Conservation of Forestry Biomass with the Use of Alternative Resource

The effect of the alternative resource and time delay on conservation of forestry biomass is studied by considering a nonlinear mathematical model. In this paper, interaction between forestry biomass, industrialization pressure, toxicant pressure and technological effort is proposed and analysed. We find out the critical value of delay and observe that there is Hopf bifurcation. Using the normal form theory and the center manifold theorem, we determine the stability and direction of the bifurcating periodic solutions. Numerical simulations are given to illustrate the analytical results.

Biomass energy resources utilisation and waste management

This Article discusses a comprehensive review of biomass energy sources, environment and sustainable development. This includes all the biomass energy technologies, energy efficiency systems, energy conservation scenarios, energy savings and other mitigation measures necessary to reduce emissions. The current literature is reviewed regarding the ecological, social, cultural and economic impacts of biomass technology. This article gives an overview of present and future use of biomass as an industrial feed-stock for production of fuels, chemicals and other materials. However, to be truly competitive in an open market situation, higher value products are required. Results suggest that biomass technology must be encouraged, promoted, invested, implemented, and demonstrated, but especially in remote rural areas.

Photosynthetic Carbon Gain, Allocation and Resources-Use Efficiency in Invasive Eupatorium Adenophorum and Its Native Congener E. Japonicum under Different Light and Nutrient Conditions

Invasion is often facilitated by high resources availabilities and suppressed under low resources habitats. However, a number of invasive plants can successfully establish and dominate in resource-poor and （or） the understory of closed forests, indicating the plant＇s performances are habitats-dependent and species-specific. It is therefore necessary to explore the ecophysiological characteristics associated invasiveness for one invasive species across multiple resources availabilities whilst taking the relatedness into these comparative studies. In this study, invasive Eupitorium adenophorum and its native congener E. japonicum grew under different resource gradients in terms of light levels and soil nitrogen additions to identify the functional significance morphological and physiological traits associated closely with invasion and to examine their comparative responses. Photosynthetic carbon gain, biomass allocation and resource-use efficiency are evaluated in this pot experiment. Across treatments, E. adenophorum exhibited consistently higher values for most of the morphological variables including plant stature, relative growth rate （RGR）, leaf root ratio （LRR）, leaf area ratio （LAR）, total leaf area, and lower root： shoot ratio （RSR）. Significantly higher Pmax corresponded with higher photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency （PNUE） and photosynthetic energy use efficiency （PEUE） especially in low light and （or） unfertile condition. Higher Gs and Pmax but lower photosynthetic water use efficiency （WUE） indicated the trade-off relationship between WUE and PNUE for E. adenophorum. Final biomasses were higher for E. adenophorum in nutrient and（or） light limited conditions, in which higher leaf construction cost（CC） compared with E. japonicum could be over-compensated by its significantly higher assimilation rates. The effects of light levels on these plant attributes were stronger than soil nutrient contents. The responses of these two congeneric species to light and nitrogen availabilities were similar, but the differences were magnified in resources limited conditions, indicating the better performancer at acquiring and at using limited resources of E. adenophorum over its co-occurring native flora. Our study presented the distinctive advantages of E. adenophorum in resources-poor environments, indicating conventional strategy of managing resources levels to control the invasion and expending of exotic species may not be as effective as expected.

Bamboo as a Genetic Resource and Its Utilization from the World Wide View Point

The latest effective utilization of bamboo resources is changing from domestic industry to mechanical industry. This fact will be required a lot of raw material from a large scale factory, therefore, what kind of bamboo should be selected for a material. So, this study discussed on this matter through investigation and experiment. Results of this study are as follows： 1） Characteristics of bamboo different from trees and grass; 2） Environmental factors： a） annual mean temperature in 10-15 ℃ shows good growth of culm in temperate area and more than 20 ℃ also shows in tropical area, b） Rainfall： more than 1,000 mm year-1 is necessary for growth of culm in temperate and tropical area, and still more in addition to two times of 100 mm month-1 in temperate area, and three times of 200 mm month-l in tropical area, c） Soil and topography： brown colored soil and flat or gentle slope show better growth in temperate area, but red colored soil and slope are not suitable in tropical area, d） Geographical distribution of bamboo related with growth type shown in Figs. 1-3. Productivity of bamboo： annual productivity of bamboo is the biggest compared with other type of vegetation; 4） Selection of two growth type of bamboo： many big bamboos are growing in tropical area; 5） Furthermore items discussed in this report.

