Protection and Utilization of Chinese Giant Salamander Germplasm Resources

Chinese giant salamander(Andrias davidianus)is salamander germplasm resource that only distributed in China.It is the material basis of the evolution principle research,genetic research and artificial breeding.Since the 1990s,overharvesting,water pollution and habitat changes have seriously destroyed the germplasm resources of A.davidianus,their population density has decreased since then.Strengthening the protection and rational utilization of A.davidianus germplasm resources are key factors in impacting the healthy,stable and sustainable development of A.davidianus industry.Under the above background,we discussed the current problems with the protection for A.davidianus germplasm resources,put forward suggestions for the conservation of A.davidianus germplasm resources.It is expected to provide a reference to effective protection for A.davidianus germplasm resources,and provide a scientific foundation for further studies,so as to promote the high-quality development of related industry.

Evaluation and Exploration of Citrus Germplasm Resources in the Origin of Shatangju(Citrus flamea Hort.ex Tseng Shiyueju)

[Objectives]To protect the local rare citrus germplasm resources and further develop and cultivate new citrus varieties.[Methods]The germplasm resources of Shatangju(Citrus flamea Hort.Ex Tseng Shiyueju)in Sihui City of Guangdong Province and other 8 citrus varieties from the same origin were evaluated.The appearance characteristics of tree shape,the length and thickness of shoot at each shoot stage,the appearance characteristics of leaves and the fruit quality of each variety were investigated.[Results]Through the comparison of various citrus varieties grafted with sour mandarin,the results showed that the overall advantages of the length and thickness of the shoots of Shatang tangerine in summer and autumn were more prominent,which was conducive to fruit setting.The sprouting time of the three shoots of each variety was different,and there were sporadic sprouting phenomena in different seasons,so the growth was different,and the length and thickness of the shoots were different in different seasons.There were significant differences in shoot length and diameter among different varieties in the same season.The coefficient of variation of Shatangju's leaves was low,and the traits were stable;leaf shape,leaf base shape,leaf margin and other indicators among the three shoots of the same variety and the differences among the same shoots of different varieties were compared.All varieties had strong flavor,separately sweet and sour,sweet and sweet taste.Shatangju has many segments,orange pericarp,rough texture,easy peeling,and high oblate fruit shape.The orange pericarp was favored by the participants,while the rough and thick peel was not favored by the participants.[Conclusions]Based on the improvement of local varieties,it is recommended to improve the smoothness of pericarp,reducing the thickness of pericarp and improving the flavor of fruit will be conducive to increasing sales.In the cultivation process of various quality resources,especially in the period of fruit growth and development,the plan of nutrition and fertilization should be formulated according to the rules of fruit growth and development,the rules of yield formation and the rules of quality composition,so as to establish the integrated nutrient management system of various varieties.

RAPD Analysis of Germplasm Resources of Kudingcha Species in Oleaceae

The random amplified polymorphic DNA marker （RAPD） was applied to detect the genetic relationships and diversity among 21 germplasm materials of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae, which involved 8 species, i.e., Ligustrum robustum （Roxb.） Blume, L. henryi Hemsl., L. japonicum Thunb, L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubscens Koidz, L. lucidum Ait., L. pedunculare Rehd, Osmanthus masumuranus Hayata, and L. delavayanm Hariot. 20 RAPD primers selected were applied for the amplification on the 21 germplasm materials mentioned above. 427 bands were obtained, and the percentage of polymorphic bands （PPB） was 97.7%. The genetic similarity coefficients （GS） ranged from 0.1522 to 0.8322 with an average of 0.5466. There was a significant genetic difference among germplasm materials of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae, and UPGMA cluster based on the GS of RAPD could distinguish all test germplasm materials clearly and indicated the relationship of the 8 species mentioned above, all of which indicated that RAPD markers could be used for the studies of genetic diversity and relationship and classification of germplasm resources of Kudingcha species in Oleaceae. Analysis results of RAPD showed that L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubscens Koidz has closer genetic relationship with L. pedunculare Rehd and further genetic relationship with L. japonicum Thunb. among all tested species. The authors suggest that further research is needed to study whether L. japonicum Thunb. var. pubscens Koidz should be classified into a variata of L. japonicum Thunb, or should be considered as an independent species. The analysis results supported that L. pururascens Y. C. Yang should be combined into L. robustum （Roxb.） Blume.

