Purification of Produced Water from a Sour Oilfield in South Kuwait. 2. Oil-Water Separation and Crystallization of Calcium Carbonate

Oil-water separation for produced water (PW) originating from an oil extraction site in South Kuwait was carried out using bleached, esterified cellulosic material from used coffee grounds. Thereafter, earth-alkaline metal ions, specifically calcium ions, of the de-oiled PW were removed by precipitation with sodium carbonate to give access to pure sodium chloride as industrial salt from the remaining PW. While the purity of the precipitated calcium carbonate (CaCO3) depends on the precipitation conditions, CaCO3 of up to 95.48% purity can be obtained, which makes it a salable product. The precipitation of CaCO3 decreases the amount of calcium ions in PW from 11,300 ppm to 84 ppm.

Emulsification for castor biomass oil

The effect of the emulsifier formula on the stability of castor oil-water system was studied through compounding three groups of emulsifiers from the aspects of stability factor of absorbance,centrifuge stability,demulsification time in quiescence,appearance of the droplets,and viscosity.The best emulsifier formula for castor biomass oil was the composite formula of sorbitan monooleate and polyoxyethylene sorbitan monostearate.Correlation exists between the stability of emulsion and the viscosity/particle size of the droplets,with better stability in the case of greater viscosity or narrower distribution of particle size in the emulsion of castor oil-water system.Methanol added to the castor oil-water system may decrease the viscosity of the emulsion.Comparing the castor oil-water emulsion with methanol-castor oil-water emulsion,the optimal hydrophilic and lipophilic balance(HLB)value based on castor oil-water system was acquired between 6.6 and 7.5,while the optimal HLB value based on the methanol-castor oil-water system was between 5.5 and 6.0.The optimal HLB value of methanolcastor oil-water system gradually moved to that of castor oil-water emulsion with adding more water.

Liquid phase equilibrium of phenol extraction from bio-oil produced by biomass pyrolysis using thermodynamic models

Utilization of biomass as a new and renewable energy source is being actively conducted by various parties. One of the technologies for utilizing or converting biomass as an energy source is pyrolysis, to convert biomass into a more valuable product which is bio-oil. Bio-oil is a condensed liquid from the vapor phase of biomass pyrolysis such as coconut shells and coffee shells. Biomass composition consisting of hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin will oxidize to phenol which is the main content in bio-oil. The total phenolic compounds contained in bio-oil are 47.03%(coconut shell) and 45%(coffee shell). The content of phenol compounds in corrosive bio-oils still quite high, the use of this bio-oil directly will cause various difficulties in the combustion system due to high viscosity, low calorific value, corrosivity, and instability. Phenol compounds have some benefits as one of the compounds for floor cleaners and disinfectants which are contained in bio-oil.The correlation between experimental data and calculations shows that the UNIQUAC Functional-group Activity Coefficients(UNIFAC) equilibrium model can be used to predict the liquid–liquid equilibrium in the phenol extraction process of the coconut shell pyrolysis bio-oil. While the Non-Random Two Liquid(NRTL) equilibrium model can be used to predict liquid–liquid equilibrium in the extraction process of phenol from bio-oil pyrolysis of coffee shells.

Evaluation of Weed Incidence and Biomass in Coffee Intercropped with Oil Palm in Avenue and Hollow Square Arrangement in Nigeria

Weed incidence and biomass in tree crop plantations are mainly influenced by environmental, farm management practices and cropping systems. Manipulation of intercropping systems to improve weed management in coffee intercropped with oil palm requires a better understanding of spatial and temporal dynamics of weeds. To evaluate the effect of weed incidence and biomass in coffee intercropped with oil palm in avenue and hollow square arrangement, a study was carried out in Cocoa Research Institute of Nigeria (CRIN) in two locations. The locations are Idi-Ayunre (7°25'N, 3°24'E) (an alfisol) and Uhonmora (6°5'N, 5°50'E) (ultisol) in rainforest and derived savannah parts of Nigeria respectively. The experiment had three treatments comprising coffee sole (control), coffee with oil palm (Hollow square) arrangement and coffee with oil palm (Avenue) planting. Coffee was planted 3.0 m apart while oil palm was planted 9 m apart. Equal size of land area was used for coffee in each treatment. The experimental design was Randomized Complete Block (RCBD) with three replicates. Data on vegetative growth of coffee, weed incidence and biomass were taken at three-monthly intervals. The result showed that coffee/oil palm (Hollow Square) had the least weed incidence and biomass closely followed by coffee/oil palm (Avenue) planting. The control had the highest weed biomass which was significantly different from Hollow square and Avenue planting at P ≤ 0.05. The morphological parameters on coffee followed the same pattern but Hollow square arrangement was significantly higher than Avenue and control at P ≤ 0.05.