Economic Competition for High Profits from Antarctic Living Resources in Their Protection Area

Since 1790, Antarctic living resources were becoming subjects of competition among the exploiters to be first in obtaining the maximum profit from them. This led to subsequent extinction of valuable species from fur seals and next penguins, large through small whales, industrial demersal fish, further to pelagic species and now toothfish, crabs and krill. Catch proportions of their numerous and biomass decrease. The biomass of South Georgia Icefish estimated for 40 years in spide of decreasing trend has one of the largest components-the oscillations with periods of 3 years or 4 years. Their models explain large biomass fluctuations in the years 1975 to 1981 with amplitudes ±15 × 10^3 tonnes around average 20 ×10^3 tonnes and further decline up to 2005 season with oscillation ±4 ×10^3 tonnes around average 5 × 10^3 tonnes. For future season, 2016 model predicts a little increase of the biomass oscillation at level of 8 × 10^3 tonnes with reduced amplitude 2 × 10^3 tonnes. Slowly increase density of adult fish was also reported for target similar and close related mackerel icefish. Additional references for biomass levels help reduce the risk of further depletion biomass of Pseudochaenichthys georgianus which already declined to 75%. As global warming promote phytoplankton growth, replacing krill fishery by algae farms can save unique Antarctic heritages.

Unraveling the Rheology of Nanocellulose Aqueous Suspensions:A Comprehensive Study on Biomass-Derived Nanofibrillated Cellulose

The rheological properties of nanocellulose aqueous suspensions play a critical role in the development of nanocellulose-based bulk materials.High-crystalline,high-aspect ratio,and slender nanofibrillated cellulose(NFC)were extracted from four biomass resources.The cellulose nanofibrils and nanofibril bundles formed inter-connected networks in the NFC aqueous suspensions.The storage moduli of the suspensions with different concentrations were higher than their corresponding loss moduli.As the concentration increased,the storage and loss modulus of NFC dispersion increased.When the shear rate increased to a certain value,there were differences in the changing trend of the rheological behavior of NFC aqueous suspensions derived from different biomass resources and the suspensions with different solid concentrations.NFC dispersion’s storage and loss modulus increased when the temperature rose to nearly 80℃.We hope this study can deepen the understanding of the rheological properties of NFC colloids derived from different biomass resources.

Biomass-Derived Porous Carbon-Based Nanostructures for Microwave Absorption

Currently,electromagnetic(EM) pollution poses severe complication toward the operation of electronic devices and biological systems.To this end,it is pertinent to develop novel microwave absorbers through compositional and structural design.Porous carbon(PC)materials demonstrate great potential in EM wave absorption due to their ultralow density,large surface area,and excellent dielectric loss ability.However,the large-scale production of PC materials through low-cost and simple synthetic route is a challenge.Deriving PC materials through biomass sources is a sustainable,ubiquitous,and low-cost method,which comes with many desired features,such as hierarchical texture,periodic pattern,and some unique nanoarchitecture.Using the bio-inspired microstructure to manufacture PC materials in mild condition is desirable.In this review,we summarize the EM wave absorption application of biomass-derived PC materials from optimizing structureand designing composition.The corresponding synthetic mechanisms and development prospects are discussed as well.The perspective in this field is given at the end of the article.

Advances in the Research and Development of Acrylic Acid Production from Biomass

The shortage of petroleum has resulted in worldwide efforts to produce chemicals from renewable resources. Among these attempts, the possibility of producing acrylic acid from biomass has caught the eye of many researchers. Converting the carbohydrates first to lactic acid by fermentation and then dehydrating lactic acid to acrylic acid is hitherto the most effective way for producing acrylic acid from biomass. While the lactic acid fer- mentation has been commercialized since longer times, the dehydration process of lactic acid is still under development because of its low yield. Further efforts should be made before this process became economically feasible. Because of the existence of acrylic acid pathways in some microorganisms, strain improvement and metabolic engineering provides also a possibilitv to produce acrylic acid directly from biomass by fermentation.

