Application and Development of Biomass Fuels for Transportation in China

Biomass fuels have become a big concern due to the large increase in green house gases and the rapid rise of petroleum prices around the world, This paper reviews recent developments in biomass fuels. such as ethanol and biodiesel, in China. Ethanol-gasoline mixture （E10） for vehicles is currently distributed in nine provinces while biodiesel is under development. One way to extend the application of ethanol is to burn it in diesel engines to lower soot emissions, The effects of the different methods blending ethanol with fossil diesel, and blending biodiesel with fossil diesel and ethanol-diesel on the combustion and emissions are investigated. The test results show that ethanol and biodiesel can be mixed with fossil diesel to greatly reduce particulate matter and soot emissions from diesel engines, But the application of ethanol blending with fossil diesel is more difficult than that of ethanol blending with gasoline, and biodiesel blending with fossil diesel, The dual-fuel injection of ethanol and diesel systems has the highest smoke reduction effect for a high ethanol fraction,

Discussion on Biomass Fuel Operation Model Dominated by Tobacco Straw

With the gradually popularization of replacing coal tobacco leaf flue-curing technology with biomass fuel, the operation of raw materials collection and transportation links faces many problems. In this paper, the existing problems in view of biomass fuel operation dominated by tobacco straw in current tobacco leaf flue-curing were analyzed, and the 3 kinds of fuel operation modes （＂contracting processing mode, displacement mode and commercialization mode＂） were put forward, each of which was also briefly analyzed, with the aim to expand the way of thinking about biomass raw materials processing by cooperative organization.

INTRODUCING BIOMASS ENERGY AT FERRUM COLLEGE:THE CHALLENGE OF INTRODUCING NEW TECHNOLOGY

Ferrum College and English Biomass Partners have been working together for nearly five years to design,build,and operate a biomass plant that will provide almost all of the thermal energy and a portion of electricity requirements for the campus.The biomass plant began full operation in 2014.This is the story of what they have learned.Introducing new technologies into existing systems to achieve strategic sustainability goals often create unexpected challenges that threaten hoped for benefits and leave participants wondering what went wrong.Yet even projects that present these challenges are also great sources of encouragement and learning.Many projects begin with a focus on the promise of a particular technology,(in this case using biomass for fuel),and while the prospects can be exciting,it can obscure the hard work of preparing the existing system for change.Moreover,the“systems”that frequently present the most difficulty are the human systems and behaviors that influence implementation.Because these are not well-understood or documented they are“uncovered”during implementation.The purpose of this article is to identify critical success factors and provide insight about processes that enhance the likelihood of success.

Coupling biomass pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and direct biomass-to-electricity conversion with molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids as anode electron transfer carriers

Owing to their acidity,oxidizing ability and redox reversibility,molybdovanadophosphoric heteropolyacids(H_(n+3)PMo_(12-n)VnO40,abbreviated as PMo_(12-n)Vn) were employed as electron transfer carriers for coupling biomass pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and direct biomass-to-electricity conversion.In this novel coupled process,PMo_(12-n)Vn pretreatment that causes deconstruction of cell wall structure with PMo_(12-n)Vn being simultaneously reduced can be considered as the "charging" process.The reduced PMo_(12-n)Vn are further re-oxidized with release of electrons in a liquid flow fuel cell(LFFC) to generate electricity is the "discharging" process.Several Keggin-type PMo_(12-n)Vn with different degree of vanadium substitution(DSV, namely n) were prepared.Compared to Keggin-type phosphomolybdic acid(PMo_(12)),PMo_(12-n)Vn(n=1-6) showed higher oxidizing ability but poorer redox reversibility.The cellulose enzymatic digestibility of PMo_(12-n)Vn pretreated wheat straw generally decreased with increase in DSV, but xylan enzymatic digestibility generally increased with DSV.PMo_(12) pretreatment of wheat straw at 120℃ obtained the highest enzymatic glucan conversion(EGC) reaching 95%,followed by PMo11V1 pretreatment(85%).Discharging of the reduced heteropolyacids in LFFC showed that vanadium substitution could improve the maximum output power density(Pmax).The highest Pmax was obtained by PMo9 V3(44.7 mW/cm^(2)) when FeCl_(3) was used as a cathode electron carrier,while PMo_(12) achieved the lowest Pmax(27.4 mW/cm^(2)).All the heteropolyacids showed good electrode Faraday efficiency(>95%) and cell discharging efficiency(>93%).The energy efficiency of the coupled process based on the heat values of the products and generated electric energy was in the range of 18%-25% depending on DSV.PMo_(12) and PMo11V1 seem to be the most suitable heteropolyacids to mediate the coupled process.

Combination of biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend and SCR catalyst assembly to reduce emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine

In this study, the efforts to reduce NOx and particulate matter （PM） emissions from a diesel engine using both ethanol-selective catalytic reduction （SCR） of NOx over an Ag/Al2O3 catalyst and a biodiesel-ethanol-diesel fuel blend （BE-diesel） on an engine bench test are discussed. Compared with diesel fuel, use of BE-diesel increased PM emissions by 14% due to the increase in the soluble organic fraction （SOF） of PM, but it greatly reduced the Bosch smoke number by 60%-80% according to the results from 13-mode test of European Stationary Cycle （ESC） test. The SCR catalyst was effective in NOx reduction by ethanol, and the NOx conversion was approximately 73%. Total hydrocarbons （THC） and CO emissions increased significantly during the SCR of NOx process. Two diesel oxidation catalyst （DOC） assemblies were used after Ag/Al2O3 converter to remove CO and HC. Different oxidation catalyst showed opposite effect on PM emission. The PM composition analysis revealed that the net effect of oxidation catalyst on total PM was an integrative effect on SOF reduction and sulfate formation of PM. The engine bench test results indicated that the combination of BE-diesel and a SCR catalyst assembly could provide benefits for NOx and PM emissions control even without using diesel particle filters （DPFs）.