The Effect of Media on Biomass and Oil Production in Botryococcus braunii Strains Kossou-4 and Overjuyo-3

The green algae Botryococcus braunii is widely recognized as a source of oil, including hydrocarbons. However, the slow rate of growth B. braunii hampers its commercial development. This stu- dy addresses this by examining the effects of three growth media on biomass and oil production in two B. braunii Race B strains, Kossou-4 and Overjuyo-3. Growth of B. braunii strains in BG11 medium resulted in significantly higher growth (2.3 - 4.2 and 2.9 - 6.0 fold increases in Kossou-4 and Overjuyo-3 respectively) compared to the JM and BBM-3N media after 15 days. A similar trend was obtained when biomass was measured indirectly using optical density (OD) and chlorophyll fluo-rescence. Oil production was also significantly higher in BG11 whether measured as oil weight or absorbance (ODs at 680 and 750 nm). However, the presence of extracellular oil was shown to in-crease absorbance values making OD measurements less reliable than dry weight assays. Maximum recovery of oil was recorded when hexane was used as solvent compared to hexane-isopro- panol and heptane. These results suggest that BG11 is the best growth medium for these two strains under the conditions of this experiment.

Production of Bio-Oil from Pyrolysis of Olive Biomass with/without Catalyst

In this study olive biomass was pyrolysis in a 400 cm3 stainless steel reactor. It was externally heated by an electrical furnace in which the temperature is measured by a thermocouple inserted into the bed. The effect of the catalyst ratio to the biomass (5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 30% and 40%) on the pyrolysis yield was investigated and compared with the uncatalyzed pyrolysis yield product. The bio-oil products yield from the pyrolysis process was found to increase as the catalyst ratio increased. The bio-oil yield from the olive oil-cake, which was 36.1% without the catalyst, reached the maximum value of 39.3% on using activated catalyst at 10% by weight. The gas products yield was found to increase upon using catalyst compared to the non-catalytic pyrolysis. The reduction in the bio-oil yield product was accompanied with a significant reduction in the oxygen content. The pyrolysis oil was examined using chromatographic analysis techniques. The chemical characterization showed that the bio-oil obtained from olive oil cake might be potentially valuable as a fuel and chemical feedstock.

生物油-树脂复合调优技术研究进展与性能评价

梳理和总结生物油-树脂复合调优技术的研究进展,探索生物油-树脂复合材料的性能评价方法,为该材料的进一步应用和发展提供基础知识和借鉴方法。分析生物油-树脂复合材料的材料组成及基本性质,明确生物油-树脂复合材料的分类及相应制备工艺,评价不同类型生物油-树脂复合材料的基本性能及力学性能,从微细观角度阐释生物油-树脂复合机理。根据调优目标及材料配比,生物油-树脂复合材料分为生物油改性树脂及树脂改性生物油两类。现阶段研究聚焦于生物油改性树脂,其中以生物油代替苯酚合成改性酚醛树脂研究为主。生物油与树脂经复合调优既可补强生物油的高温性能,亦可改善树脂的柔韧性。但随着生物油掺量提高,复合材料的拉伸强度、黏结强度均不断降低。基于综合性能考虑,推荐复合材料中的生物油掺量为10%~30%。本研究为生物油-树脂复合材料的合成体系优化、制备工艺更新等深度研发与进一步推广拓展新思路。

中国生物油气发展现状及未来对策

生物油气是基本不改变油气利用形态又能实现碳减排的油气产品。2023年中国生物油气产量约为689万吨标煤,占生物质能源产品的17%。与传统油气相比,生物油气具有“分散式小规模”“点多面广”的生产经营特点,“就近利用”“就近入网”的运输利用特点,“跨行业多部门”“特许经营与市场运行并存”的发展模式特点。当前中国生物油气发展面临气候治理和碳中和目标的新动力,规模提升与模式创新并重的新要求,出口受阻与国内市场容量不足并存的新问题。未来生物油气需要实施“原料、市场、模式、技术”四大战略:进一步完善生物油气相关的有机废弃物收集、运输和储存体系,扩大原料规模;扩大国内B5车用燃料推广范围,拓展生物船舶燃料和生物航煤国际市场;以生物油气分布式应用场景、低碳和绿色认证体系为抓手,拓展生物油气负碳效应;以木质纤维素乙醇、微藻柴油、可持续航空燃料、合成生物燃料为重点,加大科技创新力度,促进生物油气产业迭代升级。