Germplasm resources of three wood plant species enriched with nervonic acid

Nervonic acid(NA)is a very-long-chain monounsaturated fatty acid with pharmaceutical and nutraceutical functions that plays an important role in treating several neurological disorders.One major source of NA is plant seed oil.Here we report fatty acid profiles of seeds and germplasm diversity of six plant species,including three woody plants with high amounts of NA-enriched seed oil,Malania oleifera,Macaranga adenantha,and M.indica.M.oleifera had the largest seed(average 7.40 g single seed),highest oil content(58.71%),and highest NA level(42.22%).The germplasm diversity of M.oleifera is associated with its habitat but not elevation.Seeds of M.adenantha contained higher NA levels(28.41%)than M.indica(21.77%),but M.indica contained a significantly higher oil content(29.22%)and seed yield.M.adenantha germplasm varied among populations,with one population having seeds with high oil content(22.63%)and NA level(37.78%).Although M.indica grow naturally at a range of elevations,no significant differences were detected between M.indica populations.These results suggest that M.indica and M.oleifera have greater potential as a source of NA,which will contribute to constructing a germplasm resource nursery and establishing a selection and breeding program to improve the development of NA-enriched plants.

Safe conservation and utilization of peanut germplasm resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China

Peanut(Arachis hypogaea L.)is an important oil and cash crop in the world.Peanut germplasm collected in China are abundant,which provides important material guarantee for peanut breeding and industrial development.Here,the safe conservation technology and indicators of peanut germplasm resources in the Oil Crops Middleterm Genebank of China were expounded from three processes of storage,monitoring,reproduction and renewal.We summarized and reviewed the situation of conservation and utilization of peanut germplasm resources in the Middle-term Genebank in the past 20 years.The future research direction of peanut resources in the Oil Crops Middle-term Genebank of China is prospected.

Progress of the Research on the Conservation of Crop Germplasm Resources in China

In the last 20 years, China has made considerable achievements in the conservation of crop germplasm resources. A network for crop germplasm conservation has been established by the end of 2002, which includes a national long-term seed genebank and its duplicated genebank, 8 national medium-term seed genebanks, 30 national field genebanks. 2 national in vitro genebanks, and 3 in situ conservation sites including 1 for wild soybean and 2 for wild rice. More than 334 000 crop germplasm accessions are currently stored in the national long-term genebank, covering 35 families, 192 genera and 712 species, which rank in the first place in the world. More than 43 000 accessions of vegetatively propagated crops and perennial crops covering more than 900 species are conserved in the national field genebanks. In addition, 2 300 accessions are stored in the national in vitro genebanks. This paper reviewed the latest advances of techniques for safety preservation of stored germplasm in seed genebank, ultra-dried seed storage and in vitro preservation in China and discussed current highlights in germplasm conservation.

Discrimination of Wild Tea Germplasm Resources (Camellia sp.) Using RAPD Markers

Discrimination of 24 wild tea germplasm resources (Camellia sp.) using RAPD markers was conducted. The result showed that RAPD markers were very effective tool and method in wild tea germplasm discrimination. There were 3 independent ways to discriminate tea germplasms, a) unique RAPD markers, b) specific band patterns and c) a combination of the band patterns or DNA fingerprinting provided by different primers. The presence of 16 unique RAPD markers and the absence of 3 unique markers obtained from 12 primers made it possible to discriminate 14 germplasms. Using the unique band patterns of primer OPO-13 could discriminate 10 tea germplasms. It was of much importance using minimum primers to obtain maximum discrimination capacity. All the 24 wild tea germplasms could be discriminated easily and entirely by the band patterns combination or DNA fingerprinting obtained from OPO-13, OPO-18, OPG-12 and OPA-13, including two wild tea trees of very similar morphological characteristics and chemical components.