Fundamental study on iron ore sintering new process of flue gas recirculation together with using biochar as fuel

It is of great significance for cleaner production to substitute bio-energy for fossil fuels in iron ore sintering. However, with the replacement ratio increasing, the consistency of heat front and flame front is broken, and the thermal utilizing efficiency of fuel is reduced, which results in the decrease of yield and tumble index of sinter. Circulating flue gas to sintering bed as biochar replacing 40% coke, CO in flue gas can be reused so as to increase the thermal utilizing efficiency of fuels, and the consistency of two fronts is recovered for the circulating flue gas containing certain CO2, H2 O and lower O2, which contributes to increasing the maximum temperature, extending the high temperature duration time of sintering bed, and results in improving the output and quality of sinter. In the condition of circulating 40% flue gas, the sintering with biomass fuels is strengthened, and the sintering indexes with biomass fuel replacing 40% coke breeze are comparative to those of using coke breeze completely.

Effects of Co-Firing Biomass and Pulverized Coal on NO Reduction in Cement Precalciner

With increased awareness of the large-scale CO_(2) emissions from the cement industry,there has been growing focus on greenhouse gas reduction strategies.Among all these strategies,fuel substitution using biomass fuel is extensively used to achieve CO_(2) zero-emission in cement production.Due to the avoidable high-temperature-generated thermal nitrogen oxides during cement production,research on the impact of biomass application on nitrogen oxide emissions shall be carried out.Three types of biomass fuel and bituminous coal were used to investigate the NO reduction characteristics under different O_(2) concentrations on experimental benches.It was found that the change in oxygen concentration from 9% to 1% increased the reaction time in the reactor from 555 s to 1425 s,which means the increase in oxygen concentration can lead to shorter reaction time,and correspondingly,the existing time of nitric oxide in the flue gas is also shortened,but the peak value of nitric oxide rises,during the process of O_(2) concentration changing from 1% to 9%,the peak NO concentration in the flue gas increased from 5.4×10^(-5) to 1.05×10^(-4).An increase in O_(2) concentration greatly reduces the total reduction of NO and the minimum change in NO concentration.The peak NO concentration during the combustion process of corn stalk is 4.56×10^(-4),which is approximately 7 times higher than that of coal,and it is caused by the high amount of N in corn stalk.The addition of raw meal has an inhibitory effect on the reduction of NO:after adding raw meal,the effective reduction time of NO by fuel decreased by about 20%,but adding raw meal raises CO_(2) concentration of fuel gas in the early stage of reaction.

An overview of biofuel power generation on policies and finance environment,applied biofuels,device and performance

The prices of fossil fuels,the gap between energy supply and demand,energy security,environmental issues,and the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions commonly promote the development of biomass power generation in China.Compared to direct biomass combustion power generation and biogas power generation,liquid biofuel power generation has better application potential.Policies and finance environment of countries and organizations have promoted the extensive application of biofuel power generation in recent years,especially in China.Evaluation of internal combustion engine,gas turbine and fuel cell on the stationary power station and mobile generation shows that gas turbine is the main generator-set,the fuel cell is the fastest-growing and future generator-set,while the engine is the first choice in transport and low power generation field.As the second,third and fourth generation biofuels,biomethanol,bioethanol,biodiesel and others have been researched and widely used in power generation.In addition,power generation performance and emissions have been improved to some extent after biofuels supplying.For the future,combined heat and power(CHP)generation and integrated gasification combined cycle(IGCC)is imperative development trends of power generation for higher energy and exergy efficiency.CHP based on the various generating facilities will be the next choice and direction of energy use trends for transport.

Biomass briquette fuel,boiler types and pollutant emissions of industrial biomass boiler:A review

Biomass is considered a renewable and cleaner energy source alternative to fossil fuels.In recent years,industrial biomass boilers have been rapidly developed and widely used in the industrial field.This work makes a review on the fuel types used in industrial biomass boilers,the fuel characteristics and the characteristics of air pollutants emitted from the combustion of industrial biomass boilers and other contents in different studies.However,the existing research still has many deficiencies.In the future,further research on biomass fuel,industrial biomass boiler combustion process and the pollutants emitted by industrial biomass boiler combustion,especially the carbonaceous aerosol emitted by in-dustrial biomass boiler and carbonaceous aerosol optical properties still need to be made.At the same time,the potential harm of carbonaceous aerosols emitted from industrial biomass boiler sources to human health and climate change needs to be studied in depth.This review provides a scientific basis for the accurate evaluation of industrial biomass boilers and the effective prevention and control of various pollutants of industrial biomass boilers.

Using Data Mining Techniques to Support Value Management Workshops in Construction

Problem-solving processes in value management （VM） workshops in the construction industry are experience-based, and the quality of these workshops depends very much on the experience of the team members. The efficiency and effectiveness of VM workshops can be improved by better reusing the experi- ence of previous VM cases and field knowledge. This paper describes a new approach to facilitate VM workshops in the construction industry using data mining （DM） techniques. The feasibility of integrating DM techniques with VM workshops in the construction industry is demonstrated in case studies. Examples are presented to illustrate different methods of applying DM tools in VM workshops. The results show that DM techniques can help team members in VM workshops to understand their problems more clearly and to generate more ideas for current problems.