纳米生物质体系性能评价及驱油特性实验研究

本文以玉米秸秆与纳米硅为原料,制备了改性纳米生物质,并评价了其在不同条件下的表面活性及界面张力。通过调整纳米生物质浓度(0.1%~1.0%)、注入速度(0.1~1.0mL·min^(-1))及注入体积(100~1000mL),优化体系的驱油参数。结果显示,纳米生物质浓度为0.8%、注入速度为0.6mL·min^(-1)、注入体积为600mL时,体系表现出最佳的驱油效率。此外,实验室结果在典型油田的现场应用中得到验证,应用优化后的体系参数,油田的日产油率从100桶提升至140桶,增幅达40%。由此可见,纳米生物质体系能够提高油田驱油效率,研究成果有助于指导油田开发中生物质材料的应用。

与玉米间作促进苍术根际养分吸收利用的原因

与玉米间作能够缓解苍术连作障碍,而养分条件变化是关键因素之一。为探究苍术||玉米间作对苍术根际养分吸收利用的影响,本研究开展了为期2年的苍术||玉米间作根际不同分隔处理的田间试验,共设置了4种处理:苍术单作(A)、苍术||玉米间作不隔膜(AI)、苍术||玉米间作隔尼龙膜(AN)和苍术||玉米间作隔塑料膜(AP),分别测定了苍术生物量和4种挥发油成分含量,苍术根茎氮磷钾含量,根际土壤pH、有机质和土壤养分因子含量。结果发现,AI和AN处理的苍术根茎鲜重均高于A和AP,且AI与A和AP的差异达显著水平(P<0.05)。苍术4种挥发油含量均表现为AI和AN高于A和AP,其中AI的β-桉叶醇含量分别比A和AP显著高128.4%和205.6%(P<0.05),AI和AN的苍术素含量比A和AP显著提高75.0%~875.0%(P<0.05);相比A和AP,AI和AN的苍术根茎4种挥发油成分总含量显著提高82.8%~210.3%(P<0.05),表明苍术||玉米间作的地下根际互作对促进苍术根茎生物量和挥发油积累有重要作用。AI和AN比A和AP苍术根际土壤pH下降0.4%~6.3%、土壤有机质含量提高13.5%~48.1%;AI的苍术根际土壤碱解氮含量分别比A和AP显著提高32.8%和36.2%(P<0.05),AN的速效钾含量分别显著提高51.5%和46.7%(P<0.05)。相关性分析发现,苍术酮主要与苍术根茎氮磷钾含量和根际土壤氮磷钾含量呈正相关,而苍术素主要与根茎钾含量呈正相关。与A和AP相比,AI苍术磷吸收效率分别提高23.4%和30.0%(P<0.05);AI和AN的氮和钾利用效率比A显著提高131.3%~222.2%(P<0.05)。综上可知,苍术||玉米间作体系中,与无根际互作(A和AP)相比,地下根际互作效应(AI和AN)可提高苍术根际酸化水平,活化土壤氮磷钾,促进苍术根茎养分吸收利用,进而提高苍术产量,同时影响苍术根茎挥发油积累。本研究揭示了苍术||玉米间作地下根际作用是促进苍术根际养分吸收利用的重要因素,为药用植物生态多样性种植模式推广提供重要参考。

生物质油与蜡油在FCC装置中共炼产汽柴油的研究进展

将农林废弃物、藻类等生物质原料通过热化学转化和加氢裂化后可以制成生物汽柴油产品,因其具有可持续性和可再生性,可部分代替化石燃料。生物炼厂所得汽柴油产品的生产成本较高,如何降低其生产成本仍是目前研究的热点问题。由于生物炼厂和传统炼厂均具有裂化和加氢装置且生物质油与蜡油理化性质相似,因此可考虑将生物质油与蜡油在流化床催化裂化(FCC)装置中共同炼制。本文围绕共炼过程的研究和相关的模拟研究,介绍了共炼过程、生物质的来源、生物油的制备方法、共炼机理,总结了共炼比例的影响、其技术放大现状以及生物质油氧含量对产品的影响,结合模拟研究,对其过程优化与评价作了说明,最后对存在的问题及未来的发展作了讨论。由此可知,共炼技术是一项具备技术可行性和经济可行性的绿色技术。