In vitro Screening of Fusarium Wilt-resistant Germplasm Resources of Red Edible Seed Watermelon( Citrullus lanatus ssp. vulgaris var. megalaspermus Lin et Chao)

[ Objective] This study aimed to establish an appropriate technology system for in vitro screening of Fuzarium wilt-resistant germplasm resources of red edible seed watermelon and obtain variants resistant to fusaric acid, thus providing resistant materials for breeding Fusarium wilt-resistant red edible seed watermel- on. [ Method] Using Zhongxin No. 1 red edible seed watermelon advemitious buds as screening materials and fusaric acid （FA） as a stress agent, in vitro screen- ing of Fusarium wilt-resistant red edible seed watermelon clonal variants and identification of Fusarium wilt-resistance of the germplasm resources of red edible seed watermelon were performed. [ Result] The results showed that the appropriate FA for in vitro screening of Fusarium wilt-resistant red edible seed watermelon vari- ants was 15 mg/L. In vitro screening system for Fusarium wilt-resistant red edible seed watermelon variants was established preliminarily and FA-resistant regenera- ted plants were obtained. Among the 36 germplasm resources of red edible seed watermelon, there were 2 highly resistant materials, 6 moderately resistant materi- als, 11 slightly resistant materials and 17 highly susceptible materials. [ Conclusion] This study confirmed preliminarily that in vitro screening method is effective for obtaining resistant materials of red edible seed watermelon.

Sino-Russian cooperation on the sustainable utilization of Arctic biological resources: modernizing traditional knowledge

Considering the effects of global warming,humans need to face the possibility of an ice-free Arctic during summer.Russia spans Eurasia and occupies more Arctic lands than any other country.This vast area has a great variety of species,and the geography and environment of the Arctic have endowed these species with unique and valuable properties.All the world’s ancient nations have their traditional knowledge.The indigenous traditional knowledge of the Arctic and the knowledge embedded in traditional Chinese medicine are part of the world’s time-honored wisdom.Some of this ancient lore cannot be verified by modern scientific methods,but the methods are effective in practice,triggering further exploration and innovation.Russian Arctic indigenous people have a long history of using the Arctic biological resources.The use of therapeutic materials in traditional Chinese medicine has many similarities with the use of Arctic biological resources by indigenous peoples.Both types of traditional knowledge can inspire new approaches to the development of the Arctic biological resources.China and Russia are among the world’s largest countries,and it is important that they cooperate in developing the Arctic biological resources.The development of sustainable use of these resources,while updating traditional knowledge,is an urgently needed investment that requires an innovative approach.

Biological Evaluation Based Quality Management of Water Resources in Small Xingkai Lake

Taking the water ecosystem of Small Xingkai Lake as research object,through the survey and analysis of aquatic organism indicators,this paper established an ecosystem integrity evaluation system with the biological integrity as the criterion layer. Using the index of biological integrity and comprehensive health index,it evaluated the health status of water ecosystem of Small Xingkai Lake.

Screening of Sapindus germplasm resources in China based on agro-morphological traits

Sapindus L.species are widely cultivated for biodiesel,biomedical,and biochemical raw materials in southern China.However,yields fuctuate widely due to the lack of high-yielding,high-quality,stable cultivars.Therefore,the objectives of this study were to evaluate three species and one variety among 149 nationwide Sapindus species and screen for elite accessions which would serve as Sapindus breeding materials.Accessions were evaluated on 19 agro-morphological traits by correlation analysis and principal component analysis.These displayed substantial diversity and a broad range of economic traits.In particular,accessions of Sapindus mukorossi and Sapindus rarak had more variation in economic traits than Sapindus delavayi and Sapindus rarak var.velutinus.Increased saponin accumulation may be achieved at the cost of seed oil production.Thirty elite accessions for oil and saponin production,and for comprehensive utilization were screened and accessions no.80,110,and 112 had significant potential to produce high yields.These elite accessions will facilitate the identification of genetic determinants of valuable traits and the effective utilization of trait variability in Sapindus breeding.

