Laid Egg by Yellow Rice Borer,Tryporyza incertulas(Walker)and Their Effects on Biochemistry of Rice Plants

Buprofezin and imidacloprid are selective insecticides against Homoptera insects. This paper investigated stimulating effect of the two insecticides on the number of laid eggs by yellow rice borer, Tryporyza incertulas(Walker) of three generations in 20012002. The results showed that the reproductive rate of emergence months during the larvae feeding on the rice plants of Xiushui63 treated with the two insecticides was significantly higher than that of control, indicating that the numbers of laid eggs by the borer was stimulated following buprofezin and imidacloprid applications. However, there was no such effect for the larvae feeding on rice variety Zhendao2 which showed moderate resistance to the insect. In addition, the incidence of stimulating egg laid for the first instar treated with the two insecticides was greater than that for the third instar. Biochemical tests showed that oxalic acid concentration declined, and photosynthetic rate of rice leaves following the two insecticide applications declined significantly compared to control, whereas reducing sugar concentration increased significantly for all other treatments of two varieties except Xiushui63 treated with buprofezin. The level of glutathione-S-transferase varied with rice variety and insecticide.

Bioreactor technology for clonal propagation of plants and metabolite production

Plant cell culture in bioreactors is an enabling tool for large scale production of clonal elite plants in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, pharmaceutical sectors, and for biofuel production. Advantages of bioreactors for plant cell culture have resulted in various types of bioreactors differing in design, operating technologies, instrumentations, and construction of culture vessels. In this review, different types of bioreactors for clonal propagation of plants and secondary metabolites production are discussed. Mechanical and biochemical parameters associated with bioreactor design, such as aeration, flow rate, mixing, dissolved oxygen, composition of built-up gas in the headspace, and pH of the medium, are pivotal for cell morphology, growth, and development of cells within tissues, embryos, and organs. The differences in such parameters for different bioreactor designs are described here, and correlated to the plant materials that have been successfully cultured in different types of bioreactors.