Study on Fuzzy Self-Adaptive PID Control System of Biomass Boiler Drum Water

The paper discusses the features of the Biomass Boiler drum water level. Conventional PID Control System can not reach a satisfaction result in nonlinearity and time different from Biomass Boiler Drum Water Control System. In this study, a kind of fuzzy self-adaptive PID controller is described and this controller is used in biomass boiler’s drum water level control system. Using the simulink tool of MATLAB simulation software to simulate the fuzzy adaptive PID and conventional PID control system, the result of the comparison shows that the fuzzy self-adaptive PID has the strong anti-jamming, flexibility and adaptability as well as the higher control precision in Biomass Boiler Drum Water.

生物质CFB氮氧化物排放建模与优化控制

由于生物质循环流化床(CFB)燃烧不稳定,为实现负荷波动过程中机组NO_(x)的动态预测,从锅炉燃烧机理切入,建立了氧量模型与即燃碳模型;对炉内NO_(x)自生成与自还原机理进行分析,并结合数学建模的方法,建立了NO_(x)动态排放模型。进行给料量、二次风量开环阶跃试验;分析NO_(x)排放与氧量耦合情况,采用简化对角解耦与前馈补偿解耦法解除耦合。结合某130 t/h生物质CFB实际运行数据进行仿真试验。结果表明:模型拥有较好的预测效果,能反映氧量及NO_(x)排放过程的动态特性,可实现给料量控制NO_(x)排放质量浓度、二次风控制氧体积分数的单回路控制,所设计的NO_(x)排放质量浓度模型及解耦控制方法可以为今后生物质CFB机组适应动态运行以及智能控制策略设计提供参考。

通过调节碳自由基的反应活性调控偶联反应产物和羰基化合物的选择性合成

在温和条件下,生物质(例如,生物质衍生醇、葡萄糖、木糖和木质素)通过光催化转化为高附加值化学品受到了广泛关注.目前,光催化氧化生物质衍生醇的主要产物是羰基化合物,即醛类化合物.相比之下,生物质衍生醇的C–C偶联产物(如氢化苯偶姻和乙二醇)是制药和合成化学领域重要的中间体和原料,具有较大的应用价值.然而,由于对反应机理的理解不足,生物质衍生醇的选择性光催化氧化生成对应的C–C偶联产物和羰基化合物仍然具有挑战性.本文合成了不同金属助催化剂(Au,Pt,Pd和Ru)负载的Cd0.6Zn0.4S复合光催化剂(M-CZS)用于光催化生物质衍生醇的选择性氧化.高分辨透射电镜和X射线光电子能谱结果证明了M-CZS复合光催化剂的成功合成.紫外-可见漫反射光谱结果表明,金属Au和Ru引入后,催化剂可见光的吸收能力增强.采用光致发光光谱、时间分辨光致发光光谱、光电流强度曲线和电化学阻抗曲线研究了催化剂的载流子分离和重组行为,结果表明,金属Au和Ru的引入促进了光生载流子的分离.所制Au-CZS催化剂生成C–C偶联产物(氢化苯偶姻)的速率为40 mmol gcat.^(‒1)h^(‒1),选择性大于98%.Ru-CZS催化剂生成羰基化合物(苯甲醛)的速率为21 mmol gcat.^(‒1)h^(‒1),选择性高达99%.催化剂稳定性测试结果表明,Au-CZS和Ru-CZS催化剂具有良好的光催化稳定性.此外,所制Au-CZS和Ru-CZS催化剂对各种生物质衍生醇具有良好的光催化活性和较高的选择性.电子顺磁共振谱与中间体捕获实验结果表明,反应过程中主要的反应中间体是苯甲醇C_(α)–H键断裂产生的碳自由基中间体.通过密度泛函理论计算研究了Au-CZS和Ru-CZS光催化生物质衍生醇选择性氧化合成偶联产物和羰基化合物过程中,每一步所需的热力学自由能,结果表明,碳自由基中间体在Au和Ru的弱和强吸附,分别导致了C–C偶联产物和羰基化合物的选择性合成.综上,本文报道了一种在Cd0.6Zn0.4S固溶体中引入不同金属助催化剂的策略,通过调节相应碳自由基中间体的反应活性,实现生物质衍生醇的选择性氧化,为生物质衍生醇的高选择性转化提供了新见解.