原料和热解温度对生物油分子蒸馏分离特性的影响

针对生物油组分复杂,难以直接应用的问题,该研究开展了不同生物油的分子蒸馏馏分分布规律的研究,并考察了不同原料和温度对生物油分子蒸馏分离特性的影响。热解液化试验结果表明,生物油组分以酸、醛、酮、酚、糖为主。随着热解温度的升高,松木生物油中轻质组分产率由21%不断降低至11%,而秸秆生物油中轻质组分产率稳定在20%左右。高温生物油各组分的平均分子自由程两极化程度加强,600℃制备轻质油蒸出比例最高,可以达到92%(松木)和86%(秸秆)。酚类化合物中酚羟基的数量可以影响其分离特性,较高的热解温度促进了酚羟基的产生,从而使酚类物质从蒸出部分(distillation fraction,DF)向残留部分(residual fraction,RF)中转移。分子蒸馏技术能够实现对不同生物油的有效分离,得到的DF中主要包含酸、酮和小分子酚类,RF则以糖和大分子酚为主,除了羟乙醛和苯并呋喃等化合物外,生物油中的大部分化合物的富集程度都可以达到90%以上。该研究可为快速热解生物油的分离及其后续提质研究提供一定的参考。

木质纤维素类生物质热解转化研究进展

综述了木质纤维素类生物质热解技术的研究进展,总结了不同生物质原料的热解机理,分析了产物的组成和性质,研究了产物的调控、改性和应用。指出未来的研究方向应该集中在以下几方面:技术改进,致力于改进生物质热解技术,提高能源转化效率和产物选择性;产品多样化,除了生物质热解产生的主要能源产品,如生物炭、生物油和生物气,还应着眼于开发高价值的化学品和材料,包括生物基化学品、特殊化学品和高性能材料;集成系统,应尝试将生物质热解与其他能源转化技术相结合,形成多能源联供系统,与生物质发酵、光催化、电解和储能等技术集成,以提高整体能源系统的效率和可持续性。

高碳低氮条件下培养基中磷水平对莱茵衣藻生长及油脂合成的影响

为进一步提高莱茵衣藻的生物量和油脂含量,在前期已明确最佳碳氮水平的基础上,通过分析不同磷水平下莱茵衣藻生物量、油脂含量、叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量、油脂脂肪酸组成及含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白含量等指标的变化,探究高碳低氮条件下培养基中磷水平(0P、1/8P、1/4P、2/4P、4/4P、5/4P)对该藻生长及油脂积累的影响。结果表明:随着培养基中磷水平的增加,莱茵衣藻生物量、油脂含量和油脂产率呈先增加后降低的趋势,培养5 d,磷水平1/8P时的生物量、油脂含量和油脂产率最高,分别为2.27 g/L、43.35%和191.31 mg/(L·d),分别比0P时提高91.55%、13.09%和1.23倍;培养5 d,磷水平5/4P时叶绿素a和叶绿素b含量最高,分别达到5.15 mg/L和3.46 mg/L,分别比0P时高2.30倍和0.65倍;当磷水平为1/8P~5/4P时,莱茵衣藻油中各脂肪酸含量总体差异不显著,但其多不饱和脂肪酸含量均显著低于0P时的,饱和脂肪酸和单不饱和脂肪酸含量则显著高于0P时的;随培养基中磷水平的增加,可溶性糖含量呈上升趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量呈降低趋势。综上,在高碳低氮条件下,与常规磷水平培养基培养相比,适当降低培养基中磷水平可进一步提高莱茵衣藻的生物量和油脂含量,同时获得较高的可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量。

花生秸秆热解挥发分在HZSM-5负载Ga催化剂上的裂解特性

生物质热解能够将木质纤维素类生物质转化为生物油,但粗油含氧量高、热值低。利用负载Ga的HZSM-5催化剂对生物质热解挥发分进行催化裂解,可以促进生物油的选择性脱氧和芳构化,实现生物油提质。分别采用离子交换法和水热法制备了两种负载Ga的HZSM-5催化剂(Ga-H5-E和Ga-H5-H),采用两段式固定床反应器进行了花生秸秆热解在线联合热解挥发分催化裂解实验。花生秸秆在反应器下段以10℃/min的加热速率从室温升温至700℃,其间逸出的挥发分通过保持在600℃的上段催化剂层进行催化裂解。结果表明,相比无负载的HZSM-5,Ga-H5-E和Ga-H5-H使BTX(苯、甲苯和二甲苯)产率分别提高了77%和93%,其中甲苯和二甲苯的增加尤为明显。采用热重分析仪、电感耦合等离子发射光谱仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、能量色散X射线光谱仪、比表面积分析仪和化学吸附仪等对催化剂进行了表征分析。结果表明,两种Ga负载催化剂的积炭产率显著低于原催化剂(HZSM-5);Ga负载使催化剂强酸位显著增多,有利于增加脱氧反应的催化活性中心;相比于Ga-H5-E,Ga-H5-H含有容积较大的介孔和较小的平均孔径,而且更多Ga浸入了颗粒内部,这些差异可能促进乙烯和丙烯在介孔内发生芳香化反应,从而提高了单环芳香烃产量。