Dynamics of forest biomass carbon stocks from 1949 to 2008 in Henan Province,east-central China

We estimated forest biomass carbon storage and carbon density from 1949 to 2008 based on nine consecutive forest inventories in Henan Province,China.According to the definitions of the forest inventory,Henan forests were categorized into five groups: forest stands,economic forests,bamboo forests,open forests,and shrub forests.We estimated biomass carbon in forest stands for each inventory period by using the continuous biomass expansion factor method.We used the mean biomass density method to estimate carbon stocks in economic,bamboo,open and shrub forests.Over the 60-year period,total forest vegetation carbon storage increased from34.6 Tg(1 Tg = 1×10;g) in 1949 to 80.4 Tg in 2008,a net vegetation carbon increase of 45.8 Tg.By stand type,increases were 39.8 Tg in forest stands,5.5 Tg in economic forests,0.6 Tg in bamboo forests,and-0.1 Tg in open forests combine shrub forests.Carbon storageincreased at an average annual rate of 0.8 Tg carbon over the study period.Carbon was mainly stored in young and middle-aged forests,which together accounted for 70–88%of the total forest carbon storage in different inventory periods.Broad-leaved forest was the main contributor to forest carbon sequestration.From 1998 to 2008,during implementation of national afforestation and reforestation programs,the carbon storage of planted forest increased sharply from 3.9 to 37.9 Tg.Our results show that with the growth of young planted forest,Henan Province forests realized large gains in carbon sequestration over a 60-year period that was characterized in part by a nation-wide tree planting program.

Biomass and dominance of conservative species drive above-ground biomass productivity in a mediterranean-type forest of Chile

Background: Forest productivity has a pivotal role in human well-being. Vegetation quantity, niche complementarity, mass-ratio, and soil resources are alternative/complementary ecological mechanisms driving productivity. One challenge in current forest management depends on identifying and manipulating these mechanisms to enhance productivity. This study assessed the extent to which these mechanisms control aboveground biomass productivity(AGBP) of a Chilean mediterranean-type matorral. AGBP measured as tree aboveground biomass changes over a 7-years period, was estimated for twelve 25 m × 25 m plots across a wide range of matorral compositions and structures. Variables related to canopy structure, species and functional diversity, species and functional dominance, soil texture, soil water and soil nitrogen content were measured as surrogates of the four mechanisms proposed. Linear regression models were used to test the hypotheses. A multimodel inference based on the Akaike’s information criterion was used to select the best models explaining AGBP and for identifying the relative importance of each mechanism.Results: Vegetation quantity(tree density) and mass-ratio(relative biomass of Cryptocarya alba, a conservative species) were the strongest drivers increasing AGBP, while niche complementarity(richness species) and soil resources(sand, %) had a smaller effect either decreasing or increasing AGBP, respectively. This study provides the first assessment of alternative mechanisms driving AGBP in mediterranean forests of Chile. There is strong evidence suggesting that the vegetation quantity and mass-ratio mechanisms are key drivers of AGBP, such as in other tropical and temperate forests. However, in contrast with other studies from mediterranean-type forests, our results show a negative effect of species diversity and a small effect of soil resources on AGBP.Conclusion: AGBP in the Chilean matorral depends mainly on the vegetation quantity and mass-ratio mechanisms.The findings of this study have implications for matorral restoration and management for the production of timber and non-timber products and carbon sequestration.