生物质发电厂DCS系统一体化设计

简要论述了生物质发电厂自动控制技术的应用情况,分析了目前生物质发电厂控制系统的现状,对生物质发电厂DCS系统一体化设计原则进行了介绍,并对全厂DCS一体化的优势进行了分析。通过介绍生物质发电厂全厂DCS系统一体化设计的基本设计思路,提出生物质发电厂DCS一体化设计的控制方案,并通过设计案例实现全厂DCS系统一体化对全厂进行监控。

融合激光雷达料位测算的锅炉燃烧优化模型预测控制

提出了一种融合激光雷达料位测算的锅炉燃烧优化控制策略。该控制策略通过激光雷达对生物质的入炉给料量进行实时在线监测,并采用最大互信息系数(MIC)方法分析其对于主汽压力、燃烧室温度、出口烟气氧量等关键参数的时延长度,结合经过特征筛选的锅炉特征参数,构成模型样本集;通过粒子群优化(PSO)算法进行参数优化,获得燃烧过程外源自回归(ARX)模型,并采用模型预测控制的方法优化锅炉燃烧。以700t/d生物质燃烧发电锅炉为测试对象,该控制策略在主汽压力与燃烧室温度约束下实现了烟气氧量优化。实验结果与对比分析表明:(1)该预测模型具有较高的精度与泛用性,能满足预测控制的要求;(2)相较于PID与模糊控制,该控制算法拥有更高的控制性能,在仿真结果中氧量与其设定值的平均偏移能控制在±25%以内。该控制策略理论上具有较好的实践意义,可为生物质发电锅炉的智能化稳定燃烧提供解决方案。

供氧浓度对受控生态生保系统典型生物质固废好氧堆肥的影响

目的探讨不同供氧浓度对生物质固废好氧堆肥化处理过程的影响机制,以掌握适用于未来地外星球基地受控生态生保系统(CELSS)固废资源化处理的供氧参数,提高氧气利用率。方法利用自研的固废生物反应器试验系统,以小麦秸秆和模拟粪便为处理对象,开展10%、15%和21%三种供氧浓度的好氧堆肥化处理实验,定期采样并分析处理过程中的气体组分(O_(2)、NH_(3)、CH_(4)和N_(2)O)及物料腐熟度(含水率、溶解性有机碳、NH_(4)^(+)-N和种子发芽指数)。结果15%O_(2)处理组耗氧量最大,NH_(3)和N_(2)O排放量最小,溶解性有机碳含量降解效果最好,NH_(4)^(+)-N含量较高;3个处理组中CH_(4)排放均处于较低水平。堆肥结束时,10%O_(2)和15%O_(2)处理组的产品含水率均大于74%,保水性最好,各处理组的种子发芽指数分别达到86.64%、123.81%和97.98%。结论与10%和21%供氧浓度相比,15%供氧浓度有效减少了NH_(3)和N_(2)O的排放,且拥有良好的保氮、保水和溶解有机碳降解效果,腐熟度更高。

生物质灰土壤调理剂对烟草青枯病的防控效果

为考察生物质灰土壤调理剂与微生物菌剂配施对烟草青枯病的防治效果,开展了田间小区试验。试验以不施土壤调理剂和微生物菌剂的处理为对照,土壤调理剂施用量设150、200、300 kg/亩(1亩=667 m^(2))等3个水平,测定了不同处理的土壤理化性状、烟草农艺性状、烟草青枯病发病率等指标。结果表明,生物质灰土壤调理剂施用量为300 kg/亩的效果最好,处理前后土壤pH由5.30提高至6.30,不同生育时期的烟草株高、有效叶片数、平均叶面积和叶面积系数均优于其他处理的,青枯病发病率由对照处理的45.6%降至7.4%。生物质灰土壤调理剂与微生物菌剂配施可以降低青枯病的发病率,促进烟株生长。