煤-生物质共热解非催化协同效应特征及机理研究进展

对近年来煤-生物质共热解研究中判定是否发生协同效应及协同效应发生强度的4个指标,即温度范围、热重曲线、表观活化能及热解产物的产率及组成进行总结,并概括包括内在因素和外在因素在内的多种影响因素对煤-生物质共热解非催化协同效应的影响,对煤-生物质共热解非催化协同效应反应机理方面的研究进展和成果进行简要评述。最后提出未来煤-生物质共热解非催化协同效应特征和机理研究中可能面临的挑战。

生物质材料用于油品泄漏应急处置的研究进展

首次综述了国内外对生物质吸油材料的研究进展,包括天然生物质吸油材料、改性生物质纤维和生物质多孔吸油材料,分析了这3类生物质吸油材料在实际应用中的优缺点,并对生物质吸油材料的未来发展方向进行了展望。

液氮低温预处理下生物质热解产物特性

生物质作为一种可再生能源,具有来源广、多功能、碳中和等特点。生物质的高值资源化利用有利于降低对高碳化石能源的依赖程度,保障国家能源安全,减少环境污染,符合中国“双碳”国家战略需要。热解作为生物质热化学转化的基础,是实现生物质能高值利用的最佳技术之一,但是存在生物油产率低与品质差的核心问题。针对以上问题,创新性将低温冷冻技术应用于生物质热解领域,提出“低温冷冻+快速热解”的生物质制油新方法,拟提高热解生物油产率和品质。以2种农作物秸秆为实验研究对象,采用液氮快速冷冻预处理方法,研究了低温预处理下生物质热解产物分布与组成的演变机理。实验表明,与常规热解相比,液氮低温预处理后生物质热解生物油产率升幅可达14.16%~23.73%,且低温预处理温度与生物油产率呈正相关关系,在-90℃低温预处理下生物油产率达最大值(22.3%~26.3%),超出铝甑法生物油产率8.50%~22.71%。液氮低温预处理对生物油成分分布有明显的转化作用,生物油组成中苯系物(BTEX)与酚类物质有明显上升,最大涨幅分别为43.61%和12.45%。液氮低温预处理抑制了生物质热解气中CO_(2)和CO的释放,成分占比降幅了7.2%~29.7%;促进CH_(4)和H_(2)的生成,成分占比提高了0.2%~14.7%。此外,低温预处理使固体产物元素组成中C元素质量分数增加,同时O元素质量分数下降,这有利于提高生物炭的可燃性,并降低其自燃风险。

生物质防腐涂料的研究进展

相比传统化学防腐涂料,生物质防腐涂料降低了对环境和人体的危害,其具备原料可再生、生物可降解以及环境友好等优点,成为了防腐涂料新的重要研究领域。主要介绍了生物质木质素、蓖麻油和壳聚糖作为改性剂制备的防腐涂料取到了更好的防腐性能,不足之处是施工难度大、价格较高以及容易受到紫外线的影响。列出了生物质防腐涂料在工程技术领域桥梁等钢结构防腐、海洋船舶领域石墨烯乙酸银抗菌防腐和其他设备和石油管道等防腐方面取得的成果,并对生物质防腐涂料在环保性和可持续性前提下,进一步提高防腐性能、抗紫外线和抗老化等方面的应用进行了展望。

Crown evolution kinematics of a camellia oil droplet impacting on a liquid layer

The phenomenon of droplet impact on an immiscible liquid is encountered in a variety of scenarios in nature and industrial production. Despite exhaustive research, it is not fully clear how the immiscibility of the liquid on which a droplet impacts affects the crown evolution. The present work experimentally investigates the evolution kinematics of a crown formed by the normal impact of a camellia oil droplet on an immiscible water layer. Based on discussion of dynamic impact behaviors for three critical Weber numbers(We), the radius of the crown and its average spreading velocity are compared with those of previous theoretical models to discuss their applicability to the immiscible liquid. The evolution kinematics(morphology and velocity) are analyzed by considering the effects of the We and layer thickness. Furthermore,the ability of crown expansion in radial and vertical directions is characterized by a velocity ratio. The results show that our experimental crown radius still follows a square-root function of evolution time, which agrees with the theoretical predictions. The dimensionless average spreading velocity decreases with We and follows a multivariate power law, while the dimensionless average rising velocity remains constant. The velocity ratio is shown to linearly increase with We,demonstrating that the rising movement in crown evolution gradually enhances with We. These results are helpful for further investigation on the droplet impact on an immiscible liquid layer.