A Study on the Phenotypic Genetic Diversity of Camellia Germplasm Resources in Macheng City

The genetic diversity analysis was done on 11 phenotypic traits of 35 camellia germplasm materials. The results showed that there were varying degrees of variation in 11 traits concerning the flowers and leaves selected in this study,and petal number had the largest coefficient of variation,followed by ovary height,and leaf length had the smallest coefficient of variation. F test results showed that the differences in 11 phenotypic traits reached a significant level. Through the trait correlation analysis,it was found that there was a positive or negative significant correlation between the 11 phenotypic traits. Principal component analysis results showed that the cumulative contribution rate of the first three principal components was 71. 185%,the eigenvector which reflected flower pattern was largest,and flower pattern had a great impact on classification of camellia variety. Based on the genetic differences in traits between varieties,the 35 test materials were divided into three categories: Group I was characterized by large flower pattern; Group II was characterized by large leaf pattern; Group Ⅲ was characterized by many petals. Flower diameter and flower height were important standards for classification of camellia variety.

Advances in Germplasm Resources of Chinese Milk Vetch in China

Chinese milk vetch （Astragalus sinicus L. ） is a conunonly used green manure crop in paddy fields in southern China and it has the effect of fostering fertility and soil. This paper firstly sununarized advances in research of new high quality and yield varieties of germplasm resources of Chinese milk vetch. Then, on the basis of current situation, it came up with recommendations for collection, storage and promotion, as well as application in the current ecological agriculture, including establishing germplasm resource bank and improving germplasm resource evaluation system.

RAPD analysis for genetic diversity of germplasm resources of <i>Strobilanthes</i>

The 18 samples representing 18 populations of Strobilanthes cusia (Nees) O. Ktze in Fujian Province of China were analyzed with RAPD markers. Eleven primers were used, a total of 106 bands were scored and 88 of them were polymorphic. The percentage of polymorphic loci was 77.36%, Nei’s gene diversity was 0.2420, and Shannon’s index was 0.3700. The 18 populations were classified into 2 groups based on the RAPD data by the method of hierarchical cluster analysis. Most of the populations from Fujian were clustered into a group, other populations were clustered into the other group. There was a high level of genetic diversity among the populations, and the genetic differentiation was obvious among the populations from Fujian.

Report on Screening Test of Dazhou Superior Ramie Germplasm Resources

[Objectives]To promote the development of the ramie industry in Dazhou City of Sichuan Province and provide a material basis for the breeding of new ramie varieties.[Methods]The Institute of Bast Fiber Crops of Dazhou Academy of Agricultural Sciences performed a screening test of excellent ramie germplasm resources from 2017 to 2019 to compare the growth,resistance,raw fiber yield and fiber fineness of the experimental materials.[Results]All the experimental materials showed strong growth potential,drought resistance and disease resistance.There were 8 kinds of resources with a fiber fineness greater than 2000 m/g,of which 3 kinds of resource materials had a fiber fineness greater than 2300 m/g;12 kinds of resources has the raw fiber yield exceeding the control and 10 kinds of resources had the raw fiber yield≥2000 kg/ha;3 kinds of resources met the requirements of the high-yield and high-quality indicators(fiber fineness exceeding 2000 m/g and raw fiber yield≥2000 kg/ha),they were BD0718,BD1614 and BYL2.[Conclusions]These high-quality ramie resources can provide a rich resource base for the breeding of new ramie varieties.

Research on the Necessity of Building National-level Grape and Cherry Germplasm Resources Bank in Shandong Province

At present,the grape and cherry industries in Shandong are in the leading position in China and have driven the development of related high-end manufacturing industries such as wine,brandy,preserved fruit processing,fruit juice processing and health products. Therefore,vigorously developing the grape and cherry industries in Shandong Province and carrying out development and innovation are important parts of Shandong Province in responding to the strategy of national new and old kinetic energy conversion. However,currently the germplasm resources preserved in the fruit tree resources banks in China are only 45% of those in the US and 27. 2% of those in the EU. Moreover,the development of fruit trees resources banks in Shandong is relatively backward in China,and there is still no banks related with grape and cherry germplasm resources in Shandong. Therefore,importance can be attached to the agriculture,forestry,and animal husbandry to build germplasm resources banks for grape and cherry industries in Shandong Province. Building the national-level grape and cherry germplasm resources bank in Shandong Province can also promote the utilization of wild and farm germplasm resources in the future; advance the research on the genes related to disease resistance,stress resistance and quality of grapes and cherries; push forward the construction and development of cherry and grape mutants banks. It is conducive to the research on the agronomic traits of grapes and cherries,and can provide the parents resources for planting innovation and improving the quality of grapes and cherries,as well as promote the development and application of molecular markers of grapes and cherries,including the identification of lines and crossbreeding. Thereby,it cannot only promote the industry development,but also achieve the development of cultivation,breeding and basic research in an all-round way and the development of ＂ production,study and research＂ going side by side.