Early Postemergence Herbicide Tank-Mixtures for Control of Waterhemp Resistant to Four Herbicide Modes of Action in Corn

Multiple-herbicide-resistant (MHR) waterhemp has been confirmed and is difficult to control for growers in Ontario, Canada and in the Midwestern United States. The objective of this study was to evaluate early post-emergence (EPOST) herbicides for control of MHR waterhemp in field corn. Five field trials were conducted over a two-year period (2019, 2020) at sites on Walpole Island, ON and near Cottam, ON, Canada. Thirteen herbicide tank-mixtures containing multiple modes-of-action (MOA) were applied EPOST to 5 cm MHR waterhemp in field corn. Control of MHR waterhemp varied by site due to variable plant density, plant biomass, and number of herbicide-resistant individuals across research sites and years. Control of MHR waterhemp ranged from 90% to 100% with glyphosate + S-metolachlor/mesotrione/ bicyclopyrone/atrazine, glyphosate/2,4-D choline + rimsulfuron + mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/atrazine/mesotrione, glyphosate + mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate/S-metolachlor/mesotrione + atrazine, glyphosate + S-metolachlor/mesotrione/bicyclopyrone, glyphosate/2,4-D choline + rimsulfuron + mesotrione, and glyphosate + pyroxasulfone + dicamba/atrazine at 4, 8, and 12 WAA. Control of MHR waterhemp ranged from 70% to 100% with glyphosate + topramezone/dimethenamid-P + dicamba/atrazine, glyphosate + isoxaflutole + atrazine, and glyphosate + tolpyralate + atrazine at 4, 8, and 12 WAA. Control of MHR waterhemp was similar for all herbicide programs, except glyphosate + dicamba/atrazine and glyphosate + S-metolachlor/atrazine which resulted in the lowest control at three of five sites that ranged from 63% to 89% and 61% to 76%, respectively. Crop injury was ≤10% for herbicide programs tested, except 28% to 31% corn injury with glyphosate/2,4-D choline + rimsulfuron + mesotrione + atrazine;however, without effect on corn grain yield. Corn yield was comparable with all herbicide programs evaluated in this study. It is concluded that there are herbicide programs that provide control of emerged and full-season residual control of MHR waterhemp in field corn.

Influence of Adjuvants on the Control of Glyphosate-Resistant Canada Fleabane and Waterhemp in Corn with Tolpyralate

Tolpyralate is a new benzoylpyrazole herbicide for weed management in corn. It is recommended to be co-applied with atrazine along with the adjuvants methylated seed oil concentrate (MSO) plus an ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, such as urea ammonium nitrate (UAN). Two studies were conducted on glyphosate-resistant (GR) Canada fleabane and GR waterhemp to determine if an additional adjuvant is still required when tolpyralate plus atrazine are tankmixed with a commercial glyphosate formulation (Roundup WeatherMAX®) in corn. Trials were conducted over a two-year period (2018-19) on farms in south western Ontario with confirmed GR populations. When co-applied with Roundup WeatherMAX®, the addition of MSO to tolpyralate + atrazine increased control of GR waterhemp 9%;however, there was no increase in GR Canada fleabane control from the addition of additional adjuvants. At 8 WAA, all treatments provided > 91% and > 84% control of GR waterhemp and GR Canada fleabane, respectively. This study concludes that the addition of Roundup WeatherMAX®to tolpyralate plus atrazine improves the control of GR waterhemp and GR Canada fleabane in corn.