A model to estimate available timber and forest biomass and reforestation expenses in a mountainous region in Japan

We developed a model to estimate supply potentials and available amounts of timber and forest biomass resources from profitable sub-compartments of thinning and final felling operations. Economic balances were estimated while considering not only harvesting expenses but also reforestation expenses after final felling, which should be considered for sustainable forest management. Harvesting expenses were estimated based on two types of timber harvesting systems and three types of forest biomass harvesting systems in each sub-compartment. Then, the model was applied to Nasushiobara city of Tochigi prefecture, Japan. Reforestation expenses had large negative impacts on the financial balances of final felling operations. Few sub-compartments were profitable after considering reforestation expenses. Most profitable sub-compartments were those with mechanized operation systems and landing sales. These accounted for 17.19% of all sub-compartments, while only 5.75% of the sub-compartments were profitable based on their current operation systems and landing sales. Although the overall supply potentials of timber and forest biomass resources were 380,000 m3 and 210,000 Mg, respectively, and 15 times the planned harvest of coniferous tree volume of 25,000 m3year-1 and 50 times the annual demand for the woody gasification power generation of 4,000 Mg year-1 in Nasushiobara, available amounts of timber and forest biomass resources were only49,429 m3 and 33,333 Mg, which were 13.0% and 15.7% of supply potentials for landing sales with mechanized operation systems.

Seasonality in Abundance, Biomass and Production of the Phytoplankton of Welala and Shesher Wetlands, Lake Tana Sub-Basin (Ethiopia)

The species composition and production of the phytoplankton community of the Shesher and Welala floodplain Wetlands, on the eastern side of Lake Tana, were studied during four seasons from July 2009 to May 2010. We investigated the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplankton, densities, biomass, in relation to physico-chemical conditions. Gross and net primary production was studied at one site in each Wetland. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, Secchi-disc depth, nitrate, phosphate and silicate concentrations showed significant temporal variation (p 0.05). Thirty six phytoplankton genera/species, belonging to 7 higher taxa were identified. The Chlorophyta dominated the phytoplankton community and contributed 42% - 53 % of the total observed phytoplankton numbers. Average phytoplankton biomass (chlorophyll a content) over four seasons ranged from 9 - 121 μg.l-1 in Shesher and from 27 - 206 μg.l-1 in Welala, whereas the average gross primary production over three seasons was 10.5 in Shesher and 7.7 mg.O2l-1d-1 in Welala. The peak concentration of chlorophyll a was observed in the pre-rainy season, which coincided with a bloom of Microcystis spp. Both Shesher and Welala Wetlands are very productive and have a good water quality but they are threatened by low water inputs since in the summer of 2009 the construction of a dam by local people and facilitated by local officials prevented overflow from Ribb River into the Wetlands. We conclude that the good water quality, the relative high water temperature and high primary productivity make the two Wetlands suitable for culture based fisheries and/or aquaculture, but a wise water resource management is crucially important.

Comparative Study on Woody Biomass Use and Application in Japanese Biomass Towns

This study aimed to grasp the characteristics of woody biomass use and application in leading examples of Japanese biomass towns, and made the following two points clear： （1） Biomass town plans had been officially announced in 318 districts by 2011, and in about 71% of the districts, woody biomass use and application, which is classified into four types, was being conducted; （2） In each example studied, regional characteristics were reflected and there were distinct characteristics. Shimokawa Town in Hokkaido made the most number of efforts, and after 2008 the number of efforts was increasing; however, along with each of the other examples, the use and application of forest timber offcuts is a task for the future.

Development strategy of efficient bio-methane system by focused utilization of distributed biomass

Bio-methane,as a promising renewable green energy,the component and thermal value of which are very close to that of natural gas,indicates an enormous resource potential and could be employed as the alternative of fossil energy through the development of agro-industrial integration and efficient bio-methane system. Establishment of high efficient agro-industrial integrated bio-methane system is an important component of the renewable energy system and also a significant way of emission reduction.