The Core Mechanism of Natural Selection: How the Natural Cycle of Potassium Resources Affects the Biological Evolution and the Change of Human Society

Darwin’s theory of evolution believes that biological evolution is a process of natural selection. This theory has been supported by much evidence, but the internal biological mechanism is not clear. Here, I elaborate on the cycle of potassium resources on the earth and the biological utilization and efficiency, which may be the core mechanism of natural selection and affect the evolution of organisms and the development of human society.

Research Progress on Genetic Diversity of Cultivated Soybean Germplasm Resources in China

In this paper,by analyzing the genetic diversity of cultivated soybean germplasm resources in China,the environmental and genotypic factors that affect the genetic diversity of cultivated soybean germplasm resources were explored to further expand the genetic basis of the existing germplasm resources of cultivated soybean in China. Moreover,research progress on genetic diversity of cultivated soybean in China was summarized,which not only revealed the geographical characteristics of genetic diversity of cultivated soybean in China,but also proposed direction for research of genetic diversity of soybean.

Survey and Analysis of Vegetable Germplasm Resources in Hubei Province

Based on the general survey of crop germplasm resources in Hubei Province,the third survey and collection of crop germplasm resources was conducted in 199 villages of 19 counties( cities/districts) of Hubei Province during 2015-2017. A total of 1 072 accessions of vegetables were collected. The taxonomy,distribution,agronomic traits and preservation of the vegetable germplasm resources,as well as the main vegetable resources and characteristic resources in the 19 counties( cities/districts) were analyzed. The results showed that the local vegetable landraces cover 26 families. Hong'an County,Zhongxiang City,Gucheng County,Nanzhang County and Yuan'an County have more vegetable landraces than other counties( cities/districts). The local landraces are characterized by good quality,strong resistance and tolerance to barrenness,but most of them are distributed in remote areas with low purity,low yield and serious threat of degradation. The local vegetable landraces are mostly preserved by some well-educated elder farmers. The vegetable cultivars of Cruciferae,Solanaceae,Cucurbitaceae,Liliaceae and Leguminosae account for 71. 46% of the total vegetable resources. The characteristic vegetable resources such as pearl flower( Staghylea bumalda DC.),scallion( Allium paepalanthoides) and elephant-foot yam( Amorphophallus spp.) are scattered in the mountainous areas of Hubei Province. This study can provide reference for the protection and utilization of local resources of vegetables in Hubei Province.

DISTRIBUTION OF THE MAIN CROP GERMPLASM RESOURCES IN CHINA

This paper describes the characteristics and rules of geographical distribution of main crop germplasm resources, totally 194 634 accesions of germplasm of 73 crops. Among them, food crop germplasm have 161 574 accesions, making up 83% of the total number. The maps of germplasm graphical distribution of main food crops, fibre plants and oil crops are presented. The crop germplasm in China are distributed widely in the whole country. With regard to provinces, crop germplasm resources are more bountiful in Shanxi, Guangxi, Sichuan, Shandong, Yunnan, Shaanxi, Hebei,Henan, Guangdong and the total germplasm resources in these provinces are 112 185 accessions,making up 57. 6% in the whole country. With regard to agricultural ragions, crop germplasm resources at the middle and lower reaches of the Huanghe (Yellow) River are the most bountiful, which have 52 325 accessions, making up 26. 9% in the whale country. The number of crop germplasm per million mu (1 ha = 15mu) of cultivated land is obviously different in different regions. The more bountiful the heat resources, the heat resources, the more complicated the terrain and the longer the history of agricultural planting, the richer the crop germplasm races per million mu cultivated land will be.