Control of Common Chickweed in Winter Wheat with Postemergence Herbicides

A total of six experiments were conducted over a two-year period (2018, 2019) at the University of Guelph Ridgetown Campus to assess the efficacy of various herbicides applied postemergence (POST) for the control of common chickweed in winter wheat. Fluroxypyr/bromoxynil/MCPA, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil,pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/fluroxypyr,pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/thiencarbazone, pyrasulfotole/bromoxynil/thiencarbazone + MCPA ester, tolpyralate and fluroxypyr/halauxifen + MCPA EHE, applied POST, controlled common chickweed only 5% - 42% at 2 weeks after treatment (WAT) and 1% - 23% at 4 WAT and resulted in common chickweed density and biomass that was similar to non-treated weedy control. Fluroxypyr/halauxifen + pyroxsulam + MCPA EHE, applied POST, provided 57% - 82% control of common chickweed and reduced density 93% and biomass 98% compared to the non-treated control. Thifensulfuron/tribenuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ester, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tribenuron + thiencarbazone, and tribenuron + thiencarbazone + MCPA ester, applied POST, controlled common chickweed 98% - 100% and reduced common chickweed density 96% - 98% and common chickweed biomass 99%. Based on these results, herbicide treatments which contained tribenuron including thifensulfuron/tribenuron, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + MCPA ester, thifensulfuron/tribenuron + fluroxypyr + MCPA ester, tribenuron + thiencarbazone, and tribenuron + thiencarbazone + MCPA ester were the most efficacious for the control of common chickweed in wheat. In addition, fluroxypyr/halauxifen + pyroxsulam + MCPA EHE, applied POST, can provide adequate control of common chickweed in winter wheat.

Research on Modeling and Control of a 100 kW Micro Bio-Gas Turbine

In order to know about the influences of disturbance on the operating performance, the present work developed the overall dynamic simulation model of the micro gas turbine and investigated the control system under the disturbances of environmental temperature and unit load. The response processes of main parameters have been obtained. It found that the compressor pressure ratio and the fuel flow rate increase in the case of natural gas being replaced by pine gas. When the system reaches a new steady state, the main parameters change to different values. The output power decreases with the declining of the air mass flow when the ambient temperature rises, the biomass gas mass flow rate increases under the regulation of the control system to maintain the output power and rotating speed in which the thermal efficiency reduces by 1.40%. The thermal efficiency enhances with the increase of output load. The control system can quickly and effectively act to maintain the key parameters at desired value.

木质素基控释材料及其在药物输送和肥料控释中的应用

木质素作为储量仅次于纤维素的第二大生物质资源和重要的芳香族可再生资源,目前主要作为纤维素利用的副产物大量废弃,引发严重的资源浪费和环境污染。木质素资源开发和高值利用不仅可以减少直接燃烧造成的环境污染,而且对于实现生物质资源的全链条应用、提升生物质资源开发应用的可行性、可持续性和经济性具有重要意义。木质素结构中丰富的官能团和化学反应活性位点,及其作为生物质材料固有的可降解性和生物相容性,使其在生物医药和绿色可持续农业领域受到了广泛的关注和研究,也使其成为药物和绿色肥料提质增效和可控释放的理想载体。本文从木质素的结构特点出发,介绍了木质素及其改性材料在生物医药和绿色农业肥料中的应用基础,阐述了木质素在药物智能给送和肥料缓控释放领域的研究和应用进展,并分析了这些应用中存在的挑战以及未来值得关注的研究方向,以期为木质素资源化利用和缓控释材料的设计开发提供有益参考。

森林每木生物量数据质控方法和技术研究

【目的】野外森林生态站乔木生物量长期动态观测数据,对于支撑中国典型森林碳储量、森林生产力等分析研究具有重要价值。每木生物量(Tree biomass weight,TBW)数据是估算森林生物量的基础。TBW数据质量是其长期观测的生命线,也是生物量数据相关科学研究获得正确结论的基础。【方法】TBW数据质控方法的研究、数据质控标准的建立和数据质控信息技术手段的使用,是提升TBW数据质量的三个方面。本文首先介绍中国生态系统研究网络(CERN)森林生态站TBW数据生产过程、TBW数据模式和数据项标准化内容,然后介绍TBW数据质控总体框架及质控方法,最后介绍信息技术(基于OLE编程、Python多进程计算)在TBW基础与实测数据质控及在派生数据自动核验方面的应用。【结果】本文实现了TBW数据一致性、准确性的快速检查,有助于形成标准化的数据质控业务流程,对于海量的森林生态站多样地TBW数据的高效质控和快速计算具有重要参考价值。

Effect of Halosulfuron Rate and Application Timing on Volunteer Azuki Bean Control in White Bean