基于森林资源清查资料的盈江县森林生物量和生长量分析

为确定盈江县森林碳储量和碳汇潜力的变化特征及其影响因子,以便更好地分析盈江县森林生物量和生长量。基于盈江县2012年和2017年森林资源清查数据,利用生物量换算因子连续函数法和异速生长方程,评估盈江县森林碳储量和碳汇潜力的变化特征及其影响因子。结果显示:(1)盈江县森林生物量储量丰富,达85.55 t/hm^(2)。其中:栎类林最大,为168.3 t/hm^(2);核桃林最低,为7.10 t/hm^(2)。(2)不同林龄林分生物量差异较大,近熟林最高,其次分别为中龄林、成熟林、过熟林、幼龄林。(3)常绿阔叶林的林分生长量最大,其次是落叶阔叶林和针叶林。结果表明:盈江县森林生物量储量丰富且以阔叶林为主;林龄和年均气温是影响林分生长和生物量的主要因素。

赤泥提铁研究进展

我国赤泥堆存量已超过10亿t,主要类型为拜耳法赤泥,该赤泥中含铁量高达30%以上,是经济价值较高的铁资源。目前回收赤泥中铁资源的方法主要是高温还原焙烧-磁选,还原剂以固态碳基还原剂和气基还原剂为主,需大量能耗和成本。我国是农业大国,主要农作物秸秆年产量在7亿t以上,这些生物质具有碳中性、反应活性高、灰分含量低、储量高、可再生等优点,而且热解温度远远低于固态碳质还原剂,其还原三价铁的温度仅为300~800℃,属于低温热解,采用生物质还原焙烧赤泥可大幅降低能耗和成本。本文重点对固态碳质还原剂、气基还原剂和生物质还原剂还原三价铁的参数进行对比,并详细阐述了生物质热解过程及还原赤泥中Fe_(2)O_(3)的机理,认为生物质还原焙烧-磁选技术可以实现赤泥和农业秸秆等固体废弃物的减量化和高值化利用,具有极高的经济价值和环境效益。最后对未来研究赤泥中铁资源回收提出以下建议:加强探究技术耦合实现赤泥产业化处置;回收利用生物质热解产气及热量;探究尾渣综合利用途径;增强对铁铝矿物的分离研究,以实现铁精矿的连续动态化生产。

木质素氧化解聚衍生芳香族化合物的研究进展

木质素作为自然界最丰富的可再生芳香族资源,由于具有复杂的三维网状结构和顽固的抗性,难以高值化利用。全球约有90%的工业木质素被直接用于燃烧发电,造成了极大的资源浪费。木质素氧化解聚转化为芳香族化合物是对其高值化利用的重要手段,本文在介绍木质素结构和种类的基础上,综述了木质素氧化解聚的研究进展,主要从化学催化氧化、电化学氧化、生物催化氧化解聚木质素的方法和氧化解聚产物4个方面进行总结,分析了各种氧化解聚方法的优缺点和适用范围,以及不同氧化解聚方法对木质素衍生产物的选择性影响。

为我国能源安全保驾护航的催化化学

为了保证我国的能源安全,需要致力于石油的深度转化、煤炭的清洁转化和天然气的转化,在逐步降低化石能源占比的同时,加强可再生的生物质能及太阳能、风能、氢能等多类型能源的开发。这些技术的发展,均与催化化学和新型催化材料密切相关。催化化学将为我国能源安全起到重要作用。

中国生物质资源转化利用政策演进及发展路径优化

生物质资源是零碳、清洁、稳定、广泛、丰富的可再生资源,推动生物质资源高效高质转化利用不仅是实现经济社会绿色转型的重要途径,也是落实绿色低碳循环发展的关键环节。我国先后出台了形式多样的相关政策并取得了一定成果,但与生物质产业发达国家相比仍存在一定差距。本文系统梳理了我国生物质资源转化利用政策演进过程,讨论了当前生物质资源转化利用面临的法律约束力和时效性不足、管理体系分配与合作关系不明确、经济机制不完善、模式路径不通畅以及技术发展瓶颈等主要挑战,从人与自然和谐共生和生物质资源高效高质转化利用需求的角度,从近期和远期分别优化了我国生物质资源转化利用的发展路径,其中,近期应重点补充基本法并修订现有法律、构建部门共建共商机制、统一统筹国家标准、建立多元化的财政金融支持机制和空间适宜性评价体系等,远期应重点建立健全法律矩阵、构建信息智库和监管机制、优化完善标准框架、完善市场化运行机制和培育技术成果等。