Three field experiments were carried out during 2017-2019 at the University of Guelph Huron Research Station near Exeter, Ontario, Canada to determine the effect of halosulfuron rate (25, 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1) and application timing (POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3) on volunteer azuki bean control in white bean. At POST 1, halosulfuron at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 controlled volunteer azuki bean 46% - 50% at 1 week after application (WAA), controlled decreased to 16% - 25% at 8 WAA. At POST 2, volunteer azuki bean controlled decreased from 34% - 39% at 1 WAA to 17% - 27% at 8 WAA. A similar trend was observed at POST 3. Halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 25, 37.5 and 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 reduced biomass 49%, 64% and 69%, respectively. Halosulfuron applied POST 2 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 51% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 49% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. Similarly, halosulfuron applied POST 3 did not reduce volunteer azuki bean biomass at 25 g∙ai∙ha-1, but decreased biomass 40% at 37.5 g∙ai∙ha-1 and 44% at 50 g∙ai∙ha-1. There was as much as 19%, 22% and 25% dockage with halosulfuron applied POST 1, POST 2 and POST 3, respectively. Volunteer azuki bean interference reduced white bean yield 40%. Reduced volunteer azuki bean interference with halosulfuron applied POST 1 at 37.5 or 50 g∙ai∙ha-1 resulted in an increase in white bean yield relative to the weedy control;however white yield was less than the weed-free control. This study concludes that halosulfuron at rates and application timings evaluated does not provide adequate control of volunteer azuki bean in white bean.

pH对生物脱硫系统的性能及菌群结构的影响

为探究pH对生物脱硫反应器性能、生物量及微生物种群结构的影响,一座生物滴滤池(bio-trickling filter,BTF)分别运行在中性偏碱(6.0<pH<9.5)、弱酸(2.6<pH<5.5)和极酸(pH<1.0)环境下。结果表明,BTF获得对H_(2)S的最大脱硫性能分别为246.5、142.8和164.6 g/(m^(3)·h)。中性偏碱下BTF的脱硫性能最佳,这是由于较低的H2 S气液传质阻力及较高的硫氧化菌活性。保持此pH范围需消耗大量碱性试剂,这导致反应器的运行成本升高和操作过程变得复杂。在极酸环境中,耐酸的硫氧化菌——Mycobacterium逐渐占据主导(79.2%),且生物膜拥有高硫氧化活性(比耗氧速率1.35 mg/(g·min)),非耐酸的微生物被淘汰,这维持了系统内生物量的稳定(生物量质量浓度10~11 g/L),避免了反应器的堵塞,降低了生物量控制和pH调整的成本。综上,通过富集高丰度且高活性嗜酸的Mycobacterium,BTF在极酸环境(pH<1.0)下仍可获得较高的脱硫性能,扩大了生物反应器运行的pH范围。

环境温度变化生物质气微型燃气轮机联合循环运行及调节

为探究不同燃料、环境温度对微型燃气轮机联合循环运行性能的影响,利用MATLAB/Simulink软件建立回热型微型燃气轮机联合循环模型,以天然气为燃料,验证模型的合理性。选取天然气、沼气和松木气等作为燃料,在环境温度为15℃,机组的输出功率为100 kW时,与天然气系统相比,沼气和松木气系统的燃料流量增大,燃烧室出口温度降低,电效率分别下降了0.19%和0.67%,联合循环热效率分别下降了0.22%和0.62%。环境温度升高时,3种燃料系统的压气机入口空气流量减少,燃烧室出口温度和透平排烟温度升高,机组输出功率和电效率降低,而余热利用热效率和联合循环热效率升高,环境温度由5℃升高到20℃时,天然气、沼气和松木气系统的联合循环热效率分别由58.16%、57.99%和57.60%升高至62.62%、62.24%和61.46%,生物质气可作为优先替代燃料应用于燃气轮机。当环境温度扰动时,控制系统进行保护动作,机组转速迅速恢复至1000 rad/s,其他参数也重新恢复到稳定状态,增设控制系统可提高机组的运行性能。

生物质基三维多孔异质定形复合相变材料的制备

定形复合相变材料是一种新型复合相变材料,通过控制材料所在周边环境温度及工作热源,实现对温度的调控,克服了新型清洁可再生能源传递能量不稳定、波动性大及间歇性的缺点。其制备简单、使用方便、可循环利用、环境友好,且在相变过程中性能稳定,近年来获得较快发展。将生物质基大豆蜡与食用油合理调配,获得了适宜人类居住温度范围的二元相变芯材;同时利用脱木素的方法脱除木质纤维材料中的木素组分,得到稳定的多孔纤维材料作为支撑载体;再利用真空浸渍对相变芯材进行封装处理,构筑了三维多孔异质定形复合相变材料。实验利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、显微CT、孔隙率、X射线衍射仪等,研究材料表面、内部结构和力学性能;利用傅里叶红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪(DSC)、热重、热导率测试仪、热红外成像仪等,研究材料的储热、控温性能及传导热机制。结果表明,以生物质木纤维多孔材料为主体构筑的三维网络骨架,为相变芯材提供了优异的支撑能力和定形作用,解决了相变芯材易泄露的问题。最后通过搭建房屋模型进行控温实验,验证了该定形复合相变能材料在新型节能建筑及温度智能调节等领域的应用可行性。

柔性生物质颗粒的流体动力学行为研究综述

目的 分析柔性生物质颗粒的应用背景,提出生物质的清洁度与取向分布是影响产品包装质量的2个关键因素。方法 从多相流的数值模拟方法、柔性颗粒建模理论、曳力模型适用性等角度总结国内外生物质流化研究成果。重点阐述本课题组在生物质表征、生物质分离与取向调控方面提出的解决方案。结果 机器视觉适用于生物质物理与力学性能的测量,多倾斜曲面通道可用于混合颗粒的有效分离,楔形通道的流场速度梯度能够加速非球形颗粒的取向调整。结论 概括了柔性生物质颗粒流化模拟中存在的主要问题,提出了未来的研究计划。

不同除草剂对黄芪田杂草防除效果及黄芪生物量、药材产量的影响研究

[目的]研究不同除草剂对黄芪地上生物量积累、药材产量及杂草防除效果的影响。[方法]对1年生蒙古黄芪移栽苗选用5种苗后除草剂按照推荐使用浓度进行施药处理,5种农药分别为药草除1号(YCC)、灭草松(MCS)、烯草酮(XCT)、盖草能(GCN)、拿捕净(NBJ),以喷施清水为对照(CK)。每种施药处理3次重复,共18个小区。2021年6月初采用样方法统计各处理小区内杂草株数、鲜质量、干质量,于7月10日、8月10日、9月10日定期统计各处理小区蒙古黄芪地上生物量鲜重、干重,并测定当年11月采收季黄芪药材鲜重、干重。采用变异分析和单因素方差分析对统计数据进行分析。[结果]5种除草剂均表现出不同程度的杂草防除效果,其中,药草除1号处理组(YCC)杂草防效最好,株防效为77.81%,鲜质量防效为64.48%,干质量防效为80.81%。7、8、9月各除草剂处理组之间黄芪地上生物量鲜重、干重以及鲜干比之间无显著(P>0.05)差异;11月,药草除1号处理组(YCC)的黄芪药材产量鲜重和干重均显著(P<0.05)高于其他处理组。[结论]蒙古黄芪移栽田使用药草除1号进行杂草防除的效果较好,且对药材地上生物量、产量有明显的促进作用。

生物质气化副产有机污染物脱除及防控技术现状

有机污染物作为生物质热化学转化过程中的主要副产物,严重影响了该技术的应用前景;其中,有机污染物主要包括焦油、硫化物、氮化物等。焦油常温下粘结附于设备和管壁,造成设备堵塞;硫化物、氮化物等气化副产有机污染物对人体健康和生态环境产生严重危害。因此,该文从生物质气化技术入手,结合国内外有机污染物脱除及防控技术,对生物质气化过程中产生的焦油、硫化物、氮化物的来源、危害及处理方法进行了详细分析,展望了有机污染物防控技术的发展方向,以期为生物质气化过程中有机污染物脱除及防控提供可借鉴的经验,进一步促进生物质资源的高值化利用。